The growth of acute kidney injury: a rising tide or just closer attention to detail?

Kidney International - Tập 87 - Trang 46-61 - 2015
Edward D. Siew1, Andrew Davenport2
1Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
2UCL Center for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital, University College London Medical School, London, UK

Tài liệu tham khảo

Marketos, 1993, Acute renal failure according to ancient Greek and Byzantine medical writers, J R Soc Med, 86, 290, 10.1177/014107689308600516 Swan, 1953, The clinical course of acute renal failure, Medicine, 32, 215, 10.1097/00005792-195305000-00002 Smith, 1964, 810 Uchino, 2005, Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a multinational, multicenter study, Jama, 294, 813, 10.1001/jama.294.7.813 Mehta, 2004, Spectrum of acute renal failure in the intensive care unit: the PICARD experience, Kidney Int, 66, 1613, 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00927.x Xue, 2006, Incidence and mortality of acute renal failure in Medicare beneficiaries, 1992 to 2001, J Am Soc Nephrol, 17, 1135, 10.1681/ASN.2005060668 Waikar, 2006, Declining mortality in patients with acute renal failure, 1988 to 2002, J Am Soc Nephrol, 17, 1143, 10.1681/ASN.2005091017 Hsu, 2013, Temporal Changes in Incidence of Dialysis-Requiring AKI, J Am Soc Nephrol, 24, 37, 10.1681/ASN.2012080800 Hsu, 2007, Community-based incidence of acute renal failure, Kidney Int, 72, 208, 10.1038/sj.ki.5002297 Siddiqui, 2012, Secular trends in acute dialysis after elective major surgery–1995 to 2009, CMAJ, 184, 1237, 10.1503/cmaj.110895 Hsu, 2004, The incidence of end-stage renal disease is increasing faster than the prevalence of chronic renal insufficiency, Ann Intern Med, 141, 95, 10.7326/0003-4819-141-2-200407200-00007 Wald, 2009, Chronic dialysis and death among survivors of acute kidney injury requiring dialysis, JAMA, 302, 1179, 10.1001/jama.2009.1322 Ricci, 2008, The RIFLE criteria and mortality in acute kidney injury: A systematic review, Kidney Int, 73, 538, 10.1038/sj.ki.5002743 Chertow, 2005, Acute kidney injury, mortality, length of stay, and costs in hospitalized patients, J Am Soc Nephrol, 16, 3365, 10.1681/ASN.2004090740 Coca, 2011, Chronic kidney disease after acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Kidney Int, 81, 442, 10.1038/ki.2011.379 Hsu, 2010, Where is the epidemic in kidney disease?, J Am Soc Nephrol, 21, 1607, 10.1681/ASN.2010050546 Siew, 2013, The inexorable rise of AKI: can we bend the growth curve?, J Am Soc Nephrol, 24, 3, 10.1681/ASN.2012111115 Chawla, 2012, Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease: an integrated clinical syndrome, Kidney Int, 82, 516, 10.1038/ki.2012.208 Lameire, 2006, The changing epidemiology of acute renal failure, Nat Clin Pract Nephrol, 2, 364, 10.1038/ncpneph0218 Hwang, 2012, Validity of the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision code for acute kidney injury in elderly patients at presentation to the emergency department and at hospital admission, BMJ Open, 2, 1, 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001821 Grams, 2014, Performance and limitations of administrative data in the identification of AKI, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol CJASN, 9, 682, 10.2215/CJN.07650713 Hou, 1983, Hospital-acquired renal insufficieny: a prospective study, Am J Med, 74, 243, 10.1016/0002-9343(83)90618-6 Nash, 2002, Hospital-acquired renal insufficiency, Am J Kidney Dis, 39, 930, 10.1053/ajkd.2002.32766 Levy, 1996, The effect of acute renal failure on mortality. A cohort analysis, JAMA, 275, 1489, 10.1001/jama.1996.03530430033035 Bellomo, 2004, Acute renal failure—definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group, Crit Care, 8, R204, 10.1186/cc2872 Mehta, 2007, Acute Kidney Injury Network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury, Crit Care, 11, R31, 10.1186/cc5713 2012, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int Supp, 2, 19 Siew, 2010, Commonly used surrogates for baseline renal function affect the classification and prognosis of acute kidney injury, Kidney Int, 77, 536, 10.1038/ki.2009.479 Bagshaw, 2009, A comparison of observed versus estimated baseline creatinine for determination of RIFLE class in patients with acute kidney injury, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 24, 2739, 10.1093/ndt/gfp159 Waikar, 2006, Validity of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification Codes for Acute Renal Failure, J Am Soc Nephrol, 17, 1688, 10.1681/ASN.2006010073 Metcalfe, 2002, Acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy: incidence and outcome, QJM, 95, 579, 10.1093/qjmed/95.9.579 Hsu, 2013, Temporal Changes in Incidence of dialysis-requiring Acute Kidney Injury, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 24, 37, 10.1681/ASN.2012080800 Rosansky, 2011, Early start of dialysis: a critical review, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 6, 1222, 10.2215/CJN.09301010 Rosansky, 2011, Early start of hemodialysis may be harmful, Arch Intern Med, 171, 396, 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.415 Liu, 2006, Timing of initiation of dialysis in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 1, 915, 10.2215/CJN.01430406 Shiao, 2009, Late initiation of renal replacement therapy is associated with worse outcomes in acute kidney injury after major abdominal surgery, Crit Care, 13, R171, 10.1186/cc8147 Thakar, 2012, Timing of dialysis initiation in AKI in ICU: international survey, Crit Care, 16, R237, 10.1186/cc11906 Clark, 2012, Timing of initiation of renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury: a survey of nephrologists and intensivists in Canada, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 27, 2761, 10.1093/ndt/gfr740 Wiedemann, 2006, Comparison of two fluid-management strategies in acute lung injury, N Engl J Med, 354, 2564, 10.1056/NEJMoa062200 Liu, 2011, Acute kidney injury in patients with acute lung injury: impact of fluid accumulation on classification of acute kidney injury and associated outcomes, Crit Care Med, 39, 2665, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318228234b Grams, 2011, Fluid balance, diuretic use, and mortality in acute kidney injury, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 6, 966, 10.2215/CJN.08781010 Butcher, 2012, Fluid overload in AKI: epiphenomenon or putative effect on mortality?, Curr Opin Crit Care, 18, 593, 10.1097/MCC.0b013e32835a1c44 Grams, 2010, Albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate independently associate with acute kidney injury, J Am Soc Nephrol, 21, 1757, 10.1681/ASN.2010010128 Hsu, 2008, The risk of acute renal failure in patients with chronic kidney disease, Kidney Int, 74, 101, 10.1038/ki.2008.107 Coresh, 2003, Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and decreased kidney function in the adult US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Am J Kidney Dis, 41, 1, 10.1053/ajkd.2003.50007 Coresh, 1995, Survival on dialysis among chronic renal failure patients treated with a supplemented low-protein diet before dialysis, J Am Soc Nephrol, 6, 1379, 10.1681/ASN.V651379 Siddiqui, 2012, Secular trends in acute dialysis after elective major surgery–1995 to 2009, CMAJ, 184, 1237, 10.1503/cmaj.110895 Winkelmayer, 2005, Identification of individuals with CKD from Medicare claims data: a validation study, Am J Kidney Dis, 46, 225, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2005.04.029 Fleet, 2013, Detecting chronic kidney disease in population-based administrative databases using an algorithm of hospital encounter and physician claim codes, BMC Nephrol, 14, 81, 10.1186/1471-2369-14-81 Kern, 2006, Failure of ICD-9-CM codes to identify patients with comorbid chronic kidney disease in diabetes, Health Serv Res, 41, 564, 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2005.00482.x Owan, 2006, Secular trends in renal dysfunction and outcomes in hospitalized heart failure patients, J Card Fail, 12, 257, 10.1016/j.cardfail.2006.02.007 Writing Group Members Lloyd-Jones, 2010, Heart disease and stroke statistics–2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association, Circulation, 121, e46, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192667 Adams, 2008, Clinical predictors of in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure-piecing together the outcome puzzle, Congest Heart Fail, 14, 127, 10.1111/j.1751-7133.2008.04641.x Grams, 2010, Albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate independently associate with acute kidney injury, J Am Soc Nephrol, 21, 1757, 10.1681/ASN.2010010128 James, 2010, Glomerular filtration rate, proteinuria, and the incidence and consequences of acute kidney injury: a cohort study, Lancet, 376, 2096, 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61271-8 Hsu, 2011, Proteinuria and reduced