The environmental fate of nanoplastics: What we know and what we need to know about aggregation

Adler, 1979, A study of disaggregation effects in sedimentation, AICHE J., 25, 487, 10.1002/aic.690250314 Alimi, 2018, Microplastics and nanoplastics in aquatic environments: aggregation, deposition, and enhanced contaminant transport, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 1704, 10.1021/acs.est.7b05559 Alimi, 2021, Exposure of nanoplastics to freeze-thaw leads to aggregation and reduced transport in model groundwater environments, Water Res., 189, 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116533 Allan, 2022, Examining the relevance of the microplastic-associated additive fraction in environmental compartments, ACS EST Water, 2, 405, 10.1021/acsestwater.1c00310 Allan, 2020 Allen, 2022, Microplastics and nanoplastics in the marine-atmosphere environment, Nat. Rev. Earth Environ., 10.1038/s43017-022-00292-x Allen, 2019, Atmospheric transport and deposition of microplastics in a remote mountain catchment, Nat. Geosci. Andrady, 2009, Applications and societal benefits of plastics, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B, 364, 1977, 10.1098/rstb.2008.0304 Astner, 2020, Effects of soil particles and convective transport on dispersion and aggregation of nanoplastics via small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and ultra SANS (USANS), PLoS One, 15, 10.1371/journal.pone.0235893 Baalousha, 2017, Effect of nanomaterial and media physicochemical properties on nanomaterial aggregation kinetics, NanoImpact, 6, 55, 10.1016/j.impact.2016.10.005 Baalousha, 2012, Rationalizing nanomaterial sizes measured by atomic force microscopy, flow field-flow fractionation, and dynamic light scattering: sample preparation, Polydispersity, and particle structure, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 6134, 10.1021/es301167x Benner, 2002, Chapter 3 - chemical composition and reactivity, 59 Bergami, 2019, Polystyrene nanoparticles affect the innate immune system of the Antarctic Sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri, Polar Biol., 42, 743, 10.1007/s00300-019-02468-6 Bergmann, 2019, White and wonderful? Microplastics prevail in snow from the Alps to the Arctic, Sci. Adv., 5, eaax1157, 10.1126/sciadv.aax1157 Besseling, 2017, Fate of nano- and microplastic in freshwater systems: a modeling study, Environ. Pollut., 220, 540, 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.001 Blancho, 2021, A reliable procedure to obtain environmentally relevant nanoplastic proxies, Environ. Sci. Nano., 8, 3211, 10.1039/D1EN00395J Blancho, 2022, Metal-binding processes on nanoplastics: rare earth elements as probes, Environ. Sci.: Nano, 9, 2094 Brahney, 2021, Constraining the atmospheric limb of the plastic cycle, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 118, 10.1073/pnas.2020719118 Brown, 2016 Buffle, 1992, Vol. 1 Buffle, 1998, A generalized description of aquatic colloidal interactions: the three-colloidal component approach, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 2887, 10.1021/es980217h Cai, 2018, Effects of inorganic ions and natural organic matter on the aggregation of nanoplastics, Chemosphere, 197, 142, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.052 Canesi, 2016, Interactions of cationic polystyrene nanoparticles with marine bivalve hemocytes in a physiological environment: role of soluble hemolymph proteins, Environ. Res., 150, 73, 10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.045 Cao, 2004 Caputo, 2021, Measuring particle size distribution and mass concentration of nanoplastics and microplastics: addressing some analytical challenges in the sub-micron size range, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 588, 401, 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.12.039 Chakraborty, 2021, Exploring the interactions between protein coronated CdSe quantum dots and nanoplastics, New J. Chem., 45, 7951, 10.1039/D1NJ00441G Chamas, 2020, Degradation rates of plastics in the environment, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 8, 3494, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06635 Chen, 2018, The impact of nanoplastics on marine dissolved organic matter assembly, Sci. Total Environ., 634, 316, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.269 Chen, 2020, Sedimentation of nanoplastics from water with ca/Al dual flocculants: characterization, interface reaction, effects of pH and ion ratios, Chemosphere, 126450 Clavier, 2019, Determination of nanoparticle heteroaggregation attachment efficiencies and rates in presence of natural organic matter monomers. Monte Carlo modelling, Sci. Total Environ., 650, 530, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.017 Cunha, 2020, Microalgal-based biopolymer for nano- and microplastic removal: a possible biosolution for wastewater