The forest mitigation-adaptation nexus: Economic benefits of novel planting regimes

Ahlström, 2017, Hydrologic resilience and Amazon productivity, Nat. Commun., 8, 387, 10.1038/s41467-017-00306-z Asante, 2016, Carbon sequestration and the optimal forest harvest decision under alternative baseline policies, Can. J. For. Res., 46, 656, 10.1139/cjfr-2015-0222 Asante, 2011, Carbon sequestration and the optimal forest harvest decision: A dynamic programming approach considering biomass and dead organic matter, J. For. Econ., 17, 3 Banner, 1993, A Field Guide to Site Identification and Interpretation for the Prince Rupert Forest Region, 253 Barber, 2000, Reduced growth of Alaskan white spruce in the twentieth century from temperature-induced drought stress, Nat., 405, 668, 10.1038/35015049 BC Gov, 2015, Greenhouse gas industrial reporting and control act: greenhouse gas emission control regulation BC Gov, 2016 BC Gov, 2017 Beck, 2011, Changes in forest productivity across Alaska consistent with biome shift, Ecol. Lett., 14, 373, 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01598.x Boardman, 2010, The social discount rate for Canada based on future growth in consumption, Can. Public Policy, 36, 325, 10.3138/cpp.36.3.325 Breteau-Amores, 2018, An economic comparison of adaptation strategies towards a drought-induced risk of forest decline Brunette, 2014, Economics of species change subject to risk of climate change and increasing information: A (quasi-) option value analysis, Ann. For. Sci., 71, 279, 10.1007/s13595-013-0281-0 Buma, 2013, Forest resilience, climate change, and opportunities for adaptation: A specific case of a general problem, For. Ecol. Manag., 306, 216, 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.06.044 Cademus, 2014, Analyzing trade-offs, synergies, and drivers among timber production, carbon sequestration, and water yield in Pinus elliotii forests in Southeastern USA, Forests, 5, 1409, 10.3390/f5061409 Canadell, 2008, Managing forests for climate change mitigation, Science, 320, 1456, 10.1126/science.1155458 Coops, 2011, Estimating the vulnerability of fifteen tree species under changing climate in Northwest North America, Ecol. Model., 222, 2119, 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.03.033 Crowe, 2008, Using portfolio theory to guide reforestation and restoration under climate change scenarios, Clim. Chang., 89, 355, 10.1007/s10584-007-9373-x Duveneck, 2015, Climate-suitable planting as a strategy for maintaining forest productivity and functional diversity, Ecol. Appl., 25, 1653, 10.1890/14-0738.1 Dykstra, 1984, 318 Dymond, 2014, Diversifying managed forests to increase resilience, Can. J. For. Res., 44, 1196, 10.1139/cjfr-2014-0146 Dymond, 2015 Dymond, 2015, Applying resilience concepts in forest management: a retrospective simulation approach, Forests, 6, 10.3390/f6124377 Dymond, 2016, Carbon sequestration in managed temperate coniferous forests under climate change, Biogeosciences, 13, 1933, 10.5194/bg-13-1933-2016 Forrester, 2016, A review of processes behind diversity—productivity relationships in forests, Curr. Forest. Rep., 2, 45, 10.1007/s40725-016-0031-2 Griess, 2011, Growth performance, windthrow, and insects: meta-analyses of parameters influencing performance of mixed-species stands in boreal and northern temperate biomes, Can. J. For. Res., 41, 1141, 10.1139/x11-042 Gutrich, 2007, Carbon sequestration and the optimal management of New Hampshire timber stands, Ecol. Econ., 62, 441, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.07.005 Hanewinkel, 2010, Modelling and economic evaluation of forest biome shifts under climate change in Southwest Germany, For. Ecol. Manag., 259, 710, 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.08.021 Hanewinkel, 2013, Climate change may cause severe loss in the economic value of European forest land, Nat. Clim. Change, 3, 203, 10.1038/nclimate1687 Hartman, 1976, The harvesting decision when a standing forest has value, Econ. Inq., 14, 52, 10.1111/j.1465-7295.1976.tb00377.x Hennigar, 2008, A novel approach