The feeding ecology of earthworms – A review

Pedobiologia - Tập 50 Số 6 - Trang 463-477 - 2007
James Curry1, Olaf Schmidt1
1School of Biology & Environmental Science; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Arthur, 1965, Form and function in the interpretation of feeding in lumbricid worms, vol. 4, 204

Barley, 1959, The influence of earthworms on soil fertility. II. Consumption of soil and organic matter by the earthworm Allolobophora caliginosa (Savigny), Aust. J. Agric. Res., 10, 179, 10.1071/AR9590179

Barois, 1986, Changes in respiration rate and some physicochemical properties of a tropical soil during transit through Pontoscolex corethrurus (Glossoscolecidae, Oligochaeta), Soil Biol. Biochem., 18, 539, 10.1016/0038-0717(86)90012-X

Baylis, 1986, A survey of the invertebrates feeding on living clover roots (Trifolium repens L.) using 32P as a radiotracer, Pedobiologia, 29, 201, 10.1016/S0031-4056(23)06894-4

Berg, 2004, Feeding guilds in Collembola based on digestive enzymes, Pedobiologia, 48, 589, 10.1016/j.pedobi.2004.07.006

Bernier, 1998, Earthworm feeding activity and development of the humus profile, Biol. Fertil. Soils, 26, 215, 10.1007/s003740050370

Bolton, 1976, Burrowing, feeding, egestion and energy budgets of Allolobophora rosea (Savigny) (Lumbricidae), Oecologia, 23, 225, 10.1007/BF00361238

Bonkowski, 1997, Interactions between earthworms and soil protozoa: a trophic component in the soil food web, Soil Biol. Biochem., 29, 499, 10.1016/S0038-0717(96)00107-1

Bonkowski, 2000, Food preferences of earthworms for soil fungi, Pedobiologia, 44, 666, 10.1078/S0031-4056(04)70080-3

Bossuyt, 2004, Rapid incorporation of carbon from fresh residues into newly formed stable microaggregates within earthworm casts, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 55, 393, 10.1111/j.1351-0754.2004.00603.x

Boström, U., 1988. Ecology of earthworms in arable land: population dynamics and activity in four cropping systems. Report 34, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Uppsala, Sweden.

Boström, 1986, Growth of earthworms (Allolobophora caliginosa) fed shoots and roots of barley, meadow fescue and lucerne: studies in relation to particle size, protein, crude fibre content and toxicity, Pedobiologia, 29, 1, 10.1016/S0031-4056(23)06875-0

Bouché, 1977, Strategies Lombriciennes, Ecol. Bull., 25, 122

Bouché, 1986, Cinétique de l’assimilation de l’azote d’origine lombricienne par une végétation prairialenon perturbée, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 302 Sér. III., 2, 75

Bouché, 1974, Fonctions des lumbriciens. II. Recherches méthodologiques pour l’analyse du sol ingéré, Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol, 11, 127

Bouché, 1983, Etude de l’alimentation et du brassage pédo-intestinal du lombricien Nicodrilus velux (Annelida, Lumbricidae) par l’analyse élémentaire, Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol, 20, 49

Briones, 2002, Use of 14C carbon dating to determine feeding behaviour of enchytraeids, Soil Biol. Biochem., 34, 881, 10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00010-X

Briones, 2004, Stable isotope techniques in studies of the ecological diversity and functions of earthworm communities in agricultural soils, 1, 11

Briones, 2001, Spatio-temporal variation of stable isotope ratios in earthworms under grassland and maize cropping systems, Soil Biol. Biochem., 33, 1673, 10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00088-8

Briones, 2005, Earthworm ecological groupings based on 14C analysis, Soil Biol. Biochem., 37, 2145, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.03.001

Brown, 2004, Functional interactions between earthworms, microorganisms, invertebrates and plants, 213

Brown, 1999, Effects of earthworms on plant growth in the tropics, 87

Canti, 2003, Earthworm activity and archaeological stratigraphy: a review of products and processes, J. Archaeol. Sci., 30, 135, 10.1006/jasc.2001.0770

