The hidden Serengeti—Mycorrhizal fungi respond to environmental gradients

Abbott, 1985, Formation of external hyphae in soil by four species of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, New Phytol., 99, 245, 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1985.tb03653.x Al-Karaki, 2004, Field response of wheat to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and drought stress, Mycorrhiza, 14, 263, 10.1007/s00572-003-0265-2 Anderson, 2007, Rainfall and soils modify plant community response to grazing in Serengeti National Park, Ecology, 8, 1191, 10.1890/06-0399 Anderson, 2010, Landscape-scale analyses suggest both nutrient and antipredator advantages to Serengeti herbivore hotspots, Ecology, 91, 1519, 10.1890/09-0739.1 Antoninka, 2011, Seven years of carbon dioxide enrichment, nitrogen fertilization and plant diversity influence arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a grassland ecosystem, New Phytol., 192, 200, 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03776.x Augé, 2001, Water relations, drought and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, Mycorrhiza, 11, 3, 10.1007/s005720100097 Augé, 2015, Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis alters stomatal conductance of host plants more under drought than under amply watered conditions: a meta-analysis, Mycorrhiza, 25, 13, 10.1007/s00572-014-0585-4 Barto, 2010, Does herbivory really suppress mycorrhiza? A meta-analysis, J. Ecol., 98, 745, 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01658.x Bever, 2001, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: more diverse than meets the eye, and the ecological tale of why, Bioscience, 51, 923, 10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0923:AMFMDT]2.0.CO;2 Boddington, 1999, Evidence that differences in phosphate metabolism in mycorrhizas formed by species of Glomus and Gigaspora might be related to their life-cycle strategies, New Phytol., 142, 531, 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00422.x Bollen, 1989 Bollen, 1992, Bootstrapping goodness-of-fit measures in structural equation models, Socio. Methods Res., 21, 205, 10.1177/0049124192021002004 Brouwer, 1983, Functional equilibrium: sense or nonsense?, Netherlands J. Agric. Sci., 31, 335, 10.18174/njas.v31i4.16938 Chaudhary, 2014, Multiscale patterns of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal abundance and diversity in semiarid shrublands, Fungal Ecol., 12, 32, 10.1016/j.funeco.2014.06.003 Clapp, 1995, Diversity of fungal symbionts in arbuscular mycorrhizas from a natural community, New Phytol., 130, 259, 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1995.tb03047.x Colwell, R.K. (2009) EstimateS: Statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples. Version 8.2. User's Guide and application published at: http://purl.oclc.org/estimates. Cheung, 2002, Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance, Struct. Eq. Model., 9, 233, 10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5 Davies, 1992, Mycorrhiza and repeated drought exposure affect drought resistance and extraradical hyphae development of pepper plants independent of plant size and nutrient content, J. Plant Physiol., 139, 289, 10.1016/S0176-1617(11)80339-1 Declereck, 2004, Development of extraradical mycelium of Scutellospora reticulata under root-organ culture: spore production and function of auxiliary cells, Mycology Res., 108, 84, 10.1017/S0953756203008761 Dufrene, 1997, Species assemblages and indicator species: the need for a flexible asymmetrical approach, Ecol. Monogr., 67, 345 Ehinger, 2012, Significant genetic and phenotypic changes arising from clonal growth of a single spore of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus over multiple generations, New Phytol., 196, 853, 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04278.x Eom, 2001, Effects of ungulate grazers on arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and fungal community structure in tallgrass prairie, Mycologia, 93, 233, 10.2307/3761643 Gee, 1986, Particle-size analysis, 383 Goto, 2011, Racocetra tropicana, a new species in the Glomeromycetes from tropical areas, Nova Hedwigia, 92, 69, 10.1127/0029-5035/2011/0092-0069 Grace, 2003, Comparing groups using structural equations, 73 Grace, 2006, Structural Equation Modeling and Natural Systems Hammer, 2011, Tit for tat? A mycorrhizal fungus accumulates phosphorus under low plant carbon availability, FEMS Microb. Ecol., 76, 236, 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01043.x Hart, 2002, Taxonomic basis for the variation in the colonization strategy of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, New Phytol., 153, 335, 10.1046/j.0028-646X.2001.00312.x Hempel, 2007, Differences in species composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in spore, root and soil communities in a grassland ecosystem, Environ. Microbiol., 9, 1930, 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01309.x INVAM (International Culture Collection of Arbuscular and Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. (http://invam.wvu.edu/), accessed (01.11.). updated July 2014. Jakobsen, 1994, Hyphal phosphorus transport, a keystone to mycorrhizal enhancement of plant growth, 133 Johnson, 2010, Resource stoichiometry elucidates the structure and function of arbuscular mycorrhizas across scales, New Phytol., 185, 631, 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03110.x Johnson, 1999, Methods for ecological studies of mycorrhizae, 378 Johnson, 1992, Plant and soil controls on mycorrhizal fungal communities, Ecology, 73, 2034, 10.2307/1941453 Johnson, 2003, Nitrogen enrichment alters mycorrhizal allocation at five mesic to semiarid grasslands, Ecology, 84, 1895, 10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1895:NEAMAA]2.0.CO;2 Johnson, 1997, Soil carbon, nutrients and mycorrhizal fungal communities during conversion of a dry tropical forest to grassland, Ecol. Appl., 7, 171, 10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0171:SCNAMD]2.0.CO;2 Kiers, 2011, Reciprocal rewards stabilize cooperation in the mycorrhizal symbiosis, Science, 333, 880, 10.1126/science.1208473 