treatment, Environ. Pollut., 263, 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114385 Dale, 2015, Modeling nanomaterial environmental fate in aquatic systems, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 2587, 10.1021/es505076w Dawson, 2018, Turning microplastics into nanoplastics through digestive fragmentation by Antarctic krill, Nat. Commun., 9, 10.1038/s41467-018-03465-9 Della Torre, 2014, Accumulation and Embryotoxicity of polystyrene nanoparticles at early stage of development of sea urchin embryos Paracentrotus lividus, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 12302, 10.1021/es502569w Derjaguin, 1941, Theory of the stability of strongly charged lyophobic sols and of the adhesion of strongly charged particles in solutions of electrolytes, Prog. Surf. Sci., 43, 30, 10.1016/0079-6816(93)90013-L Dong, 2020, Aggregation kinetics of fragmental PET nanoplastics in aqueous environment: complex roles of electrolytes, pH and humic acid, Environ. Pollut., 115828 Dong, 2019, Cotransport of nanoplastics (NPs) with fullerene (C60) in saturated sand: effect of NPs/C60 ratio and seawater salinity, Water Res., 148, 469, 10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.071 Dong, 2019, Role of surface functionalities of nanoplastics on their transport in seawater-saturated sea sand, Environ. Pollut., 255, 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113177 Dong, 2020, Protein corona-mediated transport of nanoplastics in seawater-saturated porous media, Water Res., 182, 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115978 Dubin, 1994, Protein purification by selective phase separation with polyelectrolytes, Separ. Purif. Methods, 23, 1, 10.1080/03602549408001288 Efimova, 2018, Secondary microplastics generation in the sea swash zone with coarse bottom sediments: laboratory experiments, Front. Mar. Sci., 5, 313, 10.3389/fmars.2018.00313 El Hadri, 2020, Nanoplastic from mechanically degraded primary and secondary microplastics for environmental assessments, NanoImpact, 100206 Elhacham, 2020, Global human-made mass exceeds all living biomass, Nature, 588, 442, 10.1038/s41586-020-3010-5 1998 Eliso, 2020, Toxicity of nanoplastics during the embryogenesis of the ascidian Ciona robusta (phylum Chordata), Nanotoxicology, 14, 1415, 10.1080/17435390.2020.1838650 Enfrin, 2019, Nano/microplastics in water and wastewater treatment processes – origin, impact and potential solutions, Water Res., 161, 621, 10.1016/j.watres.2019.06.049 Eriksen, 2013, Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 77, 177, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.10.007 Fadare, 2019, Humic acid alleviates the toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastic particles to Daphnia magna, Environ. Sci.: Nano, 6, 1466 Fan, 2015, Effects of surfactants on graphene oxide nanoparticles transport in saturated porous media, J. Environ. Sci., 35, 12, 10.1016/j.jes.2015.02.007 Filella, 2007, Colloidal properties of submicron particles in natural waters, 17 Frankel, 2020, Controlled protein mediated aggregation of polystyrene nanoplastics does not reduce toxicity towards Daphnia magna, Environ. Sci.: Nano, 7, 1518 Fraters, 2017, Extraction of soil solution by drainage centrifugation—effects of centrifugal force and time of centrifugation on soil moisture recovery and solute concentration in soil moisture of loess subsoils, Environ. Monit. Assess., 189, 83, 10.1007/s10661-017-5788-7 Fritz, 2002, Electrosteric stabilization of colloidal dispersions, Langmuir, 18, 6381, 10.1021/la015734j Ganguly, 2019, Ice nucleation of model nanoplastics and microplastics: a novel synthetic protocol and the influence of particle capping at diverse atmospheric environments, ACS Earth Space Chem., 3, 1729, 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.9b00132 GESAMP, 2015, Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the marine environment: A global assessment Gewert, 2015, Pathways for degradation of plastic polymers floating in the marine environment, Environ Sci Process Impacts, 17, 1513, 10.1039/C5EM00207A Geyer, 2017, Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made, Sci. Adv., 3, 10.1126/sciadv.1700782 Gigault, 2016, Marine plastic litter: the unanalyzed nano-fraction, Environ. Sci.: Nano, 3, 346 Gigault, 2021, Nanoplastics are neither microplastics nor engineered nanoparticles, Nat. Nanotechnol., 16, 501, 10.1038/s41565-021-00886-4 González-Fernández, 2019, Do transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP) affect the toxicity of nanoplastics on Chaetoceros neogracile?, Environ. Pollut., 250, 873, 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.093 Grassi, 2020, Interplay between extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from a marine diatom and model nanoplastic through eco-corona formation, Sci. Total Environ., 725, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138457 Grolimund, 2001, Aggregation and deposition kinetics of mobile colloidal particles in natural porous media, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 191, 179, 10.1016/S0927-7757(01)00773-7 Hammes, 2013, Geographically distributed classification of surface water chemical parameters influencing fate and behavior of nanoparticles and colloid facilitated contaminant transport, Water Res., 47, 5350, 10.1016/j.watres.2013.06.015 Hendren, 2015, A functional assay-based strategy for nanomaterial risk forecasting, Sci. Total Environ., 536, 1029, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.100 Hiemenz, 1997 Hochella, 2019, Natural, incidental, and engineered nanomaterials and their impacts on the earth system, Science, 363, eaau8299, 10.1126/science.aau8299 Hollóczki, 2021, Evidence for protein misfolding in the presence of nanoplastics, Int. J. Quantum Chem., 121, 10.1002/qua.26372 Hotze, 2010, Nanoparticle aggregation: challenges to understanding transport and reactivity in the environment, J. Environ. Qual., 39, 1909, 10.2134/jeq2009.0462 Huang, 2010, Is surface roughness a “scapegoat” or a primary factor when defining particle−substrate interactions?, Langmuir, 26, 2528, 10.1021/la9028113 Huynh, 2012, Heteroaggregation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and hematite nanoparticles: rates and mechanisms, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 5912, 10.1021/es2047206 International Organization for Standardization, 2013 Israelachvili, 2015 IUPAC, 1997, Colloidally stable Ivleva, 2021, Chemical analysis of microplastics and nanoplastics: challenges, advanced methods, and perspectives, Chem. Rev., 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00178 Jódar-Reyes, 2006, Electrokinetic behavior and colloidal stability of polystyrene latex coated with ionic surfactants, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 297, 170, 10.1016/j.jcis.2005.10.033 Johnson, 1996, Settling velocities of fractal aggregates, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 1911, 10.1021/es950604g Keller, 2019, Transport of nano- and microplastic through unsaturated porous media from sewage sludge application, Environ. Sci. Technol. Khoshnamvand, 2021, Toxic effects of polystyrene nanoplastics on microalgae Chlorella vulgaris: changes in biomass, photosynthetic pigments and morphology, Chemosphere, 280, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130725 Kihara, 2019, Soft and hard interactions between polystyrene nanoplastics and human serum albumin protein Corona, Bioconjug. Chem., 30, 1067, 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00015 Kihara, 2020, Reviewing nanoplastic toxicology: It’s an interface problem, Adv. Colloid Interf. Sci., 102337 Klein, 2015, Occurrence and spatial distribution of microplastics in river shore sediments of the Rhine-Main area in Germany, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 6070, 10.1021/acs.est.5b00492 Koelmans, 2017, Risks of plastic debris: unravelling fact, opinion, perception, and belief, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 11513, 10.1021/acs.est.7b02219 Kokalj, 2021, Quality of nanoplastics and microplastics ecotoxicity studies: refining quality criteria for nanomaterial studies, J. Hazard. Mater., 415, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125751 Labbez, 2009, Ion−ion correlation and charge reversal at titrating solid interfaces, Langmuir, 25, 7209, 10.1021/la900853e Lambert, 2016, Characterisation of nanoplastics during the degradation of polystyrene, Chemosphere, 145, 265, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.078 Lead, 2007, Environmental colloids and particles: Current knowledge and future developments, 1 Lechner, 2014, The Danube so colourful: a potpourri of plastic litter outnumbers fish larvae in Europe’s second largest river, Environ. Poll. (Barking, Essex: 1987), 188, 177, 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.02.006 Lenz, 2016, Microplastic exposure studies should be environmentally realistic, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 113, E4121, 10.1073/pnas.1606615113 Li, 2021, Synergistic effect of polystyrene nanoplastics and contaminants on the promotion of insulin fibrillation, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 214, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112115 Li, 2020, New insight into the effect of short-term exposure to polystyrene nanoparticles on activated sludge performance, J. Water Proc. Eng., 38 Li, 2016, Influences of water properties on the aggregation and deposition of engineered titanium dioxide nanoparticles in natural waters, Environ. Pollut., 219, 132, 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.080 Li, 2022, Evaluating the occurrence of polystyrene nanoparticles in environmental waters by agglomeration