The emotive nature of conflict monitoring in the medial prefrontal cortex

Aarts, 2012, Evidence for the automatic evaluation of self-generated actions, Cognition, 124, 117, 10.1016/j.cognition.2012.05.009 Aarts, 2013, Erroneous and correct actions have a different affective valence: evidence from ERPs, Emotion, 13, 960, 10.1037/a0032808 Ach, N. (2006). On volition (T. Herz, Trans.). (Original work published 1910) [online] Available at: http://www.uni-konstanz.de/kogpsych/ach.htm (Accessed 11/22/2015). Banich, 2009, Executive function: the search for an integrated account, Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci., 18, 89, 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01615.x Barrett, 2006, Are emotions natural kinds?, Perspect. Psychol. Sci., 1, 28, 10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00003.x Barrett, 2013, Psychological construction: the Darwinian approach to the science of emotion, Emot. Rev., 5, 379, 10.1177/1754073913489753 Bartholow, 2012, Alcohol effects on performance monitoring and adjustment: affect modulation and impairment of evaluative cognitive control, J. Abnorm. Psychol., 121, 173, 10.1037/a0023664 Baumeister, 1996, Self-regulation failure: an overview, Psychol. Inq., 7, 1, 10.1207/s15327965pli0701_1 Baumeister, 2007, The strength model of self-control, Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci., 16, 351, 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00534.x Berridge, 2013, Neuroscience of affect: brain mechanisms of pleasure and displeasure, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 23, 294, 10.1016/j.conb.2013.01.017 Bing-Canar, 2016, Mindfulness-of-breathing exercise modulates EEG alpha activity during cognitive performance, Psychophysiology, 53, 1366, 10.1111/psyp.12678 Bishop, 2004, Mindfulness: a proposed operational definition, Clin. Psychol. Rev., 11, 230 Blair, 2006, Choosing the lesser of two evils, the better of two goods: specifying the roles of ventromedial prefrontal cortex and dorsal anterior cingulate in object choice, J. Neurosci., 26, 11379, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1640-06.2006 Blankertz, 2011, Single-trial analysis and classification of ERP components—a tutorial, NeuroImage, 56, 814, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.06.048 Blumenthal, 2015, Presidential address 2014: the more-or-less interrupting effects of the startle response, Psychophysiology, 52, 1417, 10.1111/psyp.12506 Botvinick, 2007, Conflict monitoring and decision making: reconciling two perspectives on anterior cingulate function, Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci., 7, 356, 10.3758/CABN.7.4.356 Botvinick, 2001, Conflict monitoring and cognitive control, Psychol. Rev., 108, 624, 10.1037/0033-295X.108.3.624 Bradley, 2009, Natural selective attention: orienting and emotion, Psychophysiology, 46, 1, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00702.x Bradley, 1990, Startle reflex modification: emotion or attention?, Psychophysiology, 27, 513, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb01966.x Braem, 2016, The role of ACC in the affective evaluation of conflict, J. Cogn. Neurosci., 29, 137, 10.1162/jocn_a_01023 Brown, 2005, Learned predictions of error likelihood in the anterior cingulate cortex, Science, 307, 1118, 10.1126/science.1105783 Bush, 2000, Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex, Trends Cogn. Sci., 4, 215, 10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01483-2 Cacioppo, 1986, Electromyographic activity over facial muscle regions can differentiate the valence and intensity of affective reactions, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 50, 260, 10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.260 Cacioppo, 2000, The psychophysiology of emotion, Handb. Emot., 2, 173 Carver, 1990, Origins and functions of positive and negative affect: a control-process view, Psychol. Rev., 97, 19, 10.1037/0033-295X.97.1.19 Cavanagh, 2014, Frontal theta as a mechanism for cognitive control, Trends Cogn. Sci., 18, 414, 10.1016/j.tics.2014.04.012 Cavanagh, 2015, Frontal midline theta reflects anxiety and cognitive control: meta-analytic evidence, J. Physiol. Paris, 109, 3, 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.04.003 Cavanagh, 2009, Prelude to and resolution of an error: EEG phase synchrony reveals cognitive control