glomerular filtration rate as risk factors for acute kidney injury, Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens, 20, 211, 10.1097/MNH.0b013e3283454f8d Fraze, 2010, Hospital Stays for Patients with Diabetes, 2008 (Statistical Brief #93) Billings, 2012, Obesity and oxidative stress predict AKI after cardiac surgery, J Am Soc Nephrol, 23, 1221, 10.1681/ASN.2011090940 Patil, 2012, Prevalence of grade II and III obesity among patients hospitalized with cardiovascular diagnoses in 2002 v. 2009, Mo Med, 109, 397 Nagamine, 2006, Trends in elderly Hospitalizations, 1997-2004 Rubenfeld, 2005, Incidence and outcomes of acute lung injury, N Eng J Med, 353, 1685, 10.1056/NEJMoa050333 Martin, 2006, The effect of age on the development and outcome of adult sepsis, Crit Care Med, 34, 15, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000194535.82812.BA Anderson, 2011, Acute kidney injury in older adults, J Am Soc Nephrol, 22, 28, 10.1681/ASN.2010090934 Seymour, 2012, Severe sepsis in pre-hospital emergency care: analysis of incidence, care, and outcome, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 186, 1264, 10.1164/rccm.201204-0713OC Martin, 2003, The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000, N Engl J Med, 348, 1546, 10.1056/NEJMoa022139 Dombrovskiy, 2007, Rapid increase in hospitalization and mortality rates for severe sepsis in the United States: a trend analysis from 1993 to 2003, Crit Care Med, 35, 1244, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000261890.41311.E9 Fry, 2005, Trends in hospitalizations for pneumonia among persons aged 65 years or older in the United States, 1988-2002, JAMA, 294, 2712, 10.1001/jama.294.21.2712 Heywood, 2007, High prevalence of renal dysfunction and its impact on outcome in 118,465 patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure: a report from the ADHERE database, J Card Fail, 13, 422, 10.1016/j.cardfail.2007.03.011 Fonarow, 2005, Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure: classification and regression tree analysis, JAMA, 293, 572, 10.1001/jama.293.5.572 Forman, 2004, Incidence, predictors at admission, and impact of worsening renal function among patients hospitalized with heart failure, J Am Coll Cardiol, 43, 61, 10.1016/j.jacc.2003.07.031 Logeart, 2008, Transient worsening of renal function during hospitalization for acute heart failure alters outcome, Int J Cardiol, 127, 228, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.06.007 Hassan, 2010, Increasing rates of angioplasty versus bypass surgery in Canada, 1994-2005, Am Heart J, 160, 958, 10.1016/j.ahj.2010.06.052 Amin, 2012, Trends in the incidence of acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction, Arch Intern Med, 172, 246, 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.1202 Neilson, 2004, The impact of peer management on test-ordering behavior, Ann Intern Med, 141, 196, 10.7326/0003-4819-141-3-200408030-00008 Lenihan, 2013, Trends in acute kidney injury, associated use of dialysis, and mortality after cardiac surgery, 1999 to 2008, Ann Thorac Surg, 95, 20, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.05.131 Serruys, 2009, Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary-artery bypass grafting for severe coronary artery disease, N Engl J Med, 360, 961, 10.1056/NEJMoa0804626 Farkouh, 2012, Strategies for multivessel revascularization in patients with diabetes, N Engl J Med, 367, 2375, 10.1056/NEJMoa1211585 Salahudeen, 2013, Onconephrology: the latest frontier in the war against kidney disease, J Am Soc Nephrol, 24, 26, 10.1681/ASN.2012070690 Lam, 2012, Onco-nephrology: AKI in the cancer patient, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 7, 1692, 10.2215/CJN.03140312 Perazella, 2014, Cancer and the kidney: the growth of onco-nephrology, Adv Chronic Kidney Dis, 21, 4, 10.1053/j.ackd.2013.09.002 Siegel, 2014, Cancer Statistics, 2014, CA Cancer J Clin, 64, 9, 10.3322/caac.21208 Salahudeen, 2013, Incidence rate, clinical correlates, and outcomes of AKI in patients admitted to a comprehensive cancer center, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 8, 347, 10.2215/CJN.03530412 Perazella, 2012, Onco-nephrology: renal toxicities of chemotherapeutic agents, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 7, 1713, 10.2215/CJN.02780312 Uchino, 2006, The epidemiology of acute renal failure in the world, Curr Opin Crit Care, 12, 538, 10.1097/01.ccx.0000247448.94252.5a Hui-Stickle, 