with alkylated Ferroferric oxide followed by micropore membrane filtration collection and Py-GC/MS analysis, Environ. Sci. Technol., 56, 8255, 10.1021/acs.est.2c02033 Li, 2020, Impact of CeO2 nanoparticles on the aggregation kinetics and stability of polystyrene nanoplastics: importance of surface functionalization and solution chemistry, Water Res., 186, 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116324 Li, 2021, The crucial role of a protein corona in determining the aggregation kinetics and colloidal stability of polystyrene nanoplastics, Water Res., 190, 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116742 Li, 2021, Protein corona-induced aggregation of differently sized nanoplastics: impacts of protein type and concentration, Environ. Sci.: Nano, 8, 1560 Li, 2019, Interactions between nano/micro plastics and suspended sediment in water: implications on aggregation and settling, Water Res., 161, 486, 10.1016/j.watres.2019.06.018 Li, 2020, Impacts of nanoplastics on bivalve: fluorescence tracing of organ accumulation, oxidative stress and damage, J. Hazard. Mater., 392, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122418 Lian, 2020, The AQUA-MER databases and aqueous speciation server: a web resource for multiscale modeling of mercury speciation, J. Comput. Chem., 41, 147, 10.1002/jcc.26081 Libes, 2009 Lins, 2022, Nanoplastic state and fate in aquatic environments: multiscale modeling, Environ. Sci. Technol., 56, 4017, 10.1021/acs.est.1c03922 Liu, 2016, Sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to polystyrene nanoplastic: sorption of PAHs to nanoplastic, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 35, 1650, 10.1002/etc.3311 Liu, 2021, Aggregation and deposition kinetics of polystyrene microplastics and Nanoplastics in aquatic environment, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. Liu, 2021, Functionalized polystyrene nanoplastic-induced energy homeostasis imbalance and the immunomodulation dysfunction of marine clams (Meretrix meretrix) at environmentally relevant concentrations, Environ. Sci.: Nano, 8, 2030 Liu, 2021, An evaluation of the effects of nanoplastics on the removal of activated-sludge nutrients and production of short chain fatty acid, Process. Saf. Environ. Prot., 148, 1070, 10.1016/j.psep.2021.02.029 Liu, 2019, Aggregation kinetics of UV irradiated nanoplastics in aquatic environments, Water Res., 163, 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114870 Liu, 2020, Influence of environmental and biological macromolecules on aggregation kinetics of nanoplastics in aquatic systems, Water Res., 186, 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116316 Lusher, 2015, Microplastics in Arctic polar waters: the first reported values of particles in surface and sub-surface samples, Sci. Rep., 5, 14947, 10.1038/srep14947 Magrì, 2018, Laser ablation as a versatile tool to mimic polyethylene terephthalate Nanoplastic pollutants: characterization and toxicology assessment, ACS Nano, 12, 7690, 10.1021/acsnano.8b01331 Manfra, 2017, Comparative ecotoxicity of polystyrene nanoparticles in natural seawater and reconstituted seawater using the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 145, 557, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.068 Mao, 2020, Aging mechanism of microplastics with UV irradiation and its effects on the adsorption of heavy metals, J. Hazard. Mater., 122515 Mao, 2020, Nanoplastics display strong stability in aqueous environments: insights from aggregation behaviour and theoretical calculations, Environ. Pollut., 258, 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113760 Materić, 2021, Nanoplastics transport to the remote, high-altitude Alps, Environ. Pollut., 288, 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117697 Materić, 2022, Nanoplastics and ultrafine microplastic in the Dutch Wadden Sea – the hidden plastics debris?, Sci. Total Environ., 846, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157371 Materić, 2022, Nanoplastics measurements in northern and southern polar ice, Environ. Res., 208, 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112741 Mattsson, 2015, Nano-plastics in the aquatic environment, Environ Sci Process Impacts, 17, 1712, 10.1039/C5EM00227C Mattsson, 2021, Nanofragmentation of expanded polystyrene under simulated environmental weathering (Thermooxidative degradation and hydrodynamic turbulence), Front. Mar. Sci., 7, 10.3389/fmars.2020.578178 Mekaru, 2020, Effect of agitation method on the Nanosized degradation of polystyrene microplastics dispersed in water, ACS Omega, 5, 3218, 10.1021/acsomega.9b03278 Mishra, 2019, Distinctive impact of polystyrene nano-spherules as an emergent pollutant toward the environment, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 26, 1537, 10.1007/s11356-018-3698-z Mitrano, 2020, Microplastic regulation should