dynamics during action monitoring, J. Neurosci., 29, 98, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4137-08.2009 Cavanagh, 2011, Larger error signals in major depression are associated with better avoidance learning, Front. Psychol., 2, 1 Cavanagh, 2011, Social stress reactivity alters reward and punishment learning, Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci., 6, 311, 10.1093/scan/nsq041 Cavanagh, 2014, Eye tracking and pupillometry are indicators of dissociable latent decision processes, J. Exp. Psychol. Gen., 143, 1476, 10.1037/a0035813 Chiew, 2011, Positive affect versus reward: emotional and motivational influences on cognitive control, Front. Psychol., 2, 1 Chiew, 2013, Temporal dynamics of motivation-cognitive control interactions revealed by high-resolution pupillometry, Front. Psychol., 4, 1, 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00015 Coan, 2010, Emergent ghosts of the emotion machine, Emot. Rev., 2, 274, 10.1177/1754073910361978 Cohen, 2014, The psychology of change: self-affirmation and social psychological intervention, Annu. Rev. Psychol., 65, 333, 10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115137 Cohen, 1990, On the control of automatic processes: a parallel distributed processing account of the Stroop effect, Psychol. Rev., 97, 332, 10.1037/0033-295X.97.3.332 Cools, 2002, Defining the neural mechanisms of probabilistic reversal learning using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, J. Neurosci., 22, 4563, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-11-04563.2002 Critchley, 2005, Anterior cingulate activity during error and autonomic response, NeuroImage, 27, 885, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.05.047 Danev, 1971, Heart rate deceleration after erroneous responses: a phenomenon complicating the use of heart rate variability for assessing mental load, Psychol. Forsch., 35, 27, 10.1007/BF00424472 de Galan, 2014, Conflict adaptation is predicted by the cognitive, but not the affective alexithymia dimension, Front. Psychol., 5, 1 de Morree, 2010, The face of effort: frowning muscle activity reflects effort during a physical task, Biol. Psychol., 85, 377, 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.08.009 Dehaene, 1994, Localization of a neural system for error detection and compensation, Psychol. Sci., 5, 303, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00630.x Descartes, 1647 Di Domenico, 2016, Basic psychological needs and neurophysiological responsiveness to decisional conflict: an event-related potential study of integrative self-processes, Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci., 16, 848, 10.3758/s13415-016-0436-1 Dignath, 2015, Stimulus conflict triggers behavioral avoidance, Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci., 15, 822, 10.3758/s13415-015-0355-6 Dolan, 2002, Emotion, cognition, and behavior, Science, 298, 1191, 10.1126/science.1076358 Dreisbach, 2011, If it's hard to read… try harder! Processing fluency as signal for effort adjustments, Psychol. Res., 75, 376, 10.1007/s00426-010-0319-y Dreisbach, 2012, Conflicts as aversive signals, Brain Cogn., 78, 94, 10.1016/j.bandc.2011.12.003 Dreisbach, 2015, Conflicts as aversive signals for control adaptation, Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci., 24, 255, 10.1177/0963721415569569 Dreisbach, 2016, Conflict as aversive signals: motivation for cognitive adaptation in the service of affect regulation, 188 Eaton, 1984 Ekman, 2011, What is meant by calling emotions basic, Emot. Rev., 3, 364, 10.1177/1754073911410740 Elkins-Brown, 2016, Error-related electromyographic activity over the corrugator supercilii is associated with neural performance monitoring, Psychophysiology, 53, 159, 10.1111/psyp.12556 Elliott, 1997, Abnormal response to negative feedback in unipolar depression: evidence for a diagnosis specific impairment, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 63, 74, 10.1136/jnnp.63.1.74 Etkin, 2011, Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex, Trends Cogn. Sci., 15, 85, 10.1016/j.tics.2010.11.004 Falkenstein, 1991, Effects of crossmodal divided attention on late ERP components. II. Error processing in choice reaction tasks, Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., 78, 447, 10.1016/0013-4694(91)90062-9 Farb, 2007, Attending to the present: mindfulness