2005, Pediatric ARF epidemiology at a tertiary care center from 1999 to 2001, Am J Kidney Dis, 45, 96, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2004.09.028 Moffett, 2011, Acute kidney injury and increasing nephrotoxic-medication exposure in noncritically-ill children, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 6, 856, 10.2215/CJN.08110910 Perazella, 2012, Drug use and nephrotoxicity in the intensive care unit, Kidney Int, 81, 1172, 10.1038/ki.2010.475 Myburgh, 2012, Hydroxyethyl starch or saline for fluid resuscitation in intensive care, N Engl J Med, 367, 1901, 10.1056/NEJMoa1209759 Perner, 2012, Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus Ringer’s acetate in severe sepsis, N Engl J Med, 367, 124, 10.1056/NEJMoa1204242 Zarychanski, 2013, Association of hydroxyethyl starch administration with mortality and acute kidney injury in critically ill patients requiring volume resuscitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis, JAMA, 309, 678, 10.1001/jama.2013.430 Yunos, 2012, Association between a chloride-liberal vs chloride-restrictive intravenous fluid administration strategy and kidney injury in critically ill adults, JAMA, 308, 1566, 10.1001/jama.2012.13356 Kellum, 2013, for the KAKIGWG. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of acute kidney injury: a KDIGO summary (Part 1), Crit Care, 17, 204, 10.1186/cc11454 Palevsky, 2013, KDOQI US commentary on the 2012 KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury, Am J Kidney Dis, 61, 649, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.02.349 Rivers, 2001, Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock, N Engl J Med, 345, 1368, 10.1056/NEJMoa010307 Levy, 2010, The Surviving Sepsis Campaign: results of an international guideline-based performance improvement program targeting severe sepsis, Intensive Care Med, 36, 222, 10.1007/s00134-009-1738-3 Williams, 2012, Critical and honest conversations: the evidence behind the ‘Choosing Wisely’ campaign recommendations by the American Society of Nephrology, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 7, 1664, 10.2215/CJN.04970512 Plantinga, 2011, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use among persons with chronic kidney disease in the United States, Ann Family Med, 9, 423, 10.1370/afm.1302 Peralta, 2007, Association of antihypertensive therapy and diastolic hypotension in chronic kidney disease, Hypertension, 50, 474, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.088088 Abuelo, 2007, Normotensive ischemic acute renal failure, N Engl J Med, 357, 797, 10.1056/NEJMra064398 Lewis, 1993, The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group, N Engl J Med, 329, 1456, 10.1056/NEJM199311113292004 Kramer, 1997, Ramipril in non-diabetic renal failure (REIN study). Ramipril Efficiency in Nephropathy study, Lancet, 350, 736, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)26036-8 Lewis, 2001, Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med, 345, 851, 10.1056/NEJMoa011303 Yusuf, 2000, Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators, N Engl J Med, 342, 145, 10.1056/NEJM200001203420301 Chobanian, 2003, The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report, JAMA, 289, 2560, 10.1001/jama.289.19.2560 KDOQI, 2007, KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines and Clinical Practice Recommendations for Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease, Am J Kidney Dis, 49, S12, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.12.005 National Kidney Foundation, 2002, K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification, Am J Kidney Dis, 39, S1 Levey, 2005, Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO), Kidney Int, 67, 2089, 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00365.x Jain, 2012, Reporting of the estimated glomerular filtration rate was associated with increased use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-II receptor blockers in CKD, Kidney Int, 81, 1248, 10.1038/ki.2012.18 Cox, 2013, Adverse drug events during AKI and its recovery, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 8, 1070, 10.2215/CJN.11921112 Arora, 2008, Preoperative use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers is associated with increased risk for acute kidney injury after cardiovascular surgery, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 3, 1266, 10.2215/CJN.05271107 Rim, 2012, The effect