The impact of COVID-19 on the pediatric solid organ transplant population

World Health Organization Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard March 30, 2022. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/. Boyarsky, 2020, Early national and center-level changes to kidney transplantation in the United States during the COVID-19 epidemic, Am J Transplant, 20, 3131, 10.1111/ajt.16167 Strauss, 2021, Liver transplantation in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic: national and center-level responses, Am J Transplant, 21, 1838, 10.1111/ajt.16373 Boyarsky, 2020, Early impact of COVID-19 on transplant center practices and policies in the United States, Am J Transplant, 20, 1809, 10.1111/ajt.15915 Charnaya, 2021, Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on pediatric kidney transplant in the United States, Pediatr Nephrol, 36, 143, 10.1007/s00467-020-04764-4 Kemme, 2022, Decreased access to pediatric liver transplantation during the COVID-19 pandemic, Pediatr Transplant, 26, e14162, 10.1111/petr.14162 Lobritto, 2020, Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on pediatrics and pediatric transplantation programs, Front Pediatr, 8, 10.3389/fped.2020.612627 Current State of Organ Donation and Transplantation: UNOS; [February 18, 2022]. Available from: https://unos.org/covid. Kaltsas, 2012, Community acquired respiratory and gastrointestinal viral infections: challenges in the immunocompromised host, Curr Opin Infect Dis, 25, 423, 10.1097/QCO.0b013e328355660b Feldman, 2019, Incidence of hospitalization for vaccine-preventable infections in children following solid organ transplant and associated morbidity, mortality, and costs, JAMA Pediatr, 173, 260, 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.4954 Feldman, 2017, Hospitalizations for respiratory syncytial virus and vaccine-preventable infections in the first 2 years after pediatric liver transplant, J Pediatr, 182, 232, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.12.021 Ison, 2019, Community-acquired respiratory viruses in transplant patients: diversity, impact, unmet clinical needs, Clin Microbiol Rev, 32, 10.1128/CMR.00042-19 Kumar, 2018, A 5-year prospective multicenter evaluation of influenza infection in transplant recipients, Clin Infect Dis, 67, 1322, 10.1093/cid/ciy294 Nicastro, 2022, The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 on children with liver diseases: a joint European society for pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology and nutrition and society of pediatric liver transplantation position paper, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 74, 159, 10.1097/MPG.0000000000003339 Kehar, 2021, Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 infection in children with liver transplant and native liver disease: an international observational registry study, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 72, 807, 10.1097/MPG.0000000000003077 Kehar, 2022, updates from the NASPGHAN/SPLIT SARS-CoV2 international registry, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 74, e43, 10.1097/MPG.0000000000003326 Pediatric Heart Transplant Society COVID-19 Dashboard April 7, 2022. Available from: https://pediatrichearttransplantsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/April-2022-COVID-Dashboard-Combined.pdf. Ovsyannikova, 2020, The role of host genetics in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 susceptibility and severity, Immunol Rev, 296, 205, 10.1111/imr.12897 Rodriguez-Peralvarez, 2021, Modulating immunosuppression in liver transplant patients with COVID-19, Gut, 70, 1412, 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322620 Belli, 2021, Protective role of tacrolimus, deleterious role of age and comorbidities in liver transplant recipients with COVID-19: results from the ELITA/ELTR multi-center European study, Gastroenterology, 160, 1151-63 e3, 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.11.045 Carbajo-Lozoya, 2012, Replication of human coronaviruses SARS-CoV, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E is inhibited by the drug FK506, Virus Res, 165, 112, 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.02.002 Group, 2021, Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, N Engl J Med, 384, 693, 10.1056/NEJMoa2021436 Fadel, 2020, Early short-course corticosteroids in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, Clin Infect Dis, 71, 2114, 10.1093/cid/ciaa601 Schoot, 2020, Immunosuppressive drugs and COVID-19: a review, Front Pharmacol, 11, 1333, 10.3389/fphar.2020.01333 Avery, 2021, COVID-19 therapeutics for solid organ transplant recipients; 6 months into the pandemic: where are we now?, Transplantation, 105, 56, 10.1097/TP.0000000000003519 2019 Sait, 2022, Outcomes of SOT recipients with COVID-19 in different eras of COVID-19 therapeutics, Transplant Direct, 8, e1268, 10.1097/TXD.0000000000001268 Goss, 2021, The pediatric solid organ transplant experience with COVID-19: an initial multi-center, multi-organ case series, Pediatr Transplant, 25, e13868, 10.1111/petr.13868 Talgam-Horshi, 2021, Clinical outcomes and antibody response in COVID-19-positive pediatric solid organ transplant recipients, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 40, e514, 10.1097/INF.0000000000003293 Conway, 2022, Early report from the pediatric heart transplant society on COVID-19 infections in pediatric heart transplant candidates and recipients, J Heart Lung Transplant, 41, 327, 10.1016/j.healun.2021.11.003 Canpolat, 2022, COVID-19 in pediatric patients undergoing chronic dialysis and kidney transplantation, Eur J Pediatr, 181, 117, 10.1007/s00431-021-04191-z Varnell, 2021, COVID-19 in pediatric kidney transplantation: the improving renal outcomes collaborative, Am J Transplant, 21, 2740, 10.1111/ajt.16501 Buescher, 2022, SARS-CoV-2 in pediatric liver transplant recipients: the European experience, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 74, e41, 10.1097/MPG.0000000000003325 American Society of Transplantation COVID-19 Resources for Transplant Community March 30, 2022. Available from: https://www.myast.org/covid-19-information Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA authorizes new monoclonal antibody for treatment of COVID-19 that retains activity against Omicron variant April 7, 2022. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-new-monoclonal-antibody-treatment-covid-19-retains. AST statement on oral antiviral therapy for COVID-19 for organ transplant recipients April 7, 2022. Available from: https://www.myast.org/sites/default/files/AST%20Statement%20on%20Oral%20Antiviral%20Therapy%20for%20COVID%20Jan%204%20%282%29.pdf. Rosas, 2021, Tocilizumab in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 Pneumonia, N Engl J Med, 384, 1503, 10.1056/NEJMoa2028700 Richardson, 2020, Baricitinib as potential treatment for 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease, Lancet, 395, e30, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30304-4 Ely, 2022, Efficacy and safety of baricitinib plus standard of care for the treatment of critically ill hospitalised adults with COVID-19 on invasive mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: an exploratory, randomised, placebo-controlled trial, Lancet Respir Med, 10, 327, 10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00006-6 Marconi, 2021, Efficacy and safety of baricitinib for the treatment of hospitalised adults with COVID-19 (COV-BARRIER): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial, Lancet Respir Med, 9, 1407, 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00331-3 Senefeld, 2021, Use of convalescent plasma in COVID-19 patients with immunosuppression, Transfusion, 61, 2503, 10.1111/trf.16525 Walter, 2022, Evaluation of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine in children 5 to 11 years of age, N Engl J Med, 386, 35, 10.1056/NEJMoa2116298 Food and drug administration approves the first COVID-19 vaccine March 30, 2022. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-covid-19-vaccine. FDA authorizes Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use in children 5 through 11 years of age March 30, 2022. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-authorizes-pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine-emergency-use-children-5-through-11-years-age. Vaccines for COVID-19 April 8, 2022. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/index.html. COVID-19 Vaccine FAQ Sheet: American Society of Transplantation; March 30, 2022. Available from: https://www.myast.org/covid-19-vaccine-faq-sheet. Qin, 2022, Antibody response to 2-dose SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients, Am J Transplant, 22, 669, 10.1111/ajt.16841 Qin, 2022, Antibody response to three SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in adoelscent solid tranpslant recipients, Am J Transplant Downes, 2022, Return to school and COVID-19 vaccination for pediatric solid organ transplant recipients in the United States: expert opinion for 2021–2022, J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc, 11, 43, 10.1093/jpids/piab098 COVID-19 Vaccines for moderately or severely immunocompromised people: centers for disease control and prevention; March 4, 2022. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/recommendations/immuno.html?s_cid=11707:covid%20booster%20immunocompromised:sem.ga:p:RG:GM:gen:PTN:FY22. Psichogiou, 2021, Comparative immunogenicity of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine with natural SARS-CoV-2 infection, Vaccines, 9, 10.3390/vaccines9091017 Dulek, 2022, Update on COVID-19 vaccination in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients, Pediatr Transplant, e14235, 10.1111/petr.14235 Summary of current evidence and information– donor SARS-CoV-2 testing & organ recovery from donors with a history of COVID-19: OPTN; 2022 [March 4, 2022]. Available from: https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/kkhnlwah/sars-cov-2-summary-of-evidence.pdf. Hippen, 2022, Survey of current transplant center practices regarding COVID-19 vaccine mandates in the United States, Am J Transplant, 10.1111/ajt.16995 Hippen, 2022, Mandating COVID-19 vaccination prior to kidney transplantation in the United States: no solutions, only decisions, Am J Transplant, 22, 381, 10.1111/ajt.16891 Parent, 2021, Ethical considerations regarding COVID-19 vaccination for transplant candidates and recipients, Clin Transplant, 35, e14421, 10.1111/ctr.14421 Ross, 2022, The case against COVID-19 vaccine mandates in pediatric solid organ transplantation, Pediatr Transplant, e14243, 10.1111/petr.14243 Benton, 2022, Sounding the alarm for children’s mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic, JAMA Pediatr, 176, 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.6295 Saunders, 2022, Utilization of physician-based mental health care services among children and adolescents before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, Canada, JAMA Pediatr, 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.6298