to optimize management strategies for carbon stored in both forests and wood products, For. Ecol. Manag., 256, 786, 10.1016/j.foreco.2008.05.037 Hof, 2017, Climate change mitigation through adaptation: The effectiveness of forest diversification by novel tree planting regimes, Ecosphere, 8, 10.1002/ecs2.1981 Hooper, 2005, Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: A consensus of current knowledge, Ecol. Monogr., 75, 3, 10.1890/04-0922 Hotte, 2016, The principal-agent problem and climate change adaptation on public lands, Glob. Environ. Chang., 36, 163, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.01.001 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2013 Jackson, 2005, Trading water for carbon with biological carbon sequestration, Science, 310, 1944, 10.1126/science.1119282 Johnson, 1977, Techniques for Prescribing Optimal Timber Harvest and Investment under Different Objectives – Discussion and Synthesis Jönsson, 2015, Forest management facing climate change-an ecosystem model analysis of adaptation strategies, Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Chang., 20, 201, 10.1007/s11027-013-9487-6 Keenan, 2016, Recent pause in the growth rate of atmospheric CO2 due to enhanced terrestrial carbon uptake, Nat. Commun., 7, 10.1038/ncomms13428 Klemperer, 1994, Risk and the discount rate in forestry, Can. J. For. Res., 24, 390, 10.1139/x94-052 Kurz, 2008, Mountain pine beetle and forest carbon feedback to climate change, Nat., 452, 987, 10.1038/nature06777 Lagergren, 2017, Ecosystem model analysis of multi-use forestry in a changing climate, Ecosyst. Serv., 26, 209, 10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.06.007 Liang, 2016, Positive biodiversity-productivity relationship predominant in global forests, Science, 354, aaf8957, 10.1126/science.aaf8957 McCarney, 2008, Joint production of timber, carbon, and wildlife habitat in the Canadian boreal plains, Can. J. For. Res., 38, 1478, 10.1139/X07-246 Meason, 2014, Evaluating the deployment of alternative species in planted conifer forests as a means of adaptation to climate change-case studies in New Zealand and Scotland, Ann. For. Sci., 7, 239, 10.1007/s13595-013-0300-1 Meidinger, 1991, Ecosystems of British Columbia Metsaranta, 2011, Uncertainty of 21st century growing stocks and GHG balance of forests in British Columbia, Canada resulting from potential climate change impacts on ecosystem processes, For. Ecol. Manag., 262, 827, 10.1016/j.foreco.2011.05.016 Mitchell, 2019, TIPSY version 4.4 O’Neill, 2008, Assisted migration to address climate change in British Columbia: recommendations for interim seed transfer standards Paquette, 2011, The effect of biodiversity on tree productivity: from temperate to boreal forests, Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr., 20, 170, 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00592.x PCIC [Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium] Perez-Garcia, 2002, Impacts of climate change on the global forest sector, Clim. Chang., 54, 439, 10.1023/A:1016124517309 Plantinga, 1994, Optimal forest stand management when benefits are derived from carbon, Nat. Resour. Model., 8, 373, 10.1111/j.1939-7445.1994.tb00190.x Puettmann, 2009, 207 Rammer, 2015, Coupling human and natural systems: simulating adaptive management agents in dynamically changing forest landscapes, Glob. Environ. Chang., 35, 475, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.10.003 Ravenscroft, 2010, Forest restoration in a mixed-ownership landscape under climate change, Ecol. Appl., 20, 327, 10.1890/08-1698.1 Scheller, 2004, A forest growth and biomass module for a landscape simulation model, LANDIS: Design, validation, and application, Ecol. Model., 180, 211, 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.01.022 Seidl, 2011, Adaptation options to reduce climate change vulnerability of sustainable forest management in the Austrian Alps, Can. J. For. Res., 41, 694, 10.1139/x10-235 Seidl, 2014, Increasing forest disturbances in Europe and their impact on carbon storage, Nat. Clim. Chang., 