Chamberlain, 2004, Lipid content and carbon assimilation in Collembola: implications for the use of compound-specific carbon isotope analysis in animal dietary studies, Oecologia, 139, 325, 10.1007/s00442-003-1422-1

Cooke, 1980, Effect of microbes on food selection by Lumbricus terrestris, Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol, 17, 365

Cross, 2003, Consumer-resource stoichiometry in detritus-based streams, Ecol. Lett., 6, 721, 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00481.x

Curry, 1984, Growth, reproduction and litter and soil consumption by Lumbricus terrestris L. in reclaimed peat, Soil Biol. Biochem., 16, 253, 10.1016/0038-0717(84)90010-5

Curry, 1995, The earthworm population of a winter cereal field and its effects on soil and nitrogen turnover, Biol. Fertil. Soils, 19, 166, 10.1007/BF00336154

Daniel, 1991, Leaf-litter consumption and assimilation by juveniles of Lumbricus terrestris L. (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) under different environmental conditions, Biol. Fertil. Soils, 12, 202, 10.1007/BF00337203

Daniel, 1996, Surface cast production by the earthworm Aporrectodea nocturna in a pre-alpine meadow in Switzerland, Biol. Fertil. Soils, 22, 171, 10.1007/BF00384451

Dash, 1980, Nematode feeding by tropical earthworms, Oikos, 34, 322, 10.2307/3544291

Decaëns, 2003, Seed dispersion by surface casting activities of earthworms in Colombian grasslands, Acta Oecol., 24, 175, 10.1016/S1146-609X(03)00083-3

DeNiro, 1981, Influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 45, 341, 10.1016/0016-7037(81)90244-1

Dickschen, 1987, Feeding activities and assimilation efficiencies of Lumbricus rubellus (Lumbricidae) on a plant-only diet, Pedobiologia, 30, 31, 10.1016/S0031-4056(23)00353-0

Donovan, S.E., Ogbuinya, P.O., Blackshaw, R.P., 2005. Beyond proteins: amino acids, earthworms and soils. In: Soil Ecology Society 10th Biennial Conference, 22–25 May 2005, Argonne, IL, Abstracts, p. 43.

Doube, 1997, Influence of mineral soil on the palatability of organic matter for lumbricid earthworms: a simple food preference study, Soil Biol. Biochem., 29, 569, 10.1016/S0038-0717(96)00032-6

Drake, 2006, Earthworm gut microbial biomes: their importance to soil microorganisms, denitrification, and the terrestrial production of the greenhouse gas N2O, vol. 6, 65

Dungait, 2005, Quantification of dung carbon incorporation in a temperate grassland soil following spring application using bulk stable carbon isotope determinations, Isot. Environ. Health Stud., 41, 3, 10.1080/10256010500053516

Dyckmans, 2005, A simple and rapid method for labelling earthworms with 15N and 13C, Soil Biol. Biochem., 37, 989, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.10.017

Eckburg, 2005, Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora, Science, 308, 1635, 10.1126/science.1110591

2004

Egert, 2004, Molecular profiling of 16S rRNA genes reveals diet-related differences of microbial communities in soil, gut, and casts of Lumbricus terrestris L. (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae), FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 48, 187, 10.1016/j.femsec.2004.01.007

Ferrière, 1980, Fonctions des lombriciens. VII. Une méthode d’analyse de la matière organique végétale ingérée, Pedobiologia, 20, 263, 10.1016/S0031-4056(23)03539-4

Fischer, 2003, Earthworms (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) and mycobacteria, Vet. Microbiol., 91, 325, 10.1016/S0378-1135(02)00302-4

Friberg, 2005, Influence of soil fauna on fungal plant pathogens in agricultural and horticultural systems, Biocontrol Sci. Technol., 15, 641, 10.1080/09583150500086979

Gormsen, 2004, The influence of collembolans and earthworms on AM fungal mycelium, Appl. Soil Ecol., 27, 211, 10.1016/j.apsoil.2004.06.001

Guild, 1955, Earthworms and soil structure, 83

Gunn, 1993, The exploitation of food resources by soil meso- and macro-invertebrates, Pedobiologia, 37, 303, 10.1016/S0031-4056(24)00106-9