of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade on contrast-induced acute kidney injury: a propensity-matched study, Am J Kidney Dis, 60, 576, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2012.04.017 Mann, 2008, Renal outcomes with telmisartan, ramipril, or both, in people at high vascular risk (the ONTARGET study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial, Lancet, 372, 547, 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61236-2 Fried, 2013, Combined Angiotensin inhibition for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy, N Engl J Med, 369, 1892, 10.1056/NEJMoa1303154 Lapi, 2013, Concurrent use of diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of acute kidney injury: nested case-control study, BMJ, 346, e8525, 10.1136/bmj.e8525 Okusa, 2013, Reading between the guidelines - The KIDGO Practice Guideline on acute kidney injury in the individual patient, Kidney Int, 85, 39, 10.1038/ki.2013.378 Davenport, 2011, Pitfalls in assessing renal function in patients with cirrhosis–potential inequity for access to treatment of hepatorenal failure and liver transplantation, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 26, 2735, 10.1093/ndt/gfr354 Macedo, 2010, Fluid accumulation, recognition and staging of acute kidney injury in critically-ill patients, Crit Care, 14, R82, 10.1186/cc9004 Coca, 2013, Preoperative angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blocker use and acute kidney injury in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 28, 2787, 10.1093/ndt/gft405 Testani, 2010, Potential effects of aggressive decongestion during the treatment of decompensated heart failure on renal function and survival, Circulation, 122, 265, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.933275 Testani, 2013, Timing of hemoconcentration during treatment of acute decompensated heart failure and subsequent survival: importance of sustained decongestion, J Am Coll Cardiol, 62, 516, 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.027 Murray, 2014, Current use of biomarkers in acute kidney injury: report and summary of recommendations from the 10th Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative consensus conference, Kidney Int, 85, 513, 10.1038/ki.2013.374 McCullough, 2013, Implementation of novel biomarkers in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of acute kidney injury: executive summary from the Tenth Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI), Contrib Nephrol, 182, 5, 10.1159/000349962 McCullough, 2013, Diagnosis of acute kidney injury using functional and injury biomarkers: workgroup statements from the tenth acute dialysis quality initiative consensus conference, Contrib Nephrol, 182, 13, 10.1159/000349963 Coca, 2014, Urinary biomarkers of AKI and mortality 3 years after cardiac surgery, J Am Soc Nephrol, 25, 1063, 10.1681/ASN.2013070742 Haase, 2011, The outcome of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin-positive subclinical acute kidney injury: a multicenter pooled analysis of prospective studies, J Am Coll Cardiol, 57, 1752, 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.11.051 Belcher, 2014, Kidney biomarkers and differential diagnosis of patients with cirrhosis and acute kidney injury, Hepatology, 60, 622, 10.1002/hep.26980 Hsu, 2013, Regional variation in the incidence of dialysis-requiring AKI in the United States, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 8, 1476, 10.2215/CJN.12611212 Siew, 2012, Estimating baseline kidney function in hospitalized patients with impaired kidney function, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 7, 712, 10.2215/CJN.10821011 Siew, 2013, Use of multiple imputation method to improve estimation of missing baseline serum creatinine in acute kidney injury research, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 8, 10, 10.2215/CJN.00200112 Thakar, 2009, Incidence and outcomes of acute kidney injury in intensive care units: a Veterans Administration study, Crit Care Med, 37, 2552, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181a5906f Joannidis, 2009, Acute kidney injury in critically ill patients classified by AKIN versus RIFLE using the SAPS 3 database, Intensive Care Med, 35, 1692, 10.1007/s00134-009-1530-4 Alpert, 2006, A call for universal definitions in cardiovascular disease, Circulation, 114, 757, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.648030 Thygesen, 2012, Third universal