The epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of psychosocial risk factors in cardiac practice

Rozanski, 1999, Impact of psychological factors on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and implications for therapy, Circulation, 99, 2192, 10.1161/01.CIR.99.16.2192 Lesperance, 2002, Five-year risk of cardiac mortality in relation to initial severity and one-year changes in depression symptoms after myocardial infarction, Circulation, 105, 1049, 10.1161/hc0902.104707 Rugulies, 2002, Depression as a predictor for coronary heart disease. a review and meta-analysis, Am J Prev Med, 23, 51, 10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00439-7 Matthews, 2004, Hostile behaviors predict cardiovascular mortality among men enrolled in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial, Circulation, 109, 66, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000105766.33142.13 Matsumoto, 1993, Do anger and aggression affect carotid atherosclerosis?, Stroke, 24, 983, 10.1161/01.STR.24.7.983 Julkunen, 1994, Hostility and the progression of carotid atherosclerosis, Psychosom Med, 56, 519, 10.1097/00006842-199411000-00007 Matthews, 1998, Are hostility and anxiety associated with carotid atherosclerosis in healthy postmenopausal women?, Psychosom Med, 60, 633, 10.1097/00006842-199809000-00021 Knox, 2000, Hostility, social support, and carotid artery atherosclerosis in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study, Am J Cardiol, 86, 1086, 10.1016/S0002-9149(00)01164-4 Angerer, 2000, Impact of social support, cynical hostility and anger expression on progression of coronary atherosclerosis, J Am Coll Cardiol, 36, 1781, 10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00944-X Case, 1992, Living alone after myocardial infarction, JAMA, 267, 515, 10.1001/jama.1992.03480040063031 Williams, 1992, Prognostic importance of social and economic resources among medically treated patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease, JAMA, 267, 520, 10.1001/jama.1992.03480040068032 Ruberman, 1984, Psychosocial influences on mortality after myocardial infarction, N Engl J Med, 311, 552, 10.1056/NEJM198408303110902 Berkman, 1992, Emotional support and survival after myocardial infarction: a prospective, population-based study of the elderly, Ann Intern Med, 117, 1003, 10.7326/0003-4819-117-12-1003 1993, Gorkin L, Schron EB, Brooks MM, et al, Psychosocial predictors of mortality in the cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial-1 (CAST-1) Am J Cardiol, 71, 263 Frasure-Smith, 2000, Social support, depression, and mortality during the first year after myocardial infarction, Circulation, 101, 1919, 10.1161/01.CIR.101.16.1919 Seeman, 1987, Social networks and coronary artery disease: a comparison of the structure and function of social relations as predictors of disease, Psychosom Med, 49, 341, 10.1097/00006842-198707000-00003 Marmot, 1997, Contribution of job control and other risk factors to social variations in coronary heart disease incidence, Lancet, 350, 235, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)04244-X Baum, 1999, Socioeconomic status and chronic stress: does stress account for SES effects on health?, 131 Rosmond, 2000, Occupational status, cortisol secretory pattern, and visceral obesity in middle-aged men, Obesity Res, 8, 445, 10.1038/oby.2000.55 Karasek, 1981, Job decision latitude, job demands, and cardiovascular disease: a prospective study of Swedish men, Am J Public Health, 71, 694, 10.2105/AJPH.71.7.694 Siegrist, 1996, Adverse health effects of high-effort/low-reward conditions, J Occup Health Psychol, 71, 694 Johnson, 1989, Combined effects of job strain and social isolation on cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality in a random sample of the Swedish male working population, Scand J Work Environ Health, 15, 271, 10.5271/sjweh.1852 Kivimaki, 2002, Work stress and risk of cardiovascular mortality: prospective cohort study of industrial employees, BMJ, 325, 857, 10.1136/bmj.325.7369.857 Johnson, 1996, Long-term psychosocial work environment and cardiovascular mortality among Swedish men, Am J Public Health, 86, 324, 10.2105/AJPH.86.3.324 Peter, 2002, Psychosocial work environment and myocardial infarction: improving risk estimation by combining two complementary job stress models in the SHEEP Study, J Epidemiol Community Health, 56, 294, 10.1136/jech.56.4.294 Rosengren, 2004, Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11,119 cases and 13,648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study, Lancet, 364, 953, 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17019-0 Matthews, 2002, Chronic work stress and marital dissolution