Hendriksen, 1990, Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms, Biol. Fertil. Soils, 10, 17, 10.1007/BF00336119

Hendriksen, 1991, Gut load and food-retention time in the earthworms Lumbricus festivus and L. castaneus – a field study, Biol. Fertil. Soils, 11, 170, 10.1007/BF00335763

Hendrix, 1999, Stable isotopic studies of earthworm feeding ecology in tropical ecosystems of Puerto Rico, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 13, 1295, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0231(19990715)13:13<1295::AID-RCM605>3.0.CO;2-9

Hendrix, 1999, Stable isotopic studies of resource utilization by nearctic earthworms (Diplocardia, Oligochaeta) in subtropical savanna and forest ecosystems, Pedobiologia, 43, 818, 10.1016/S0031-4056(24)00617-6

Hentschel, 1998, Intraspecific variations in δ13C indicate ontogenetic diet changes in deposit-feeding polychaetes, Ecology, 79, 1357, 10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[1357:IVICIO]2.0.CO;2

Hindell, 1994, Relationships between casts of geophagous earthworms (Lumbricidae, Oligochaeta) and matric potential. I. Cast production, water content, and bulk density, Biol. Fertil. Soils, 18, 119, 10.1007/BF00336457

Hobbie, 2002, Using radiocarbon to determine the mycorrhizal status of fungi, New Phytol., 156, 129, 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00496.x

Horn, 2006, Nitrous oxide reductase genes (nosZ) of denitrifying microbial populations in soil and the earthworm gut are phylogenetically similar, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 72, 1019, 10.1128/AEM.72.2.1019-1026.2006

Hughes, 1994, , The use of resource patches by earthworms, Biol. Fertil. Soils, 18, 241, 10.1007/BF00647674

Humphries, 2001, Effects of endophyte status of tall fescue tissues on the earthworm (Eisenia fetida), Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 20, 1346, 10.1002/etc.5620200625

Hyvönen, 1994, Effects of lumbricids and enchytraeids on nematodes in limed and unlimed coniferous mor humus, Biol. Fertil. Soils, 17, 201, 10.1007/BF00336323

Ilieva-Makulec, 2002, Effect of the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus on the nematode community in a peat meadow soil, Eur. J. Soil Biol., 38, 59, 10.1016/S1164-5563(01)01126-8

Jager, 2004, Modeling ingestion as an exposure route for organic chemicals in earthworms (Oligochaeta), Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety, 57, 30, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2003.08.013

Jager, 2003, Feeding activity of the earthworm Eisenia andrei in artificial soil, Soil Biol. Biochem., 35, 313, 10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00282-1

Jegou, 1998, Effects of four ecological categories of earthworms on carbon transfer in soil, Appl. Soil Ecol., 9, 249, 10.1016/S0929-1393(97)00057-7

Jørgensen, 2005, Selective foraging of fungi by collembolans in soil, Biol. Lett., 1, 243, 10.1098/rsbl.2004.0286

Judas, 1992, Gut content analysis of earthworms (Lumbricidae) in a beechwood, Soil Biol. Biochem., 24, 1413, 10.1016/0038-0717(92)90126-I

Larink, 2001, Regeneration of compacted soil aggregated by earthworm activity, Biol. Fertil. Soils, 33, 395, 10.1007/s003740100340

Lattaud, 1998, The diversity of digestive systems in tropical geophagous earthworms, Appl. Soil Ecol., 9, 189, 10.1016/S0929-1393(98)00074-2

Lavelle, P., 1974. Les vers de terre de la savane de Lamto. In: Athias, F., Josens, G., Lavelle, P., Schaefer, R. (Eds.), Analyse d’un Écosystème Tropicale Humide: la Savane de Lamto (Côte d’Ivoire). Les Organismes Endogés de la Savane de Lamto. Bull. de Liaison des Chercheurs de Lamto (Paris), no. spécial, vol. 5, pp. 133–166.

