The end of the French primary? Measuring primary election impact on electoral performance in the 2017 French presidential election
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Adams, J., and S. Merrill. 2008. Candidate and party strategies in two-stage elections beginning with a primary. American Journal of Political Science 52(2): 344–359.
Anderson, C.J., A. Blais, S. Bowler, T. Donovan, and O. Listhaug. 2005. Losers’ Consent: Elections and Democratic Legitimacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Audemard, J., and D. Gouard. 2014. Les primaires citoyennes d’octobre 2011: Entre logique censitaire et influences partisanes locales. Revue Française de Science Politique 64(5): 955–972.
Aylott, N., J. Ikstens, and E. Lilliefeldt. 2014. Ever more inclusive? Candidate selection in North European democracies. In Models of Democracy in Nordic and Baltic Europe: Political Institutions and Discourse, ed. N. Aylott, 117–152. Farnham: Ashgate.
Banks, J.S., and D.R. Kiewiet. 1989. Explaining patterns of candidate competition in congressional elections. American Journal of Political Science 33(4): 997–1015.
Bruhn, K. 2013. Electing extremists? Party primaries and legislative candidates in Mexico. Comparative Politics 45(4): 398–417.
Bille, L. 2001. Democratizing a democratic procedure: Myth or reality? Candidate selection in Western European parties, 1960–1990. Party Politics 7(3): 363–380.
Buhr, R.L. 2017. Mapping the political opportunity space of secularism: French republican appeals to laïcité. French Politics 15(4): 460–487.
Carey, J., and J. Polga-Hecimovic. 2006. Primary elections and candidate strength in Latin America. The Journal of Politics 68(3): 530–543.
Cross, W., and A. Blais. 2012. Politics at the Centre. The Selection and Removal of Party Leaders in Anglo Parliamentary Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
De Luca, M. 2014. Les électeurs socialistes dans les primaires présidentielles à Paris. French Politics, Culture and Society 32(2): 123–142.
De Luca, M., and F. Venturino. 2017. The effects of primaries on electoral performance: France and Italy in comparative perspective. French Politics 15(1): 43–56.
De Luca, M., and F. Venturino. 2015. Democratising candidate selection in Italy and France. In Party Primaries in Comparative Perspective, ed. G. Sandri, A. Seddone, and F. Venturino, 129–144. Farnham: Ashgate.
Dolez, B., and A. Laurent. 2007. Une primaire à la française. Revue Française de Science Politique 57(2): 133–161.
Elgie, R. (ed.). 1996. Electing the French President: The 1995 Presidential Election. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Gaffney, J. 2015. France in the Hollande Presidency: The Unhappy Republic. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Gallagher, M., and M. Marsh. 1988. Candidate Selection in Comparative Perspective. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Gerber, E.R., and R.B. Morton. 1998. Primary election systems and representation. Journal of Law Economics and Organization 14(2): 304–324.
Grunberg, G., and F. Haegel. 2007. La France vers le bipartisme?: La présidentialisation du PS et de l’UMP. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.
Hazan, R.Y. 2008. Candidate selection. In Comparing Democracies 2: New Challenges in the Study of Elections and Voting, ed. L. LeDuc, R.G. Niemi, and P. Norris, 108–126. London: Sage.
Hazan, R.Y., and G. Rahat. 2000. Representation, electoral reform, and democracy theoretical and empirical lessons from the 1996 elections in Israel. Comparative Political Studies 33(10): 1310–1336.
Hazan, R.Y., and G. Rahat. 2010. Democracy Within Parties: Candidate Selection Methods and Their Political Consequences. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Indriðason, I.H., and G.H. Kristinsson. 2015. Primary consequences: The effects of candidate selection through party primaries in Iceland. Party Politics 21(4): 565–576.
Ivaldi, G. 2007. Presidential strategies, models of leadership and the development of parties in a candidate-centred polity: The 2007 UMP and PS presidential nomination campaigns. French Politics 5(3): 253–277.
Katz, R.S. 2001. The problem of candidate selection and models of party democracy. Party Politics 7(3): 277–296.