meditation reveals distinct neural modes of self-reference, Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci., 2, 313, 10.1093/scan/nsm030 Fazio, 1986, On the automatic activation of attitudes, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 50, 229, 10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.229 Festinger, 1962, vol. 2 Fitzgerald, 2006, Beyond threat: amygdala reactivity across multiple expressions of facial affect, NeuroImage, 1, 1441, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.11.003 Frank, 2005, Error-related negativity predicts reinforcement learning and conflict biases, Neuron, 47, 495, 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.06.020 Freud, 1913 Frijda, 1988, The laws of emotion, Am. Psychol., 43, 349, 10.1037/0003-066X.43.5.349 Frijda, 2009, Emotion definitions (psychological perspectives) Fritz, 2015, The time course of the aversive conflict signal, Exp. Psychol., 62, 30, 10.1027/1618-3169/a000271 Gratton, 1992, Optimizing the use of information: strategic control of activation of responses, J. Exp. Psychol. Gen., 121, 480, 10.1037/0096-3445.121.4.480 Grillon, 1997, Fear-potentiated startle conditioning in humans: explicit and contextual cue conditioning following paired versus unpaired training, Psychophysiology, 34, 451, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02389.x Gross, 1998, Antecedent-and response-focused emotion regulation: divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 74, 224, 10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.224 Gross, 2015, The extended process model of emotion regulation: elaborations, applications, and future directions, Psychol. Inq., 26, 130, 10.1080/1047840X.2015.989751 Gross, 2011, Emotion generation and emotion regulation: one or two depends on your point of view, Emot. Rev., 3, 8, 10.1177/1754073910380974 Gross, 2014, Emotion, emotion regulation, and psychopathology an affective science perspective, Clin. Psychol. Sci., 2, 387, 10.1177/2167702614536164 Hajcak, 2008, Errors are aversive defensive motivation and the error-related negativity, Psychol. Sci., 19, 103, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02053.x Hajcak, 2003, To err is autonomic: error-related brain potentials, ANS activity, and post-error compensatory behavior, Psychophysiology, 40, 895, 10.1111/1469-8986.00107 Hajcak, 2005, On the ERN and the significance of errors, Psychophysiology, 42, 151, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00270.x Hanselman, 2016, New evidence on self-affirmation effects and theorized sources of heterogeneity from large-scale replications, J. Educ. Psychol. Harmon-Jones, 2009, Action-based model of dissonance: a review, integration, and expansion of conceptions of cognitive conflict, Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol., 41, 119 Heatherton, 2011, Cognitive neuroscience of self-regulation failure, Trends Cogn. Sci., 15, 132, 10.1016/j.tics.2010.12.005 Hobson, 2014, Emotion down-regulation diminishes cognitive control: a neurophysiological investigation, Emotion, 14, 1014, 10.1037/a0038028 Hofmann, 2009, Impulse and self-control from a dual-systems perspective, Perspect. Psychol. Sci., 4, 162, 10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01116.x Holmes, 2010, Effects of task-relevant incentives on the electrophysiological correlates of error processing in major depressive disorder, Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci., 10, 119, 10.3758/CABN.10.1.119 Holroyd, 2002, The neural basis of human error processing: reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity, Psychol. Rev., 109, 679, 10.1037/0033-295X.109.4.679 Hull, 1939, The problem of stimulus equivalence in behavior theory, Psychol. Rev., 46, 9, 10.1037/h0054032 Inzlicht, 2012, ERN and the placebo: a misattribution approach to studying the arousal properties of the error-related negativity, J. Exp. Psychol. Gen., 141, 799, 10.1037/a0027586 Inzlicht, 2014, Exploring the mechanisms of self-control improvement, Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci., 23, 302, 10.1177/0963721414534256 Inzlicht, 2015, Emotional foundations of cognitive control, Trends Cogn. Sci., 19, 126, 10.1016/j.tics.2015.01.004 Iordan, 2013, Neural signatures of the response to emotional distraction: a review of evidence from brain imaging investigations, Front. Hum. Neurosci., 7, 148 