The exchange of nonverbal intimacy: A critical review of dyadic models

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 8 - Trang 327-349 - 1984
Peter A. Andersen, Janis F. Andersen

Tóm tắt

This article examines six different theoretical approaches that attempt to explain the exchange of dyadic immediacy, intimacy, or involvement cues. Affiliative conflict or equilibrium theory, two expectancy norm models, an arousal-labeling model, an arousal valence model, a discrepancy-arousal model, and a sequential functional model are summarized. Advantages and limitations of each of these approaches are discussed, and empirical support for each of these approaches is summarized.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Abelson, R. P. Script processing in attitude formation and decision making. In J. S. Carroll and J. W. Payne (Eds.).Cognition and social behavior. Potomac, Md.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1976. Abelson, R. P. Psychological status of the script concept.American Psychologist 1981,36 715–729. Aiello, J. R. A test of equilibrium theory: Visual interaction in relation to orientation, distance and sex of interactants.Psychonomic Science 1972,27 335–336. Aiello, J. R. A further look at equilibrium theory: Visual interaction as a function of interpersonal distance.Environmental Psychology and Nonverbal Behavior 1977a,1 122–140. Aiello, J. R. Visual interaction at extended distances.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1977b,3 83–86. Andersen, J. F., Andersen, P. A., & Jensen, A. D. The measurement of nonverbal immediacy.Journal of Applied Communication Research 1979,7 153–180. Andersen, P. A. Nonverbal immediacy in interpersonal communication. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Dallas, Tex., May 1983. Andersen, P. A. An arousal-valence model of nonverbal immediacy exchange. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Central States Speech Association, Chicago, Ill., April 1984. Andersen, P. A. Nonverbal immediacy in interpersonal communication. In A. Seigman & S. Feldstein (Eds.).Nonverbal communication. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, in press. Andersen, P. A., & Coussoule, A. The perception world of the communication apprehensive: The effect of communication apprehension and interpersonal gaze on interpersonal perception.Communication Quarterly 1980,28 44–53. Anderson, D. R. Interpersonal relationship and intimacy of social interaction: Re-examining the intimacy-equilibrium model. (Doctoral dissertation, University of South Dakota, 1977).Dissertation Abstracts International, 1978,38, 4643B. Argyle, M., & Dean, J. Eye contact, distance and affiliation.Sociometry 1965,28 289–304. Bakken, D. Intimacy regulation in social encounters. Paper presented to the meeting of the Eastern Communication Associates, Boston, Mass., April 1978(a). Bakken, D. Nonverbal immediacy in dyadic interactions: The effects of sex and information about attitude similarity. Paper presented to the Eastern Psychological Association, April 1978b. Berger, C. R., & Roloff, M. E. Social cognition, self-awareness, and interpersonal communication. In B. Dervin & M. J. Voight (Eds.).Progress in communication sciences (Volume II) (pp. 1–49). Norwood, N.J.: Ablex Publishing, 1980. Berlyne, D. E.Conflict, arousal, and curiosity. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1960. Breed, G. The effect of intimacy: Reciprocity or retreat?British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 1972,11 135–142. Burgoon, J. K. A communication model of personal space violations: Explication and an initial test.Human Communication Research 1978,4 129–142. Burgoon, J. K., & Aho, L. Three field experiments on the effects of violations of conversational distance.Communication Monographs 1982,49 71–88. Burgoon, J. K., & Jones, S. B. Toward a theory of personal spaces expectations and their violations.Human Communication Research 1976,2 131–146. Burgoon, J. K., Stacks, D. W., & Burch, S. A. The role of interpersonal rewards and violations of distancing expectations in achieving influence in small groups.Communication 1982,11 114–128. Burgoon, J. K., Stacks, D. W., & Woodall, W. G. A communicative model of violations of distancing expectations.Western Journal of Speech Communication 1979,43 153–167. Cappella, J. N. Mutual influence in expressive behavior: Adult-adult and infant-adult dyadic interaction.Psychological Bulletin 1981,89 101–132. Cappella, J. N. Remarks on five functional approaches to nonverbal behavior. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Dallas, Tex., May 1983. Cappella, J. N., & Greene, J. O. A discrepancy-arousal explanation of mutual influence in expressive behavior for adult and infant-adult interaction.Communication Monographs 1982,49 89–114. Coutts, L. M., Irvine, M., & Schneider, F. W. Nonverbal adjustments to changes in gaze and orientation.Psychology 1977,14 28–32. Coutts, L. M., & Schneider, F. W. Affiliative conflict theory: An investigation of intimacy equilibrium and compensation hypothesis.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1976,34 1135–1142. Dabbs, J. M. Core body temperature and social arousal.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1975,1 517–520. Davis, M. (Ed.).Interaction rhythms: Periodicity in communicative behavior. New York: Human Sciences Press, 1982. Delia, J. G. Constructivism and the study of human communication.Quarterly Journal of Speech 1977,63 66–83. Eysenck, H. J.Experiments with drugs. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1963. Eysenck, H. J.The biological basis of personality. Springfield, Ill.: Charles Thomas Publisher, 1967. Eysenck, H. J. Arousal, learning and memory.Psychological Bulletin 1976,83 389–404. Eysenck, H. J.Personality, genetics and behavior. New York: Praeger, 1982. Firestone, I. J. Reconciling verbal and nonverbal models of dyadic communication.Environmental Psychology and Nonverbal Behavior 1977,2 30–44. Foot, H. C., Chapman, A. J., Smith, J. R. Friendship and social responsiveness in boys and girls.