be more precise to incentivize both innovation and environmental safety, Nat. Commun., 11, 5324, 10.1038/s41467-020-19069-1 Murano, 2021, Interplay between nanoplastics and the immune system of the Mediterranean Sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 10.3389/fmars.2021.647394 Napper, 1977, Steric stabilization, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 58, 390, 10.1016/0021-9797(77)90150-3 Nolte, 2017, The toxicity of plastic nanoparticles to green algae as influenced by surface modification, medium hardness and cellular adsorption, Aquat. Toxicol., 183, 11, 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.12.005 Okshevsky, 2020, Biofilm formation by marine bacteria is impacted by concentration and surface functionalization of polystyrene nanoparticles in a species-specific manner, Environ. Microbiol. Rep., 12, 203, 10.1111/1758-2229.12824 de Oliveira, 2020, Interaction of cyanobacteria with nanometer and micron sized polystyrene particles in marine and fresh water, Langmuir, 36, 3963, 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03644 Oriekhova, 2018, Heteroaggregation of nanoplastic particles in the presence of inorganic colloids and natural organic matter, Environ. Sci.: Nano, 5, 792 Paul, 2020, Micro- and nanoplastics – current state of knowledge with the focus on oral uptake and toxicity, Nanoscale Adv., 10.1039/D0NA00539H Peijnenburg, 2015, A review of the properties and processes determining the fate of engineered nanomaterials in the aquatic environment, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 2084, 10.1080/10643389.2015.1010430 Peng, 2020, The ocean’s ultimate trashcan: Hadal trenches as major depositories for plastic pollution, Water Res., 168, 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115121 Persson, 2022, Outside the safe operating space of the planetary boundary for novel entities, Environ. Sci. Technol., 56, 1510, 10.1021/acs.est.1c04158 Pradel, 2021, Stabilization of fragmental polystyrene nanoplastic by natural organic matter: insight into mechanisms, ACS EST Water, 1, 1198, 10.1021/acsestwater.0c00283 Praetorius, 2012, Development of environmental fate models for engineered nanoparticles—a case study of TiO2 nanoparticles in the Rhine River, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 6705, 10.1021/es204530n Probes, 2004 Provencher, 2019, Assessing plastic debris in aquatic food webs: what we know and don’t know about uptake and trophic transfer, Environ. Rev., 27, 304, 10.1139/er-2018-0079 Quik, 2014, Heteroaggregation and sedimentation rates for nanomaterials in natural waters, Water Res., 48, 269, 10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.036 Ramirez Arenas, 2020, Coagulation of TiO 2, CeO 2 nanoparticles, and polystyrene nanoplastics in bottled mineral and surface waters. Effect of water properties, coagulant type, and dosage, Water Environ. Res., 92, 1184, 10.1002/wer.1313 Ramirez, 2019, Behavior of TiO2 and CeO2 nanoparticles and polystyrene Nanoplastics in bottled mineral, drinking and Lake Geneva waters. Impact of water hardness and natural organic matter on nanoparticle surface properties and aggregation, Water, 11, 721, 10.3390/w11040721 Reynolds, 2019, Evaluation of non-invasive toxicological analysis of nano-polystyrene in relative in vivo conditions to D. magna, Environ. Sci.: Nano, 6, 2832 Ripken, 2020, Response of coral reef dinoflagellates to nanoplastics under experimental conditions suggests downregulation of cellular metabolism, Microorganisms, 8, 1759, 10.3390/microorganisms8111759 Rockström, 2009, A safe operating space for humanity, Nature, 461, 472, 10.1038/461472a Romero-Cano, 2001, Electrosteric stabilization of polymer colloids with different functionality, Langmuir, 17, 3505, 10.1021/la001659l Rowenczyk, 2020, Microstructure characterization of oceanic polyethylene debris, Environ. Sci. Technol., 10.1021/acs.est.9b07061 Rowenczyk, 2021, Heteroaggregates of polystyrene nanospheres and organic matter: preparation, characterization and evaluation of their toxicity to algae in environmentally relevant conditions, Nanomaterials, 11, 482, 10.3390/nano11020482 Saavedra, 2019, Influence of nanoplastic surface charge on eco-corona formation, aggregation and toxicity to freshwater zooplankton, Environ. Pollut., 252, 715, 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.135 SAPEA, (Science Advice for Policy by European Academies), 2019 Schampera, 2021, Exposure to nanoplastics affects the outcome of infectious disease in phytoplankton, Environ. Pollut., 277, 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116781 Schwarz, 2019, Sources, transport, and accumulation of different types of plastic litter in aquatic environments: a review study, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 143, 92, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.04.029 Sendra, 