increase risk of posttrial mortality in men from the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial, Arch Intern Med, 162, 309, 10.1001/archinte.162.3.309 Suadicani, 1993, Are social inequalities associated with the risk of ischaemic heart disease a result of psychosocial working conditions?, Atherosclerosis, 101, 165, 10.1016/0021-9150(93)90113-9 Lynch, 1997, Workplace demands, economic reward, and progression of carotid atherosclerosis, Circulation, 96, 302, 10.1161/01.CIR.96.1.302 Muntaner, 1998, Work organization and atherosclerosis: findings from the ARIC study, Am J Prev Med, 14, 9, 10.1016/S0749-3797(97)00018-4 Nordstrom, 2001, Work-related stress and early atherosclerosis, Epidemiology, 12, 180, 10.1097/00001648-200103000-00009 Orth-Gomer, 2000, Marital stress worsens prognosis in women with coronary heart disease: the Stockholm Female Coronary Risk Study, JAMA, 284, 3008, 10.1001/jama.284.23.3008 Coyne, 2001, Prognostic importance of marital quality for survival of congestive heart failure, Am J Cardiol, 88, 526, 10.1016/S0002-9149(01)01731-3 Gallo, 2003, Marital status, marital quality, and atherosclerotic burden in postmenopausal women, Psychosom Med, 65, 952, 10.1097/01.PSY.0000097350.95305.FE Lee, 2003, Caregiving and risk of coronary heart disease in U.S, women: a prospective study. Am J Prev Med, 24, 113, 10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00582-2 Schulz, 1999, Caregiving as a risk factor for mortality: the Caregiver Health Effects Study, JAMA, 282, 2215, 10.1001/jama.282.23.2215 Schwartz, 2003, Altruistic social interest behaviors are associated with better mental health, Psychosom Med, 65, 778, 10.1097/01.PSY.0000079378.39062.D4 Mausner-Dorsch, 2000, Psychosocial work environment and depression: epidemiologic assessment of the demand-control model, Am J Public Health, 90, 1765, 10.2105/AJPH.90.11.1765 Batten, 2004, Childhood maltreatment as a risk factor for adult cardiovascular disease and depression, J Clin Psychiatry, 65, 249, 10.4088/JCP.v65n0217 Jones, 2003, Lifetime history of depression and carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged women, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 60, 153, 10.1001/archpsyc.60.2.153 Everson, 1997, Interaction of workplace demands and cardiovascular reactivity in progression of carotid atherosclerosis: population based study, BMJ, 314, 553, 10.1136/bmj.314.7080.553 Wilson, 1998, Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories, Circulation, 97, 1837, 10.1161/01.CIR.97.18.1837 Yusuf, 2004, Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study, Lancet, 364, 937, 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17018-9 Rozanski A, Kubzansky LD. Psychological functioning and physical health: a paradigm of flexibility. Psychosom Med 2005. In press. Goldberger, 1996, Non-linear dynamics for clinicians: chaos theory, fractals, and complexity at the bedside, Lancet, 347, 1312, 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90948-4 Ryan, 1997, On energy, personality, and health: subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well-being, J Pers, 65, 529, 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00326.x Gross, 1998, Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology, J Pers Social Psychol, 74, 224, 10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.224 Bonanno GA, Papa A, O'Neil K, Westphal M, Coifman K. The importance of being flexible: the ability to enhance and suppress emotional expression predicts long-term adjustment. Psychol Sci 2004;15:482–7. Kant, 2003, An epidemiological approach to study fatigue in the working population: the Maastricht cohort study, Occup Environ Med, 23;, 60 Fredrickson, 1998, Positive emotions speed recovery from the cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions, Cogn Emotion, 12, 191, 10.1080/026999398379718 Lawler, 2003, A change of heart: cardiovascular correlates of forgiveness in response to interpersonal conflict, J Behav Med, 26, 373, 10.1023/A:1025771716686 Gerin, 1992, Social support in social interaction: a moderator of cardiovascular reactivity, Psychosom Med, 54, 324, 10.1097/00006842-199205000-00008 Cohen, 2003, Emotional style and susceptibility to the common cold, Psychosom Med, 65, 652, 10.1097/01.PSY.0000077508.57784.DA Kubzansky, 2001, Is the glass half empty or half full? A prospective study of optimism and coronary heart disease in the normative aging study, Psychosom Med, 63, 910, 10.1097/00006842-200111000-00009 Scheier, 1999, Optimism and rehospitalization after coronary artery bypass graft surgery, Arch Intern Med, 159, 829, 10.1001/archinte.159.8.829 Danner, 2001, Positive emotions in early life and longevity: findings from the nun study, J Pers Social Psychol, 80, 804, 10.1037/0022-3514.80.5.804 Carney RM, Freedland KE, Veith RC. Depression, the autonomic nervous system, and coronary heart disease. Psychosom Med 2005. In press. Weber-Hamann, 2002, Hypercortisolemic depression is associated with increased intra-abdominal fat, Psychosom Med, 64, 274, 10.1097/00006842-200203000-00010 De Groot, 2001, Association of depression and diabetes complications: a meta-analysis, Psychosom Med, 63, 619, 10.1097/00006842-200107000-00015 Schins, 2003, Increased coronary events in depressed cardiovascular patients: 5-HT2Areceptor as missing link?, Psychosom Med, 65, 729, 10.1097/01.PSY.0000088596.42029.10 Anisman, 2002, Cytokines, stress, and depressive illness, Brain Behav Immun, 16, 513, 10.1016/S0889-1591(02)00009-0 Esposito, 2002, Inflammatory cytokine concentrations are acutely increased by hyperglycemia in humans: role of oxidative stress, Circulation, 106, 2067, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000034509.14906.AE Rajagopalan, 2001, Abnormal brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation in young adults with major depression, Am J Cardiol, 88, 196, 10.1016/S0002-9149(01)01623-X McCabe, 2002, Social environment influences the progression of atherosclerosis in the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit, Circulation, 105, 354, 10.1161/hc0302.102144 McElroy, 2004, Are mood disorders and obesity related? A review for the mental health professional, J Clin Psychiatry, 65, 634, 10.4088/JCP.v65n0507 Dallman, 2004, Minireview: glucorcorticoids—food intake, abdominal obesity, and wealthy nations in 2004, Endocrinology, 145, 2633, 10.1210/en.2004-0037 Bhatnagar, 1998, Neuroanatomical basis for facilitation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to a novel stressor after chronic stress, Neuroscience, 84, 1025, 10.1016/S0306-4522(97)00577-0 Lindley, 1999, Glucocorticoid effects on mesotelencephalic dopamine neurotransmission, Neuropsychopharmacology, 21, 399, 10.1016/S0893-133X(98)00103-1 Morgan, 2002, Social dominance in monkeys: dopamine D2receptors and cocaine self-administration, Nature Neurosci, 5, 169, 10.1038/nn798 Volkow, 2002, “Nonhedonic” food motivation in humans involves dopamine in the dorsal striatum and methylphenidate amplifies this effect, Synapse, 44, 175, 10.1002/syn.10075 Wang, 2001, Brain dopamine and obesity, Lancet, 357, 354, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03643-6 Kamarck, 1997, Exaggerated blood pressure responses during mental stress are associated with enhanced carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged Finnish men: findings from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Study, Circulation, 96, 3842, 10.1161/01.CIR.96.11.3842 Matthews, 1998, Stress induced pulse pressure change predicts women's carotid atherosclerosis, Stroke, 29, 1525, 10.1161/01.STR.29.8.1525 Suarez, 1998, Neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and emotional responses of hostile men: the role of interpersonal challenge, Psychosom Med, 60, 78, 10.1097/00006842-199801000-00017 Grippo, 2002, Cardiovascular alterations and autonomic imbalance in an experimental model of depression, Am J Physiol, 282, R1333 Laugero, 2002, Corticosterone infused intracerebroventricularly inhibits energy storage and stimulates the hypothalamo-pituitary axis in adrenalectomized rats drinking sucrose, Endocrinology, 143, 4552, 10.1210/en.2002-220613 Scheuer, 2004, Glucocorticoids act in the dorsal hindbrain to increase arterial pressure, Am J Physiol, 286, H458 Scheuer, 2004, Activation of dorsal hindbrain glucocorticoid receptors enhances the arterial pressure response to acute stress, FASEB J, 18, A675 Kessler, 1994, Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey, Arch Gen Psych, 51, 8, 10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002 Fleet, 1998, Panic disorder in coronary artery disease patients with noncardiac chest pain, J Psychosom Res, 44, 81, 10.1016/S0022-3999(97)00136-0 Kirmayer, 1993, Somatization and the recognition of depression and anxiety in primary care, Am J Psychiatry, 150, 734, 10.1176/ajp.150.5.734 Katon, 1992, Panic disorder: relationship to high medical utilization, Am J Med, 92, 7S, 10.1016/0002-9343(92)90130-4 Fleet, 1996, Panic disorder in emergency department chest pain patients: prevalence, comorbidity, suicidal ideation, and physician recognition, Am J Med, 101, 371, 10.1016/S0002-9343(96)00224-0 DiMatteo, 2000, Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment, Arch Intern Med, 160, 2101, 10.1001/archinte.160.14.2101 DiMatteo, 2004, Social support and patient adherence to medical treatment: a meta-analysis, Health Psychol, 23, 207, 10.1037/0278-6133.23.2.207 Neugarten BJ. Adult personality: towards a psychology of the life cycle. In: Neugarten BL, editor. Middle Age and Aging. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1968. Whooley, 2000, Managing depression in medical outpatients, N Engl J Med, 343, 1942, 10.1056/NEJM200012283432607 Joos, 1990, How health professionals influence health behavior: patient provider interaction and health care outcomes, 216 Miller, 1997, The multilevel compliance challenge: recommendations for a call to action, Circulation, 95, 1085, 10.1161/01.CIR.95.4.1085 Lawlor, 2001, The effectiveness of exercise as an intervention in the management of depression: systematic review and meta-regression analysis of randomised controlled trials, Br Med J, 322, 763, 10.1136/bmj.322.7289.763 Blumenthal, 1999, Effects of exercise training on older patients with major depression, Arch Intern Med, 159, 2349, 10.1001/archinte.159.19.2349 Babyak, 2000, Exercise treatment for major depression: maintenance of therapeutic benefit at 10 months, Psychosom Med, 62, 633, 10.1097/00006842-200009000-00006 Linden, 1996, Psychosocial interventions for patients with coronary artery disease: a meta analysis, Arch Intern Med, 156, 745, 10.1001/archinte.1996.00440070065008 Dusseldorp, 1999, A meta-analysis of psychoeducational programs for coronary heart disease patients, Health Psychol, 18, 506, 10.1037/0278-6133.18.5.506 Carney RM, Blumenthal JA, Freedland KE, et al. Depression and late mortality after myocardial infarction in the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease (ENRICHD) Study. Psychosom Med 2004;66:466–74. Friedman, 1986, Alteration of type A behavior and its effect on cardiac recurrences in postmyocardial infarction patients: summary results of the Recurrent Coronary Prevention Project, Am Heart J, 112, 653, 10.1016/0002-8703(86)90458-8 Frasure-Smith, 1985, The ischemic heart disease life stress monitoring program: impact on mortality, Psychosom Med, 47, 431, 10.1097/00006842-198509000-00003 Jones, 1996, Psychological rehabilitation after myocardial infarction: multicenter randomized control trial, Br Med J, 313, 1517, 10.1136/bmj.313.7071.1517 Frasure-Smith, 1997, Randomized trial of home-based psychosocial nursing intervention for patients recovering from myocardial infarction, Lancet, 350, 473, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)02142-9 Cossette, 2001, Clinical implications of a reduction in psychological distress on cardiac prognosis in patients participating in a psychosocial intervention program, Psychosom Med, 63, 257, 10.1097/00006842-200103000-00009 2003, Effects of treating depression and low perceived social support on clinical events after a myocardial infarction: the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients (ENRICHD) randomized trial, JAMA, 289, 3106, 10.1001/jama.289.23.3106 Glassman, 2002, Setraline treatment of major depression in patients with acute MI or unstable angina, JAMA, 288, 701, 10.1001/jama.288.6.701 Cohen, 2000, Excess risk of myocardial infarction in patients treated with antidepressant medications: association with use of tricyclic agents, Am J Med, 108, 2, 10.1016/S0002-9343(99)00301-0 Sauer, 2001, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and myocardial infarction, Circulation, 104, 1894, 10.1161/hc4101.097519 Lesperance, 2004, The association between major depression and levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein in patients with recent acute coronary syndromes, Am J Psychiatry, 161, 271, 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.2.271 Ades, 2001, Cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease, N Engl J Med, 345, 892, 10.1056/NEJMra001529 Katon, 1999, Stepped collaborative care for primary care patients with persistent symptoms of depression: a randomized trial, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 56, 119, 10.1001/archpsyc.56.12.1109 Katon, 2002, Cost-effectiveness and cost offset of a collaborative care intervention for primary care patients with panic disorder, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 59, 1098, 10.1001/archpsyc.59.12.1098 Bellg, 2003, Maintenance of health behavior change in preventative cardiology: internalization and self-regulation of new behaviors, Behav Modif, 27, 103, 10.1177/0145445502238696 Williams, 1998, Autonomous regulation and long-term medication adherence in adult outpatients, Health Psychol, 17, 269, 10.1037/0278-6133.17.3.269 Miller, 1991 O'Malley, 2003, Impact of electron beam tomography, with and without case management, on motivation, behavioral change, and cardiovascular risk profile, JAMA, 289, 2215, 10.1001/jama.289.17.2215