The environmental legacy of Saddam Husayn: The archaeology of totalitarianism in modern Iraq

Adams, Robert M., “Ancient Sumer, Modern Iraq,” Scientific American 1994 (271), 112. Al-Ajmi, Dhari and R. Misak, “Impact of the Gulf War on the Desert Ecosystem in Kuwait,” in E. Watkins (ed.), The Middle Eastern Environment: Selected Papers of the 1995 Conference of the British Society for Middle Eastern Studies (Cambridge, England: St. Malo Press, 1995). Alsdirawi, Fozia, “The Impact of the Gulf War on the Desert Ecosystem,” in F. el-Baz and R.M. Makharita (eds.), The Gulf War and the Environment (Lausanne: Gordon and Breach, 1994). Baram, Amatzia, “Neo-Tribalism in Iraq: Saddam Hussein's Tribal Policies, 1991-96,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 1997 (29:1), 1–31. Bozheyeva, Gulbarshyn, Y. Kunakbayev and Dastan Yeleukenov, Former Soviet Biological Weapons Facilities in Kazakhstan: Past, Present, and Future (Monterey: Center for Nonproliferation Studies, 1999). Center for Defense Information, “Depleted Uranium-A Necessary Evil?,” The Defense Monitor 1999 (28), 1–4. Central Intelligence Agency, Destruction of Iraq's Southern Marshes (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1994). Cordesman, Anthony H., Iraq and the War of Sanctions, Conventional Threats and Weapons of Mass Destruction (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999). Cordesman, Anthony H., Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East, Regional Trends, National Capabilities, Delivery Options, and Weapons Effects (Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1999). Dawisha, A., “ 'Identity' and Political Survival in Saddam's Iraq,” Middle East Journal 1999 (53:4), 553–567. De Andreis, Marco and F. Calogero, The Soviet Nuclear Weapons Legacy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995). Del Rosso, Stephen J., “The Insecure State: Reflections on 'the State' and 'Security' in a Changing World,” Daedalus 1995 (124:2), 175–207. Deng, Hongmei and P.O.M. Evans, “Social and Environmental Aspects of Abandoned Chemical Weapons in China,” The Nonproliferation Review 1997 (4:3), 101–108. Donohue, D., S. Deron, et al., “Environmental Monitoring and Safeguards: Reinforcing Analytical Capabilities,” IAEA Bulletin 1994 (36:3), 20–23. El-Baz, Farouk, “Gulf War Disruption of the Desert Surface of Kuwait,” in F. El-Baz and R.M. Makharita (eds.), The Gulf War and the Environment (Lausanne: Gordon and Breach, 1994). Florini, Ann M. and P.J. Simmons, The New Security Thinking: A Review of the North American Literature (New York: Rockefeller Brothers Fund, 1998). Graedel, Thomas, “The Evolution of Industrial Ecology,” Environmental Science & Technology 2000, January 1, 2000, 28a–31a. Hiro, Dilip, The Longest War, the Iran-Iraq Military Conflict (New York: Routledge, 1991). Jardine, L.J. and J.T. McGee, Secondary Wastes and High Explosive Residues Generated during Production of Main High Explosive Charges for Nuclear Weapons (Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 1995). Joffe, Alexander H., “After Saddam is Gone”, Middle East Quarterly, 2000 (7:2), 33–41. Joffe, Alexander H., “Dismantling Intelligence Agencies,” Crime, Law, and Social Change, 1999 (32:4), 325–345. Kahl, Colin H., “Population Growth, Environmental Degradation, and State-Sponsored Violence: The Case of Kenya, 1991-93,” International Security 1998 (23:2), 80–119. Khuraibet, Ali M., “Nine Years after the Invasion of Kuwait: the Impacts of Iraqi Left-over Ordnance,” The Environmentalist 1999 (19), 361–368. Literathy, P., “Considerations for the Assessment of Environmental Consequences of the 1991 Gulf War,” Marine Pollution Bulletin 1993 (27), 349–356. Lovich, Jeffrey E. and D. Bainbridge, “Anthropogenic Degradation of the Southern California Desert Ecosystem and Prospects for Natural Recovery and Restoration,” Environmental Management 1999 (24), 309–326. Marouf, B.A., T.A. Al-Khayat and A.K. Mehdi, “Population Exposure Owing to a Borax Accident in the Tammuz 2 Nuclear Reactor,” Environmental Management and Health 1995 (6:1), 10–13. Munro, D.T. and H. Turon, “Estimation of Marshland Degradation in Southern Iraq using Multitemporal Landsat TM Images,” International Journal of Remote Sensing 1997 (18:7), 1597–1606. Peterson, D.J., Troubled Lands, The Legacy of Soviet Environmental Destruction (Boulder: Westview, 1993). Pitten, F.-A., G. Mueller, et al., “Risk Assessment of a Former Military Base Contaminated with Organoarsenic-based Warfare Agents: Uptake of Arsenic by Terrestrial Plants,” Science of the Total Environment 1999 (226:2-3), 237–245. Rathmell, Andrew, “Chemical and Biological Weapons in Iraq: Security and Environmental Implications,” in E. Watkins (ed.), The Middle Eastern Environment: Selected Papers of the 1995 Conference of the British Society for Middle Eastern Studies (Cambridge, England: St. Malo Press, 1995). Rimmington, Anthony, “From Military to Industrial Complex? The Conversion of BiologicalWeapons's Facilities in the Russian Federation,” Contemporary Security Policy 1996 (17:1), 80–112. Sabri, A.W., A. Rasheed and T.J. Kassim, “Heavy Metals in the Water, Suspended Solids and Sediment of the River Tigris Impoundment at Samarra,” Water Research 1993 (27:6), 1099–1103. Sabri, A.W., T.I. Kassim, K.A. Rasheed and A.A. Al-Lami, “Environmental Studies for the Iraqi Nuclear Power Plant Site Selection,” International Journal of Environmental Studies, Section A, 1993 (44:2-3), 135–142. Sadiq, Muhammad and J.C. McCain, The Gulf War Aftermath. An Environmental Tragedy (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993). Sayers, Bob, “Capping Blowouts from Iran's Eight-year War,” World Oil 1991 (212), 44–48. Smithson, Amy E., Toxic Archipelago: Preventing Proliferation from the Former Soviet Chemical and Biological Weapons Complexes (Washington, D.C.: The Henry L. Stimson Center, 1999). Tsvang, Roma, “Environmental and Public Health Consequences of Nuclear Weapons Porduction in Russia,” Environmental Policy Review 1997 (11:2), 17–31. Tucker, Jonathan B., “Evidence Iraq Used Chemical Weapons during the 1991 Persian Gulf War,” The Nonproliferation Review 1997 (4:3), 114–122. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Complex Cleanup: The Environmental Legacy of Nuclear Weapons Production, OTA-O-484 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1991). U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Hazards Ahead: Managing Cleanup Worker Safety at the Nuclear Weapons Complex, OTA-BP-O-85 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993). U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, State of the States for Brownfrelds: Projects for Cleanup and Reuse of Contaminated Sites (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995). UNICEF, Iraqi Ministry of Health, Child And Maternal Mortality Survey 1999-Preliminary Report, Iraq, July 1999. Westling, Arthur, (ed.), Cultural Norms, War and the Environment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988). Wolfson, Ze'ev, “Environmental Impact of Disarmament in Russia,” Environmental Policy Review 1995 (11:2), 31–35. Wolfson, Ze'ev and R. Tsvang, “The Impact of Missile and Space Activity on the Environment in Russia,” Environmental Policy Review 1995 (9:2), 11–22.