2019, Are the primary characteristics of polystyrene nanoplastics responsible for toxicity and ad/absorption in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum?, Environ. Pollut., 249, 610, 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.047 Sendra, 2020, Immunotoxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics in different hemocyte subpopulations of Mytilus galloprovincialis, Sci. Rep., 10, 8637, 10.1038/s41598-020-65596-8 Seoane, 2019, Polystyrene microbeads modulate the energy metabolism of the marine diatom Chaetoceros neogracile, Environ. Pollut., 251, 363, 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.142 Shiu, 2020, Nano- and microplastics trigger secretion of protein-rich extracellular polymeric substances from phytoplankton, Sci. Total Environ., 748, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141469 Shiu, 2020, Nano-plastics induce aquatic particulate organic matter (microgels) formation, Sci. Total Environ., 706, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135681 Shupe, 2021, Effect of Nanoplastic type and surface chemistry on particle agglomeration over a salinity gradient, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 40, 1820, 10.1002/etc.5030 Sigmund, 2018, Environmental transformation of natural and engineered carbon nanoparticles and implications for the fate of organic contaminants, Environ. Sci.: Nano, 5, 2500 Silva, 2020, Behavior and biochemical responses of the polychaeta Hediste diversicolor to polystyrene nanoplastics, Sci. Total Environ., 707, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134434 Singh, 2019, Understanding the stability of nanoplastics in aqueous environments: effect of ionic strength, temperature, dissolved organic matter, clay, and heavy metals, Environ. Sci.: Nano, 6, 2968 Singh, 2021, Metal oxide nanoparticles and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons alter nanoplastic’s stability and toxicity to zebrafish, J. Hazard. Mater., 407, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124382 Song, 2020, Rapid production of Micro- and nanoplastics by fragmentation of expanded polystyrene exposed to sunlight, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 11191, 10.1021/acs.est.0c02288 Song, 2019, Fate and transport of nanoplastics in complex natural aquifer media: effect of particle size and surface functionalization, Sci. Total Environ., 669, 120, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.102 Stumm, 2003, Chemical processes regulating the composition of lake waters, 79 Stumm, 1996 Summers, 2018, Agglomeration of nano- and microplastic particles in seawater by autochthonous and de novo-produced sources of exopolymeric substances, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 130, 258, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.03.039 Sun, 2020, The difference of aggregation mechanism between microplastics and nanoplastics: role of Brownian motion and structural layer force, Environ. Pollut., 115942 Sun, 2020, Differentially charged nanoplastics demonstrate distinct accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana, Nat. Nanotechnol., 15, 755, 10.1038/s41565-020-0707-4 Surette, 2021, What is “Environmentally relevant”? A framework to advance research on the environmental fate and effects of engineered nanomaterials, Environ. Sci.: Nano. Tallec, 2019, Surface functionalization determines behavior of nanoplastic solutions in model aquatic environments, Chemosphere, 225, 639, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.077 Ter Halle, 2017, Nanoplastic in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 13689, 10.1021/acs.est.7b03667 Thompson, 2004, Lost at sea: where is all the plastic?, Science, 304, 838, 10.1126/science.1094559 Treilles, 2020, Impacts of organic matter digestion protocols on synthetic, artificial and natural raw fibers, Sci. Total Environ., 748, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141230 Trevisan, 2019, Nanoplastics decrease the toxicity of a complex PAH mixture but impair mitochondrial energy production in developing zebrafish, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 8405, 10.1021/acs.est.9b02003 Vaz, 2021, Can the sonication of polystyrene nanoparticles alter the acute toxicity and swimming behavior results for Daphnia magna?, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 28, 14192, 10.1007/s11356-021-12455-2 Veclin, 2022, Effect of the surface hydrophobicity–morphology–functionality of nanoplastics on their homoaggregation in seawater, ACS EST Water, 10.1021/acsestwater.1c00263 Velzeboer, 2014, Strong sorption of PCBs to nanoplastics, microplastics, carbon nanotubes, and fullerenes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 4869, 10.1021/es405721v Venel, 2021, Environmental fate modeling of nanoplastics in a salinity gradient using a lab-on-a-Chip: where does the