Klironomos, 2004, Species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi affect mycorrhizal responses to simulated herbivory, Appl. Soil Ecol., 26, 133, 10.1016/j.apsoil.2003.11.001 Koch, 2004, High genetic variability and low local diversity in a population of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 101, 2369, 10.1073/pnas.0306441101 Koide, 1991, Tansley Review No 29: nutrient supply, nutrient demand and plant response to mycorrhizal infection, New Phytol., 117, 365, 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1991.tb00001.x Lendenmann, 2011, Symbiont identity matters: carbon and phosphorus fluxes between Medicago truncatula and different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Mycorrhiza, 21, 689, 10.1007/s00572-011-0371-5 Liu, 2012, Direct and indirect influences of eight years of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on Glomeromycota in an alpine meadow ecosystem, New PhytolM, 194, 523, 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04050.x Maherali, 2007, Influence of phylogeny on fungal community assembly and ecosystem functioning, Science, 316, 1746, 10.1126/science.1143082 McCune, 2002 McCune, 2011 McGonigle, 1990, A new method which gives an objective measure of colonization of roots by vesicular—arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, New Phytologist, 115, 495, 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1990.tb00476.x McKenney, 1987, Improved method for quantifying endomycorrhizal fungi spores from soil, Mycologia, 79, 779, 10.2307/3807830 McNaughton, 1979, Grazing as an optimization process: grass-ungulate relationships in the Serengeti, Am. Nat., 113, 691, 10.1086/283426 McNaughton, 1985, Ecology of a grazing ecosystem, Ecol. Monogr., 55, 259, 10.2307/1942578 McNaughton, 1998, Root biomass and productivity in a grazing ecosystem: the Serengeti, Ecology, 79, 587, 10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[0587:RBAPIA]2.0.CO;2 McNaughton, 1990, Extramatrical mycorrhizal abundance and grass nutrition in a tropical grazing ecosystem, the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, Oikos, 59, 92, 10.2307/3545127 Miller, 1995, External hyphal production of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in pasture and tallgrass prairie communities, Oecologia, 103, 17, 10.1007/BF00328420 Moorman, 1979, The role of endomycorrhizae in revegetation practices in the semi-arid West. II. A bioassay to determine the effect of land disturbance on endomycorrhizal populations, Am. J. Bot., 66, 14, 10.2307/2442619 Mosse, 1979, Advances in the study of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza, Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 11, 171, 10.1146/annurev.py.11.090173.001131 Munkvold, 2004, High functional diversity within species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, New Phytol., 164, 357, 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01169.x Murray, 2010, Ungulate and topographical control of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spore community composition in a temperate grassland, Ecology, 91, 815, 10.1890/09-0209.1 Nelson, 1987, An acid-persulfate digestion procedure for determination of phosphorus in sediments. Communications, Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 18, 359, 10.1080/00103628709367826 Oehl, 2011, Glomeromycota: two new classes and a new order, Mycotaxon, 116, 365, 10.5248/116.365 Ohsowski, 2014, Where the wild things are: looking for uncultured Glomeromycota, New Phytol., 204, 171, 10.1111/nph.12894 Olsson, 2000, The growth of external AM fungal mycelium in sand dunes and in experimental systems, Plant Soil, 226, 161, 10.1023/A:1026565314345 Öpik, 2010, The online database MaarjAM reveals global and ecosystemic distribution patterns in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota), New Phytol., 188, 223, 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03334.x Powell, 2011, Evolutionary criteria out perform operational approaches in producing ecologically relevant fungal species inventories, Mol. Ecol., 20, 655, 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04964.x Propster, 2015, Uncoupling the effects of phosphorus and precipitation on arbuscular mycorrhizas in the Serengeti, Plant Soil, 388, 21, 10.1007/s11104-014-2369-1 Redecker, 2013, An evidence-based consensus for the classification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota), Mycorrhiza, 23, 515, 10.1007/s00572-013-0486-y Ritchie, 2008, Global environmental changes and their impact on the Serengeti, 183 Ritchie, 2014, Plant compensation to grazing and soil carbon dynamics in a tropical grassland, Peer J., 10.7717/peerj.233 Ruess, 1994, Landscape patterns in soil microbial processes in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, Ecology, 75, 892, 10.2307/1939414 SAS, 2009 Schenck, 1990 Schüßler and Walker. Glomeromycota Species List, http://www.lrz.de/∼schuessler/amphylo), accessed January 2011. updated January, 2014. Shipley, 2000 SPSS, 2011 Steiger, 1990, Structural equation model evaluation and modification: an internal estimation approach, Multivariate Behav. Res., 25, 173, 10.1207/s15327906mbr2502_4 Stevens, 2015, Environmental predictors of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and soil bacteria associated with Serengeti grasses Treseder, 2002, Direct nitrogen and phosphorous limitation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: a model and field test, New Phytol., 155, 507, 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00470.x Tchabi, 2008, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in sub-Saharan Savannas of Benin, West Africa, as affected by agricultural land use intensity and ecological zone, Mycorrhiza, 18, 181, 10.1007/s00572-008-0171-8 Tchabi, 2009, Racocetra beninensis from sub-Saharan savannas: a new species in the Glomeromycetes with ornamented spores, Mycotaxon, 110, 199, 10.5248/110.199 Vaidya, 2008, Organic matter stimulates bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Bauhinia purpurea and Leucaena diversifolia plantations on eroded slopes in Nepal, Restoration Ecol., 16, 79, 10.1111/j.1526-100X.2007.00264.x Wolf, 2001