Lavelle, 1981, Stratégies de reproduction chez les vers de terre, Acta Oecol.-Oecol. Gen., 2, 117

Lavelle, 2001

Lavelle, P., Sow, B., Schaefer, R., 1980. The geophagous earthworm community in the Lamto savanna (Ivory Coast): niche partitioning and utilization of soil nutritive resources. In: Dindal, D.L. (Ed.), Soil Biology as Related to Land Use Practices. Proceedings of the VIIth International Colloquium of Soil Zoology, 29 July–3 August 1979, Syracuse, New York. EPA, Washington, pp. 653–672.

Lee, 1985

Loquet, 1987, Cellulolyse et ligninolyse liées au tube digestif d’Eisenia fetida andrei Bouché, Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol, 24, 559

Lowe, 2003, Influence of food particle size on inter- and intra-specific interactions of Allolobophora chlorotica (Savigny) and Lumbricus terrestris, Pedobiologia, 47, 574

Lowe, 2005, Culture techniques for soil dwelling earthworms: a review, Pedobiologia, 49, 401, 10.1016/j.pedobi.2005.04.005

Maraun, 2003, Adding to ‘the enigma of soil animal diversity’: fungal feeders and saprophagous soil invertebrates prefer similar food substrates, Eur. J. Soil Biol., 39, 85, 10.1016/S1164-5563(03)00006-2

Marhan, 2005, Effects of sand and litter availability on organic matter decomposition in soil and in casts of Lumbricus terrestris L, Geoderma, 128, 155, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.07.001

Marhan, 2005, The influence of mineral and organic fertilisers on the growth of the endogeic earthworm Octolasion tyrtaeum (Savigny), Pedobiologia, 49, 239, 10.1016/j.pedobi.2004.11.002

Mariani, 2001, Régime alimentaire d’un ver de terre anécique des savanas colombiennes: une remise en question des types écologiques, C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. III-Sci. Vie/Life Sci., 324, 733, 10.1016/S0764-4469(01)01351-8

Martin, 1992, Earthworm diet related to soil organic matter dynamics through 13C measurements, Oecologia, 91, 23, 10.1007/BF00317236

Martin, 1982, The interaction between organic matter in soil and the burrowing activity of three species of earthworms (Oligochaeta:Lumbricidae), Pedobiologia, 24, 185, 10.1016/S0031-4056(23)05880-8

Milcu, 2006, The response of decomposers (earthworms, springtails and microorganisms) to variations in species and functional group diversity of plants, Oikos, 112, 513, 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2006.14292.x

Moe, 2005, Recent advances in ecological stoichiometry: insights for population and community ecology, Oikos, 109, 29, 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.14056.x

Moody, 1995, Selective consumption of decomposing wheat straw by earthworms, Soil Biol. Biochem., 27, 1209, 10.1016/0038-0717(95)00024-9

Muldowney, 2003, Relationships between earthworm populations, grassland management and badger densitis in County Kilkenny, Ireland, Pedobiologia, 47, 913, 10.1016/S0031-4056(04)70289-9

Needham, 1957, Components of nitrogenous excreta in the earthworms Lumbricus terrestris L. and Eisenia foetida (Savigny), J. Exp. Biol., 34, 425, 10.1242/jeb.34.4.425

Needham, 2004, Animal-sediment interactions: the effect of ingestion and excretion by worms in mineralogy, Biogeosciences, 1, 113, 10.5194/bg-1-113-2004

Neilson, 2003, Feeding preferences of some earthworm species common to upland pastures in Scotland, Pedobiologia, 47, 1, 10.1078/S0031-4056(04)70173-0

Neuhauser, 1978, Soil invertebrates and the degradation of vanillin, cinnamic acid, and lignins, Soil Biol. Biochem., 10, 431, 10.1016/0038-0717(78)90070-6

Ostle, 2000, Carbon assimilation and turnover in grassland vegetation using an in situ 13CO2 pulse labelling system, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 14, 1345, 10.1002/1097-0231(20000815)14:15<1345::AID-RCM22>3.0.CO;2-B

Parle, 1963, Micro-organisms in the intestines of earthworms, J. Gen. Microbiol., 31, 1, 10.1099/00221287-31-1-1