definition of myocardial infarction, J Am Coll Cardiol, 60, 1581, 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.08.001 Chertow, 1998, Independent association between acute renal failure and mortality following cardiac surgery, Am J Med, 104, 343, 10.1016/S0002-9343(98)00058-8 Mangano, 1998, Renal dysfunction after myocardial revascularization: risk factors, adverse outcomes, and hospital resource utilization. The Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group, Ann Intern Med, 128, 194, 10.7326/0003-4819-128-3-199802010-00005 Hobson, 2009, Acute kidney injury is associated with increased long-term mortality after cardiothoracic surgery, Circulation, 119, 2444, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.800011 Dasta, 2008, Costs and outcomes of acute kidney injury (AKI) following cardiac surgery, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 23, 1970, 10.1093/ndt/gfm908 Kuitunen, 2006, Acute renal failure after cardiac surgery: evaluation of the RIFLE classification, Ann Thorac Surg, 81, 542, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2005.07.047 Liangos, 2006, Epidemiology and outcomes of acute renal failure in hospitalized patients: a national survey, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 1, 43, 10.2215/CJN.00220605 Uchino, 2006, An assessment of the RIFLE criteria for acute renal failure in hospitalized patients, Crit Care Med, 34, 1913, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000224227.70642.4F Ali, 2007, Incidence and outcomes in acute kidney injury: a comprehensive population-based study, J Am Soc Nephrol, 18, 1292, 10.1681/ASN.2006070756 Porter, 2014, A real-time electronic alert to improve detection of acute kidney injury in a large teaching hospital Brivet, 1996, Acute renal failure in intensive care units–causes, outcome, and prognostic factors of hospital mortality; a prospective, multicenter study. French Study Group on Acute Renal Failure, Crit Care Med, 24, 192, 10.1097/00003246-199602000-00003 Hoste, 2006, RIFLE criteria for acute kidney injury are associated with hospital mortality in critically ill patients: a cohort analysis, Crit Care, 10, R73, 10.1186/cc4915 Ostermann, 2007, Acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit according to RIFLE, Crit Care Med, 35, 1837, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000277041.13090.0A Bagshaw, 2008, A multi-centre evaluation of the RIFLE criteria for early acute kidney injury in critically ill patients, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 23, 1203, 10.1093/ndt/gfm744 Bagshaw, 2008, A comparison of the RIFLE and AKIN criteria for acute kidney injury in critically ill patients, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 23, 1569, 10.1093/ndt/gfn009 Bagshaw, 2008, Early acute kidney injury and sepsis: a multicentre evaluation, Crit Care, 12, R47, 10.1186/cc6863 Cruz, 2007, North East Italian Prospective Hospital Renal Outcome Survey on Acute Kidney Injury (NEiPHROS-AKI): targeting the problem with the RIFLE Criteria, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2, 418, 10.2215/CJN.03361006 Nisula, 2013, Incidence, risk factors and 90-day mortality of patients with acute kidney injury in Finnish intensive care units: the FINNAKI study, Intensive Care Med, 39, 420, 10.1007/s00134-012-2796-5 Feest, 1993, Incidence of severe acute renal failure in adults: results of a community based study, BMJ, 306, 481, 10.1136/bmj.306.6876.481 Khan, 1997, Acute renal failure: factors influencing nephrology referral and outcome, QJM, 90, 781, 10.1093/qjmed/90.12.781 Liano, 1996, Epidemiology of acute renal failure: a prospective, multicenter, community-based study. Madrid Acute Renal Failure Study Group, Kidney Int, 50, 811, 10.1038/ki.1996.380 Korkeila, 2000, Costs of care, long-term prognosis and quality of life in patients requiring renal replacement therapy during intensive care, Intensive Care Med, 26, 1824, 10.1007/s001340000726 Stevens, 2001, Non-specialist management of acute renal failure, QJM, 94, 533, 10.1093/qjmed/94.10.533 Cole, 2000, A prospective, multicenter study of the epidemiology, management, and outcome of severe acute renal failure in a ‘closed’ ICU system, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 162, 191, 10.1164/ajrccm.162.1.9907016 Robertson, 2002, High incidence of renal failure requiring short-term dialysis: a prospective observational study, QJM, 95, 585, 10.1093/qjmed/95.9.585 