The epidural trial

Hemadevi Chenthilmurugan1, Marchyarn Mahathanaruk1, Oscar A. de Leon-Casasola1,2
1Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
2Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Pain Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York

Tài liệu tham khảo

1992 Jacox, 1994 Zech, 1996, Validation of the World Health Organization guidelines for cancer pain relief: A 10-year prospective study, Pain, 63, 65, 10.1016/0304-3959(95)00017-M Ferrell, 1989, Quality of life as an outcome variable in the management of cancer pain, Cancer, 63, 2321, 10.1002/1097-0142(19890601)63:11<2321::AID-CNCR2820631142>3.0.CO;2-T Liebeskind, 1991, Pain can kill, Pain, 44, 3, 10.1016/0304-3959(91)90141-J Lillemoe, 1993, Chemical splanchnicectomy in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer, Ann Surg, 217, 447, 10.1097/00000658-199305010-00004 Horlocker, 2010, Regional anesthesia in the patient receiving antithrombotic or thrombolytic therapy: American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Evidence-Based Guidelines (Third Edition), Reg Anesth Pain Med, 35, 64, 10.1097/AAP.0b013e3181c15c70 de Leon-Casasola, 1996, Postoperative epidural opioid analgesia: What are the choices?, Anesth Analg, 83, 867, 10.1213/00000539-199610000-00038 Brose, 1991, CSF and blood pharmacokinetics of hydromorphone and morphine following lumbar epidural administration, Pain, 45, 11, 10.1016/0304-3959(91)90158-T Bromage, 1982, Rostral spread of epidural morphine, Anesthesiology, 56, 431, 10.1097/00000542-198206000-00004 Cousins, 1988, Acute and chronic pain: Use of spinal opiods, 955 Stienstra, 1996, Mechanism of action of an epidural top-up in combined spinal epidural anesthesia, Anesth Analg, 83, 382, 10.1213/00000539-199608000-00031 2011 Eisenach, 1995, Epidural clonidine analgesia for intractable cancer pain, Pain, 61, 391, 10.1016/0304-3959(94)00209-W Rauck, 1993, Epidural clonidine treatment for refractory reflex sympathetic dystrophy, Anesthesiology, 79, 1163, 10.1097/00000542-199312000-00005 Coombs, 1986, Continuous intrathecal hydromorphone and clonidine for intractable cancer pain, J Neurosurg, 64, 890, 10.3171/jns.1986.64.6.0890 Ackerman, 2003, Long-term outcomes during treatment of chronic pain with intrathecal clonidine or clonidine/opioid combinations, J Pain Symptom Manage, 26, 668, 10.1016/S0885-3924(03)00144-1 Yaksh, 1985, Pharmacology of spinal adrenergic systems which modulate spinal nociceptive processing, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 22, 845, 10.1016/0091-3057(85)90537-4 Ono, 1991, Inhibitory effects of clonidine and tizanidine on release of substance P from slices of rat spinal cord and antagonism by alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists, Neuropharmacology, 30, 585, 10.1016/0028-3908(91)90077-O Docherty, 1998, Subtypes of functional alpha1 and alpha2 adrenoceptors, Eur J Pharmacol, 361, 1, 10.1016/S0014-2999(98)00682-7 Khan, 1999, Alpha2 and imidazoline receptor agonists, Anesthesia, 54, 146, 10.1046/j.1365-2044.1999.00659.x Childers, 2001, How alpha2adrenergic agonists relieve pain, 13 De Kock, 1997, Analgesic doses of intrathecal but not intravenous clonidine increase acetylcholine in cerebrospinal fluid in humans, Anesth Analg, 84, 800, 10.1213/00000539-199704000-00019 Detweiler, 1993, A cholinergic interaction in alpha 2 adrenoceptor-mediated antinociception in sheep, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 265, 536 Klimscha, 1997, Intrathecal 2-adrenergic agonists stimulate acetylcholine and norepinephrine release from the spinal cord dorsal horn in sheep: An in vivo microdialysis study, Anesthesiology, 87, 110, 10.1097/00000542-199707000-00015 Gillberg, 1988, Autoradiographic distribution of [3H]acetylcholine binding sites in the cervical spinal cord of man and some other species, Neurosci Lett, 90, 197, 10.1016/0304-3940(88)90811-7 Stone, 1998, Differential distribution of alpha2A and alpha2C adrenergic receptor immunoreactivity in the rat spinal cord, J Neurosci, 18, 5928, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-15-05928.1998 Ongioco, 2000, Alpha2-adrenergicreceptors in human dorsal root ganglia: Predominance of alpha2b and alpha2c subtype mRNAs, Anesthesiology, 92 Maze, 2000, Alpha2 adrenoceptors in pain modulation: which subtypes should be targeted to produce analgesia?, Anesthesiology, 92, 934, 10.1097/00000542-200004000-00008