nanoscale fraction of plastic debris accumulate?, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 3001, 10.1021/acs.est.0c07545 Verwey, 1948 Villacorta, 2022, A new source of representative secondary PET nanoplastics. Obtention, characterization, and hazard evaluation, J. Hazard. Mater., 439, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129593 Vold, 1954, Van der Waals’ attraction between anisometric particles, J. Colloid Sci., 9, 451, 10.1016/0095-8522(54)90032-X Wahl, 2021, Nanoplastic occurence in a soil amended with plastic debris, Chemosphere, 262, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127784 Walch, H., Praetorius, A., von der Kammer, F., Hofmann, T., 2022. Generation of reproducible model freshwater particulate matter analogues to study the interaction with particulate contaminants. (preprint). Environ. Chem. Doi:10.31223/X5ZW7Q. Waldschläger, 2022, Learning from natural sediments to tackle microplastics challenges: a multidisciplinary perspective, Earth Sci. Rev., 228, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104021 Wang, 2021, Aggregation and stability of sulfate-modified polystyrene nanoplastics in synthetic and natural waters, Environ. Pollut., 268, 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114240 Wang, 2020, UV-induced aggregation of polystyrene nanoplastics: effects of radicals, surface functional groups and electrolyte, Environ. Sci.: Nano, 7, 3914 Wegner, 2012, Effects of nanopolystyrene on the feeding behavior of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis L.), Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 31, 2490, 10.1002/etc.1984 Wheeler, 2021, Environmental dimensions of the protein corona, Nat. Nanotechnol., 16, 617, 10.1038/s41565-021-00924-1 Wik, 2009, Occurrence and effects of tire wear particles in the environment – a critical review and an initial risk assessment, Environ. Pollut., 157, 1, 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.028 Worrall, 1968 Wu, 2019, Effect of salinity and humic acid on the aggregation and toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics with different functional groups and charges, Environ. Pollut., 245, 836, 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.055 Wu, 2021, Impact of different modes of adsorption of natural organic matter on the environmental fate of nanoplastics, Chemosphere, 263, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127967 Xu, 2021, Influence of dissolved black carbon on the aggregation and deposition of polystyrene nanoplastics: comparison with dissolved humic acid, Water Res., 196, 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117054 Yu, 2018, Interactions between engineered nanoparticles and dissolved organic matter: a review on mechanisms and environmental effects, J. Environ. Sci., 63, 198, 10.1016/j.jes.2017.06.021 Yu, 2019, Aggregation kinetics of different surface-modified polystyrene nanoparticles in monovalent and divalent electrolytes, Environ. Pollut., 255, 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113302 Yu, 2021, Heteroaggregation of different surface-modified polystyrene nanoparticles with model natural colloids, Sci. Total Environ., 784, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147190 Zafiropoulos, 2000, UV-laser ablation of polymerized resin layers and possible oxidation processes in oil-based painting media Zarfl, 2010, Are marine plastic particles transport vectors for organic pollutants to the Arctic?, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 60, 1810, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.05.026 Zhang, 2019, Aquatic behavior and toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastic particles with different functional groups: complex roles of pH, dissolved organic carbon and divalent cations, Chemosphere, 228, 195, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.115 Zhang, 2018, The combined toxicity effect of nanoplastics and glyphosate on Microcystis aeruginosa growth, Environ. Pollut., 243, 1106, 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.073 Zhang, 2021, Derivation of settling velocity, eddy diffusivity and pick-up rate from field-measured suspended sediment concentration profiles in the horizontally uniform but vertically unsteady scenario, Appl. Ocean Res., 107, 10.1016/j.apor.2020.102485 Zhang, 2020, Charge mediated interaction of polystyrene nanoplastic (PSNP) with minerals in aqueous phase, Water Res., 178, 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115861 Zheng, 2021, Polystyrene nanoplastics affect growth and microcystin production of Microcystis aeruginosa, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 28, 13394, 10.1007/s11356-020-10388-w Zubris, 2005, Synthetic fibers as an indicator of land application of sludge, Environ. Pollut., 138, 201, 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.04.013