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1977,35 401–411. Foot, H. C., Smith, J. R., & Chapman, A. J. Individual differences in children's responsiveness in humor situations. In A. J. Chapman & H. C. Foot (Eds.).It's a funny thing, humor. London: Pergamon, 1977. Garrison, J. P., Sullivan, D. L., & Pate, L. E. Interpersonal valence dimensions as discriminators of communication contexts: An empirical assessment of dyadic linkages. Paper presented at the Speech Communication Association Convention, San Francisco, Cal., 1976. Hall, E. T.Beyond culture. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1976. Hebb, D. O.The organization of behavior: A neuropsychological theory. New York: John Wiley, 1949. Janik, S. W. Visual adjustments to changes in apparent interactive distance: A Test of Patterson's intimacy-arousal model. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Miami, 1979).Dissertation Abstracts International 1980,41 408B-409B. Kelly, G. A.The psychology of personal constructs. New York: Norton, 1955. LaFrance, M., & Mayo, C.Moving bodies: Nonverbal communication in social relationships. Monterey, Cal.: Brooks/Cole, 1978. Langer, E. J. Rethinking the role of thought in social interaction. In J. H. Harvey, W. Ikes, & R. F. Kidd (Eds.).New Directions in attribution research (Volume 2). Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1978. Markus, H. Self-schemata and processing information about the self.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1977,35 63–78. Marshall, G. D., & Zimbardo, P. G. Affective consequences of inadequately explained physiological arousal.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1979,37 970–988. Maslach, C. Negative emotional biasing of unexplained arousal.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1979,37 953–969. Mehrabian, A.Silent messages. Belmont, Cal.: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1971. Mehrabian, A.Public places and private spaces. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1976. Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. Telling more than we can know. Verbal reports on mental processes.Psychological Review 1977,84 231–259. Patterson, M. L. Compensation in nonverbal immediacy behaviors: A review.Sociometry 1973,36 237–252. Patterson, M. L. An arousal model of interpersonal intimacy.Psychological Review 1976,83 235–245. Patterson, M. L. Arousal change and cognitive labeling. Pursuing the mediators of intimacy exchange.Environmental Psychology and Nonverbal Behavior 1978,3 17–22. Patterson, M. L. A sequential functional model of nonverbal exchange.Psychological Review 1982,89 231–249. Patterson, M. L.Nonverbal behavior: A functional perspective. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1983. Patterson, M. L., Jordan, A., Hogan, M., & Frerker, D. Effects of nonverbal intimacy an arousal and behavioral adjustment.Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 1981,5 184–198. Pribram, K. H.Languages of the brain: Experimental paradoxes and principles in neuropsychology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1971. Rosenfeld, H. Effect of approval-seeking induction on interpersonal proximity.Psychological Reports 1965,17 120–122. Rosenthal, R., Hall, J. A., DiMatteo, M. R., Rogers, P. L., & Archer, D.Sensitivity to nonverbal communication: The pons test. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979. Russo, N. Eye contact, distance and the equilibrium theory.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1975,31 497–502. Schachter, S. The interaction of cognitive and physiological determinants of emotional state. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.).Advances in experimental social psychology (Volume 1). New York: Academic Press, 1964. Schachter, S., & Singer, J. Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state.Psychological Review 1962,69 379–399. Schachter, S., & Singer, J. C. Comments on the Maslach and Marshall-Zimbardo Experiments.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1979,37 970–988. Schaeffer, G. H., & Patterson, M. L. Intimacy, arousal, and small group crowding.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1980, 38, 283, 290. Schutz, W. C.FIRO: A three-dimension theory of interpersonal behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1960. Smith, M. J. Cognitive schema theory and the perseverance and attenuation of unwarranted empirical beliefs.Communication Monographs 1982a,4 115–126. Smith, M. J.Persuasion and human action. Belmont, Cal.: Wadsworth Publishing, 1982b. Stacks, D. W., & Burgoon, J. K. The persuasive effects of violating spatial distance expectations in small groups. Paper presented at the annual convention of the Southern Speech Communication Association, Biloxi, Miss., April 1979. Steinfatt, T. M., & Roberts, C. V. Source credibility and physiological arousal: An important variable in the credibility-information retention relationship.Southern Speech Communication Journal 1983,48 340–355. Stephenson, G. M., Rutter, D. R., & Dore, S. R. Visual interaction and distance.British Journal of Psychology 1972,64 251–257. Stern, D. N. Mother and infant at play: The dyadic interaction involving facial, vocal, and gaze behavior. In M. Lewis & L. A. Rosenblum (Eds.).The effect of the infant on its caregiver (pp. 187–213). New York: Wiley, 1974. Stern, D.The first relationship: Mother and infant. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1977. Storms, M. D., & Thomas, G. C. Reaction to physical closeness.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1977,35 412–415. Watzlawick, P., Beavin, J. H., & Jackson, D. D.Pragmatics of human communication New York: Norton and Company, 1967. Whitcher, S. J., & Fisher, J. D. Multi-dimensional reaction to therapeutic touch in a hospital setting.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1979,37 87–96. Word, C. O., Zanna, M. P. & Cooper, J. The nonverbal mediation of self-fulfilling prophecies in interracial interaction.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 1974,10 109–120. Zajonc, R. B. Feeling and thinking; preferences need no inferences.American Psychologist 1980,35 151–175.