Piearce, 1978, Gut contents of some lumbricid earthworms, Pedobiologia, 18, 153, 10.1016/S0031-4056(23)00579-6

Piearce, 1994, Earthworms and seeds, J. Biol. Educ., 28, 195, 10.1080/00219266.1994.9655392

Pokarzhevskii, 2003, Microbial links and element flows in nested detrital food-webs, Pedobiologia, 47, 213, 10.1078/0031-4056-00185

Postma-Blaauw, 2006, Earthworm species composition affects the soil bacterial community and net nitrogen mineralization, Pedobiologia, 50, 243, 10.1016/j.pedobi.2006.02.001

Powell, 2004, Differential nitrogen-15 labeling of dairy manure components for nitrogen cycling studies, Agron. J., 96, 433, 10.2134/agronj2004.0433

Prince, 2004, Design and analysis of multiple choice feeding experiments, Oecologia, 138, 1, 10.1007/s00442-003-1413-2

Pulleman, 2005, Earthworms and management affect organic matter incorporation and microaggregate formation in agricultural soils, Appl. Soil Ecol., 29, 1, 10.1016/j.apsoil.2004.10.003

Rasmann, 2005, Recruitment of entomophathogenic nematodes by insect-damaged maize roots, Nature, 434, 732, 10.1038/nature03451

Raw, 1962, Studies on earthworm populations in orchards. 1. Leaf burial in apple orchards, Ann. Appl. Biol., 50, 389, 10.1111/j.1744-7348.1962.tb06035.x

Ruess, 2004, Nitrogen isotope ratios and fatty acid composition as indicators of animal diets in belowground systems, Oecologia, 139, 336, 10.1007/s00442-004-1514-6

Ruess, 2005, Application of lipid analysis to understand trophic interactions in soil, Ecology, 86, 2075, 10.1890/04-1399

Ruess, 2005, Carbon stable isotope fractionation and trophic transfer of fatty acids in fungal based soil food chains, Soil Biol. Biochem., 37, 945, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.09.015

Sampedro, 2006, Trophic transfer of fatty acids from gut microbiota to the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L, Soil Biol. Biochem., 38, 2188, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.02.001

Satchell, 1967, Lumbricidae, 259

Saxena, 2001, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin released from root exudates and biomass of Bt corn has no apparent effect on earthworms, nematodes, protozoa, bacteria, and fungi in soil, Soil Biol. Biochem., 33, 1225, 10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00027-X

Scheu, 1987, The role of substrate feeding earthworms (Lumbricidae) for bioturbation in a beechwood soil, Oecologia, 72, 192, 10.1007/BF00379266

Scheu, 2003, Effects of earthworms on plant growth: patterns and perspectives, Pedobiologia, 47, 846, 10.1016/S0031-4056(04)70279-6

Schmidt, 1999, Intrapopulation variation in carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios in the earthworm Aporrectodea longa, Ecol. Res., 317, 10.1046/j.1440-1703.1999.00310.x

Schmidt, 1999, Tracing nitrogen derived from slurry in earthworms using 15N/14N stable isotope ratios at natural abundances, Appl. Soil Ecol., 12, 7, 10.1016/S0929-1393(98)00160-7

Schmidt, 2001, A simple urea leaf-feeding method for the production of 13C and 15N labelled plant material, Plant Soil, 229, 197, 10.1023/A:1004815404197

Schmidt, 1997, Natural abundance of 15N and 13C in earthworms from a wheat and wheat–clover field, Soil Biol. Biochem., 29, 1301, 10.1016/S0038-0717(97)00108-9

Schmidt, 2003, Bodenalgen als C-Quelle für Bodentiere, Mitt. Dtsch. Bodenk. Ges., 102, 397

Schmidt, 2004, Dual stable isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15N) of soil invertebrates and their food sources, Pedobiologia, 48, 171, 10.1016/j.pedobi.2003.12.003

Schönholzer, 1998, Effects of decomposition of leaves on bacterial biomass and on palatability to Lumbricus terrestris L, Soil Biol. Biochem., 30, 1805, 10.1016/S0038-0717(98)00049-2