Katz, R.S., and P. Mair. 1995. Changing models of party organization and party democracy: The emergence of the cartel party. Party Politics 1(1): 5–28.
Kenig, O. 2008. Democratization of party leadership selection: Do wide selectorates produce more competitive contests? Electoral Studies 28(2): 240–247.
Kittilson, M.C., and S.E. Scarrow. 2003. Political parties and the rhetoric and realities of democratization. In Democracy Transformed?: Expanding Political Opportunities in Advanced Industrial Democracies, ed. B.E. Cain, R.J. Dalton, and S.E. Scarrow, 59–80. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Laakso, M., and R. Taagepera. 1979. “Effective” number of parties. A measure with application to Western Europe. Comparative Political Studies 12(1): 3–27.
Langston, J. 2006. The changing party of the institutional revolution: Electoral competition and decentralized candidate selection. Party Politics 12(3): 395–413.
Lazarus, J. 2005. Unintended consequences: Anticipation of general election outcomes and primary election divisiveness. Legislative Studies Quarterly 30(3): 435–461.
Lefebvre, R. 2011. Les primaires socialistes. La fin du parti militant. Paris: Raison d’Agir.
Lengle, J.I., D. Owen, and M.W. Sonner. 1995. Divisive nominating mechanisms and democratic party electoral prospects. The Journal of Politics 57(2): 370–383.
Lewis-Beck, M. (ed.). 2004. The French Voter: Before and After the 2002 Elections. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Mair, P. 1997. Party System Change: Approaches and Interpretations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mény, Y. 2015. Primaires: vertus (apparentes) et vices (cachés) d’une greffe américaine. Pouvoirs 154: 27–40.
Mény, Y. 2017. A tale of party primaries and outsider candidates: The 2017 French presidential election. French Politics 15(3): 265–278.
Moon, W. 2004. Party activists, campaign resources and candidate position taking: Theory, tests and applications. British Journal of Political Science 34(4): 611–633.
Mikulska, A.B., and S.E. Scarrow. 2010. Assessing the political impact of candidate selection rules: Britain in the 1990s. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 20(3): 311–333.
Norris, P. 2000. A Virtuous Circle: Political Communications in Postindustrial Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Powell, G.B., and G.D. Whitten. 1993. Cross-national analysis of economic voting: Taking account of the political context. American Journal of Political Science 37(2): 391–414.
Pennings, P., and R.Y. Hazan. 2001. Democratizing candidate selection: Causes and consequences. Party Politics 7(3): 267–275.
Pilet, J.B., and W.P. Cross (eds.). 2014. The Selection of Political Party Leaders in Contemporary Parliamentary Democracies. London: Routledge.
Rahat, G. 2009. Which candidate selection method is the most democratic? Government and Opposition 44(1): 68–90.
Ramiro, L. 2016. Effects of party primaries on electoral performance. The Spanish socialist primaries in local elections. Party Politics 22(1): 125–136.
Ranney, A. 1981. Candidate selection. In Democracy at the Polls: A Comparative Study of Competitive National Elections, ed. D. Butler, and E. Penniman, 75–106. Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
Sandri, G., A. Seddone, and F. Venturino (eds.). 2015. Party Primaries in Comparative Perspective. Farnham: Ashgate.
Sartori, G. 1976. Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Scarrow, S.E. 2001. Direct democracy and institutional change a comparative investigation. Comparative Political Studies 34(6): 651–665.
Scarrow, S.E. 2014. Beyond Party Members: Changing Approaches to Partisan Mobilization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Scarrow, S.E., P. Webb, and D.M. Farrell. 2000. From social integration to electoral contestation. In Parties Without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies, ed. R.J. Dalton, and M.P. Wattenberg, 343–361. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Southwell, P.L. 1986. The politics of disgruntlement: Nonvoting and defection among supporters of nomination losers, 1968–1984. Political Behavior 8(1): 81–95.
Verba, S., N. Nie, and J. Kim. 1978. Participation and Political Equality: A Seven-Nation Comparison. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Verba, S., and N. Nie. 1972. Participation in America. New York: Harper and Row.