Prescott, 2007, A prospective national study of acute renal failure treated with RRT: incidence, aetiology and outcomes, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 22, 2513, 10.1093/ndt/gfm264 Parsons, 1961, Optimal conditions for methacrylate embedding of certain tissues and cells sensitive to polymerization damage, Exp Cell Res, 24, 466, 10.1016/0014-4827(61)90447-5 Fischer, 1966, Early dialysis in the treatment of acute renal failure, Surg Gynecol Obstet, 123, 1019 Kleinknecht, 1972, Uremic and non-uremic complications in acute renal failure: evaluation of early and frequent dialysis on prognosis, Kidney Int, 1, 190, 10.1038/ki.1972.26 Gettings, 1999, Outcome in post-traumatic acute renal failure when continuous renal replacement therapy is applied early vs. late, Intensive Care Med, 25, 805, 10.1007/s001340050956 Mehta, 2001, A randomized clinical trial of continuous versus intermittent dialysis for acute renal failure, Kidney Int, 60, 1154, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.0600031154.x Schiffl, 2002, Daily hemodialysis and the outcome of acute renal failure, N Engl J Med, 346, 305, 10.1056/NEJMoa010877 Ronco, 2000, Effects of different doses in continuous veno-venous haemofiltration on outcomes of acute renal failure: a prospective randomised trial, Lancet, 356, 26, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02430-2 Bouman, 2002, Effects of early high-volume continuous venovenous hemofiltration on survival and recovery of renal function in intensive care patients with acute renal failure: a prospective, randomized trial, Critical Care Med, 30, 2205, 10.1097/00003246-200210000-00005 Cho, 2006, Survival by dialysis modality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury, J Am Soc Nephrol, 17, 3132, 10.1681/ASN.2006030268 Vinsonneau, 2006, Continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration versus intermittent haemodialysis for acute renal failure in patients with multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome: a multicentre randomised trial, Lancet, 368, 379, 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69111-3 Uchino, 2007, Continuous renal replacement therapy: a worldwide practice survey: The Beginning and Ending Supportive Therapy for the Kidney (B.E.S.T. Kidney) Investigators, Intensive Care Med, 33, 1563, 10.1007/s00134-007-0754-4 Carl, 2010, Effect of timing of dialysis on mortality in critically ill, septic patients with acute renal failure, Hemodial Int, 14, 11, 10.1111/j.1542-4758.2009.00407.x Prescott, 2007, A prospective national study of acute renal failure treated with RRT: incidence, aetiology and outcomes, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 22, 2513, 10.1093/ndt/gfm264 Palevsky, 2008, Intensity of renal support in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury, N Engl J Med, 359, 7, 10.1056/NEJMoa0802639 Bellomo, 2009, Intensity of continuous renal-replacement therapy in critically ill patients, N Engl J Med, 361, 1627, 10.1056/NEJMoa0902413 Leonard, 2012, Proton pump inhibitors and traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of acute interstitial nephritis and acute kidney injury, Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 21, 1155, 10.1002/pds.3329 Dormuth, 2013, Use of high potency statins and rates of admission for acute kidney injury: multicenter, retrospective observational analysis of administrative databases, BMJ, 346, f880, 10.1136/bmj.f880 Bird, 2013, Risk of acute kidney injury associated with the use of fluoroquinolones, CMAJ, 185, E475, 10.1503/cmaj.121730 Hurst, 2007, Association of oral sodium phosphate purgative use with acute kidney injury, J Am Soc Nephrol, 18, 3192, 10.1681/ASN.2007030349 Zhao, 2012, New fibrate use and acute renal outcomes in elderly adults: a population-based study, Ann Intern Med, 156, 560, 10.7326/0003-4819-156-8-201204170-00401 Schneider, 2006, Association of selective and conventional nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs with acute renal failure: a population-based, nested case-control analysis, Am J Epidemiol, 164, 881, 10.1093/aje/kwj331 Wikman, 2013, The significance of antiretroviral-associated acute kidney injury in a cohort of ambulatory human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 28, 2073, 10.1093/ndt/gft210 Gandhi, 2013, Calcium-channel blocker-clarithromycin drug interactions and acute kidney injury, JAMA, 310, 2544, 10.1001/jama.2013.282426