The impact of glycemic variability on length of stay and mortality in diabetic patients admitted with community-acquired pneumonia or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Organization, 2016 Young, 2008, Diabetes complications severity index and risk of mortality, hospitalization, and healthcare utilization, Am J Manag Care, 14, 15 Schneider, 2016, Diabetes and prediabetes and risk of hospitalization: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study, Diabetes Care, 39, 772, 10.2337/dc15-1335 Shah, 2013, Pulmonary function tests in type 2 diabetes mellitus and their association with glycemic control and duration of the disease, Lung India: Official Organ of Indian Chest Society, 30, 108, 10.4103/0970-2113.110417 Litonjua, 2005, Lung function in type 2 diabetes: the normative aging study, Respir Med, 99, 1583, 10.1016/j.rmed.2005.03.023 Aparna, 2013, Pulmonary function tests in type 2 diabetics and non-diabetic people-a comparative study, J Clin Diagn Res, 7 Hsia, 2007, Lung function changes related to diabetes mellitus, Diabetes Technol Therapeut, 9, 10.1089/dia.2007.0227 Ehrlich, 2009, Patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus are at increased risk for asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, and pneumonia but not lung cancer, Diabetes Care, 33, 55, 10.2337/dc09-0880 Loukides, 1996, The effect of diabetes mellitus on the outcome of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbated due to respiratory infections, Respiration, 63, 170, 10.1159/000196539 Baker, 2006, Hyperglycaemia is associated with poor outcomes in patients admitted to hospital with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Thorax, 61, 284, 10.1136/thx.2005.051029 Moretti, 2000, Incidence and causes of non-invasive mechanical ventilation failure after initial success, Thorax, 55, 819, 10.1136/thorax.55.10.819 Investigators, 2009, Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients, N Engl J Med, 360, 1283, 10.1056/NEJMoa0810625 Investigators, 2012, Hypoglycemia and risk of death in critically ill patients, N Engl J Med, 367, 1108, 10.1056/NEJMoa1204942 Monnier, 2006, Activation of oxidative stress by acute glucose fluctuations compared with sustained chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes, Jama, 295, 1681, 10.1001/jama.295.14.1681 Monnier, 2008, Glycemic variability: the third component of the dysglycemia in diabetes. Is it important? How to measure it?, J. Diabetes. Sci. Technol., 2, 1094, 10.1177/193229680800200618 Lin, 2012, Variation of fasting plasma glucose: a predictor of mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes, Am J Med, 125, 416, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.07.027 Lin, 2012, Annual fasting plasma glucose variation increases risk of cancer incidence and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes: the Taichung Diabetes Study, Endocr Relat Canc, 19, 473, 10.1530/ERC-12-0038 Zoppini, 2008, Variability of body weight, pulse pressure and glycaemia strongly predict total mortality in elderly type 2 diabetic patients. The verona diabetes study, Diabetes Metabol. Res. Rev., 24, 624, 10.1002/dmrr.897 Krinsley, 2008, Glycemic variability: a strong independent predictor of mortality in critically ill patients, Crit Care Med, 36, 3008, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31818b38d2 Hermanides, 2010, Glucose variability is associated with intensive care unit mortality, Crit Care Med, 38, 838, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181cc4be9 Vestbo, 2013, Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 187, 347, 10.1164/rccm.201204-0596PP Strain, 2018, Diabetes, cardiovascular disease and the microcirculation, Cardiovasc Diabetol, 17, 57, 10.1186/s12933-018-0703-2 Hershey, 2017, Importance of glycemic control in cancer patients with diabetes: treatment through end of life, Asia Pac. J. Oncol. Nurs., 4, 313, 10.4103/apjon.apjon_40_17 Donnan, 2000, Hospitalizations for people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes compared with the nondiabetic population of Tayside, Scotland: a retrospective cohort study of resource use, Diabetes Care, 23, 1774, 10.2337/diacare.23.12.1774 Dall, 2010, The economic burden of diabetes, Health Aff, 29, 297, 10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0155 Jiang, 2003, Multiple hospitalizations for patients with diabetes, Diabetes Care, 26, 1421, 10.2337/diacare.26.5.1421 Sampson, 2007, Total and excess bed occupancy by age, specialty and insulin use for nearly one million diabetes patients discharged from all english acute hospitals, Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 77, 92, 10.1016/j.diabres.2006.10.004 Association, 2018, 14. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of medical care in Diabetes—2018, Diabetes Care, 41, S144, 10.2337/dc18-S014 Moghissi, 2009, American association of clinical endocrinologists and American diabetes association consensus statement on inpatient glycemic control, Diabetes Care, 32, 1119, 10.2337/dc09-9029 Umpierrez, 2012, Management of hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients in non-critical care setting: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline, J Clin Endocrinol Metabol, 97, 16, 10.1210/jc.2011-2098 Evans, 2012, Assessing the relationship between admission glucose levels, subsequent length of hospital stay, readmission and mortality, Clin Med, 12, 137, 10.7861/clinmedicine.12-2-137 Krinsley, 2003, Association between hyperglycemia and increased hospital mortality in a heterogeneous population of critically ill patients, 1471 McAlister, 2005, The relation between hyperglycemia and outcomes in 2,471 patients admitted to the hospital with community-acquired pneumonia, Diabetes Care, 28, 810, 10.2337/diacare.28.4.810 Yamada, 2017, Glycemic control, mortality, and hypoglycemia in critically ill patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Intensive Care Med, 43, 1, 10.1007/s00134-016-4523-0 McCowen, 2001, Stress-induced hyperglycemia, Crit Care Clin, 17, 107, 10.1016/S0749-0704(05)70154-8 Alshabanat, 2017, Impact of a COPD comprehensive case management program on hospital length of stay and readmission rates, Int J Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis, 12, 961, 10.2147/COPD.S124385 Bertoni, 2001, Diabetes and the risk of infection-related mortality in the US, Diabetes Care, 24, 1044, 10.2337/diacare.24.6.1044 Glance, 2011, Increases in mortality, length of stay, and cost associated with hospital-acquired infections in trauma patients, Arch Surg, 146, 794, 10.1001/archsurg.2011.41 Mendez, 2013, Increased glycemic variability is independently associated with length of stay and mortality in non–critically Ill hospitalized patients, Diabetes Care, 36, 4091, 10.2337/dc12-2430