Schönholzer, 1999, Origins and fate of fungi and bacteria in the gut of Lumbricus terrestris L. studied by image analysis, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 28, 235, 10.1016/S0168-6496(98)00111-1

Scrimgeour, 2004, Stable isotope analysis and applications, 381

Scullion, 2003, Use of earthworm casts to validate FT-IR spectroscopy as a ‘sentinel’ technology for high-throughput monitoring of global changes in microbial ecology, Pedobiologia, 47, 440, 10.1016/S0031-4056(04)70219-X

Shipitalo, 1988, Effect of diet on the feeding and casting activity of Lumbricus terrestris and L. rubellus in laboratory culture, Soil Biol. Biochem., 20, 233, 10.1016/0038-0717(88)90042-9

Singer, 1999, Use of an anecic earthworm, Pheretima hawayana, as a means for delivery of fungal biocontrol agents, Pedobiologia, 43, 771, 10.1016/S0031-4056(24)00611-5

Singleton, 2003, Identification of uncultured bacteria tightly associated with the intestine of the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus (Lumbricidae; Oligochaeta), Soil Biol. Biochem., 35, 1547, 10.1016/S0038-0717(03)00244-X

Smith, 2005, Earthworms and weed seed distribution in annual crops, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 108, 363, 10.1016/j.agee.2005.01.014

Suh, 2005, The beetle gut: a hyperdiverse source of novel yeasts, Mycol. Res., 109, 261, 10.1017/S0953756205002388

Suzuki, 2003, Breakdown of mineral grains by earthworms and beetle larvae, Geoderma, 112, 131, 10.1016/S0016-7061(02)00300-2

Tiunov, 2004, Carbon availability controls the growth of detritivores (Lumbricidae) and their effect on nitrogen mineralization, Oecologia, 138, 83, 10.1007/s00442-003-1391-4

Uchida, 2004, Analysis of the feeding ecology of earthworms (Megascolecidae) in Japanese forests using gut content fractionation and δ15N and δ13C stable isotope natural abundances, Appl. Soil Ecol., 27, 153, 10.1016/j.apsoil.2004.04.003

Urbasek, 1990, Cellulase activity in the gut of some earthworms, Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol, 27, 21

van Gestel, 2003, Suitability of wheat straw decomposition, cotton strip degradation and bait-lamina feeding tests to determine soil invertebrate activity, Biol. Fertil. Soils, 37, 115, 10.1007/s00374-002-0575-0

van Rhee, 1963, Earthworm activities and the breakdown of organic matter in agricultural soils, 55

Whalen, 2004, Quantifying surface and subsurface cast production by earthwoms under controlled laboratory conditions, Biol. Fertil. Soils, 39, 287, 10.1007/s00374-003-0715-1

Willems, 1994, Vertical seed dispersal by earthworms: a quantitative approach, Ecography, 17, 124, 10.1111/j.1600-0587.1994.tb00084.x

Wolter, 1999, Changes in bacterial numbers and hyphal lengths during the gut passage through Lumbricus terrestris (Lumbricidae, Oligochaeta), Pedobiologia, 43, 891, 10.1016/S0031-4056(24)00628-0

Wright, 1972, Factors governing ingestion by the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris (L.) with special reference to apple leaves, Ann. Appl. Biol., 70, 175, 10.1111/j.1744-7348.1972.tb04702.x

Yeates, 1981, Soil nematode populations depressed in the presence of earthworms, Pedobiologia, 22, 191, 10.1016/S0031-4056(23)03684-3

Zhang, 1995, Earthworm (Lumbricus rubellus and Aporrectodea caliginosa) effects on carbon flux in soil, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 59, 816, 10.2136/sssaj1995.03615995005900030026x

Zimmer, 2005, Do woodlice and earthworms interact synergistically in leaf litter decomposition?, Funct. Ecol., 19, 7, 10.1111/j.0269-8463.2005.00926.x

Zwahlen, 2003, Effects of transgenic Bt corn litter on the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris, Mol. Ecol., 12, 1077, 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01799.x