4, 806, 10.1038/nclimate2318 Silva Pedro, 2015, Tree species diversity mitigates disturbance impacts on the forest carbon cycle, Oecologia, 177, 619, 10.1007/s00442-014-3150-0 Silva Pedro, 2017, Disentangling the effects of compositional and structural diversity on forest productivity, J. Veg. Sci., 28, 649, 10.1111/jvs.12505 Spittlehouse, 2003, Adaptation to climate change in forest management, BC J. Ecosyst. Manage., 4, 1 Sterling, 2013, The impact of global land-cover change on the terrestrial water cycle, Nat. Clim. Chang., 3, 385, 10.1038/nclimate1690 Stern, 2007, 1100 Susaeta, 2014, Impacts of climate change on economics of forestry and adaptation strategies in the southern United States, J. Agric. Appl. Econ., 46, 257, 10.1017/S1074070800000778 Taylor, 2017, Rapid 21st century climate change projected to shift composition and growth of Canada’s Acadian Forest region, For. Ecol. Manag., 405, 284, 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.07.033 Temperli, 2012, Adaptive management for competing forest goods and services under climate change, Ecol. Appl., 22, 2065, 10.1890/12-0210.1 Tian, 2010, Model estimates of net primary productivity, evapotranspiration, and water use efficiency in the terrestrial ecosystems of the southern United States during 1895–2007, For. Ecol. Manag., 259, 1311, 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.10.009 Tol, 2009, The economic effects of climate change, J. Econ. Perspect., 23, 29, 10.1257/jep.23.2.29 Treasury Secretariat Board Triviño, 2015, Managing a boreal forest landscape for providing timber, storing and sequestering carbon, Ecosyst. Serv., 14, 179, 10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.02.003 Van Kooten, 1995, Effect of carbon taxes and subsidies on optimal forest rotation age and supply of carbon services, Am. J. Agric. Econ., 77, 365, 10.2307/1243546 Wang, 2012, Projecting future distributions of ecosystem climate niches: uncertainties and management applications, For. Ecol. Manag., 279, 128, 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.05.034 Williams, 2013, Preparing for climate change: forestry and assisted migration, J. Forest., 111, 287, 10.5849/jof.13-016 Wilmking, 2004, Recent climate warming forces contrasting growth responses of white spruce at treeline in Alaska through temperature thresholds, Glob. Chang. Biol., 10, 1724, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00826.x Woods, 2011 Woods, 2016, Climate-based seed transfer: Guiding British Columbia’s reforestation investments in a changing climate Yachi, 1999, Biodiversity and ecosystem productivity in a fluctuating environment: the insurance hypothesis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 96, 1463, 10.1073/pnas.96.4.1463 Yin, 1997, Long run timber supply and the economics of timber production, For. Sci., 43, 113 Yoshimoto, 2016, Stand-level forest management planning approaches, Curr. Forest. Rep., 2, 163, 10.1007/s40725-016-0041-0 Yousefpour, 2009, Modelling of forest conversion planning with an adaptive simulation-optimization approach and simultaneous consideration of the values of timber, carbon and biodiversity, Ecol. Econ., 68, 1700, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.12.009 Yousefpour, 2014, Balancing decisions for adaptive and multipurpose conversion of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) monocultures in the Black Forest area of Germany, For. Sci., 60, 73, 10.5849/forsci.11-125 Yousefpour, 2018, Realizing mitigation efficiency of European commercial forests by climate smart forestry, Sci. Rep., 8, 345, 10.1038/s41598-017-18778-w Zhang, 2000, Temperature and precipitation trends in Canada during the 20th century, Atmosph. Ocean, 38, 395, 10.1080/07055900.2000.9649654 Zhu, 2016, Greening of the Earth and its drivers, Nat. Clim. Chang., 6, 791, 10.1038/nclimate3004 Zubizarreta-Gerendiain, 2016, Effects of wood harvesting and utilisation policies on the carbon balance of forestry under changing climate: A Finnish case study, Forest Policy Econ., 62, 168, 10.1016/j.forpol.2015.08.007