Izard, 1993, Four systems for emotion activation: cognitive and noncognitive processes, Psychol. Rev., 100, 68, 10.1037/0033-295X.100.1.68 Jung, 1939 Kabat-Zinn, 1994 Kahneman, 2011 Kappas, 2011, Emotion and regulation are one!, Emot. Rev., 3, 17, 10.1177/1754073910380971 Kerns, 2004, Anterior cingulate conflict monitoring and adjustments in control, Science, 303, 1023, 10.1126/science.1089910 Kitayama, 2013, Neural mechanisms of dissonance: an fMRI investigation of choice justification, NeuroImage, 69, 206, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.11.034 Klein, 2007, Neural correlates of error awareness, NeuroImage, 34, 1774, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.11.014 Koban, 2014, Brain systems underlying the affective and social monitoring of actions: an integrative review, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 46, 71, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.02.014 Kool, 2010, Decision making and the avoidance of cognitive demand, J. Exp. Psychol. Gen., 139, 665, 10.1037/a0020198 Kuhbandner, 2011, Dissociable effects of valence and arousal in adaptive executive control, PLoS One, 6, 10.1371/journal.pone.0029287 Larsen, 1992, Promises and problems with the circumplex model of emotion, 25 Larsen, 2003, Effects of positive and negative affect on electromyographic activity over zygomaticus major and corrugator supercilii, Psychophysiology, 40, 776, 10.1111/1469-8986.00078 Larson, 2013, The impact of a brief mindfulness meditation intervention on cognitive control and error-related performance monitoring, Front. Hum. Neurosci., 7, 1 Legault, 2012, Preserving integrity in the face of performance threat self-affirmation enhances neurophysiological responsiveness to errors, Psychol. Sci., 23, 1455, 10.1177/0956797612448483 Levenson, 1999, The intrapersonal functions of emotion, Cognit. Emot., 13, 481, 10.1080/026999399379159 Lindquist, 2012, The brain basis of emotion: a meta-analytic review, Behav. Brain Sci., 35, 121, 10.1017/S0140525X11000446 Lindström, 2013, In your face: risk of punishment enhances cognitive control and error-related activity in the corrugator supercilii muscle, PLoS One, 8, 10.1371/journal.pone.0065692 Maier, 2016, Error monitoring is related to processing internal affective states, Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci., 16, 1050, 10.3758/s13415-016-0452-1 Mayberg, 1997, Limbic-cortical dysregulation: a proposed model of depression, J. Neuropsychiatr. Clin. Neurosci., 9, 471, 10.1176/jnp.9.3.471 McGuire, 2010, Prefrontal cortex, cognitive control, and the registration of decision costs, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 107, 7922, 10.1073/pnas.0910662107 Metcalfe, 1999, A hot/cool-system analysis of delay of gratification: dynamics of willpower, Psychol. Rev., 106, 3, 10.1037/0033-295X.106.1.3 Moran, 2015, Sending mixed signals: worry is associated with enhanced initial error processing but reduced call for subsequent cognitive control, Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci., 10, 1548, 10.1093/scan/nsv046 Moser, 2014, The case for compensatory processes in the relationship between anxiety and error monitoring: a reply to Proudfit, Inzlicht, and Mennin, Front. Hum. Neurosci., 8, 1 Nakao, 2010, Self-knowledge reduces conflict by biasing one of plural possible answers, Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull., 36, 455, 10.1177/0146167210363403 Nieuwenhuis, 2001, Error-related brain potentials are differentially related to awareness of response errors: evidence from an antisaccade task, Psychophysiology, 38, 752, 10.1111/1469-8986.3850752 O'Connell, 2007, The role of cingulate cortex in the detection of errors with and without awareness: a high-density electrical mapping study, Eur. J. Neurosci., 25, 2571, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05477.x O'Doherty, 2001, Abstract reward and punishment representations in the human orbitofrontal cortex, Nat. Neurosci., 4, 95, 10.1038/82959 Padmala, 2011, Negative emotion impairs conflict-driven executive control, Front. Psychol., 2, 1, 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00192 Pan, 2016, The negative priming effect in cognitive conflict processing, Neurosci. Lett., 628, 35, 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.05.062 Panksepp, 1998 Payne, 2005, An inkblot for attitudes: affect misattribution as implicit measurement, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 89, 277, 10.1037/0022-3514.89.3.277 Pessoa, 2009, How do emotion and motivation direct executive control?, Trends Cogn. Sci., 13, 160, 10.1016/j.tics.2009.01.006 Peterson, G., Saunders, B., & Inzlicht, M. (2016). Stock-broker EEG study. Unpublished data. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Pochon, 2008, Functional imaging of decision conflict, J. Neurosci., 28, 3468, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4195-07.2008 Prkachin, 1992, The consistency of facial expressions of pain: a comparison across modalities, Pain, 51, 297, 10.1016/0304-3959(92)90213-U Proulx, 2012, Understanding all inconsistency compensation as a palliative response to violated expectations, Trends Cogn. Sci., 16, 285, 10.1016/j.tics.2012.04.002 Quigley, 2014, Is there consistency and specificity of autonomic changes during emotional episodes? Guidance from the conceptual act theory and psychophysiology, Biol. Psychol., 98, 82, 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.12.013 Rabbitt, 1977, What does a man do after he makes an error? An analysis of response programming, Q. J. Exp. Psychol., 29, 727, 10.1080/14640747708400645 Ridderinkhof, 2004, The role of the medial frontal cortex in cognitive control, Science, 306, 443, 10.1126/science.1100301 Riesel, 2012, Punishment has a lasting impact on error-related brain activity, Psychophysiology, 49, 239, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01298.x Riesel, 2013, Time course of error-potentiated startle and its relationship to error-related brain activity, J. Psychophysiol., 27, 51, 10.1027/0269-8803/a000093 Russell, 2003, Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion, Psychol. Rev., 110, 145, 10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.145 Russell, 2009, Emotion, core affect, and psychological construction, Cognit. Emot., 23, 1259, 10.1080/02699930902809375 Russell, 1999, Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: dissecting the elephant, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 76, 805, 10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.805 Satterthwaite, 2012, Being right is its own reward: load and performance related ventral striatum activation to correct responses during a working memory task in youth, NeuroImage, 61, 723, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.060 Saunders, 2016, Vigour and fatigue: how variation in affect underlies effective self-control, 211 Saunders, 2012, False external feedback modulates posterror slowing and the f-P300: implications for theories of posterror adjustment, Psychon. Bull. Rev., 19, 1210, 10.3758/s13423-012-0314-y Saunders, 2015, What does cognitive control feel like? Effective and ineffective cognitive control is associated with divergent phenomenology, Psychophysiology, 52, 1205, 10.1111/psyp.12454 Saunders, 2015, Variation in cognitive control as emotion regulation, Psychol. Inq., 26, 108, 10.1080/1047840X.2015.962396 Saunders, 2016, Mindful awareness of feelings increases neural performance monitoring, Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci., 16, 93, 10.3758/s13415-015-0375-2 Schouppe, 2012, Conflict: run! Reduced Stroop interference with avoidance responses, Q. J. Exp. Psychol., 65, 1052, 10.1080/17470218.2012.685080 Schouppe, 2014, Context-specific control and context selection in conflict tasks, Acta Psychol., 146, 63, 10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.11.010 Schouppe, 2015, No pain, no gain: the affective valence of congruency conditions changes following a successful response, Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci., 15, 251, 10.3758/s13415-014-0318-3 Senderecka, 2016, Threatening visual stimuli influence response inhibition and error monitoring: an event-related potential study, Biol. Psychol., 113, 24, 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.11.003 Shackman, 2011, The integration of negative affect, pain and cognitive control in the cingulate cortex, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 12, 154, 10.1038/nrn2994 Shenhav, 2014, Neural correlates of dueling affective reactions to win–win choices, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 111, 10978, 10.1073/pnas.1405725111 Sherman, 2000, Do messages about health risks threaten the self? Increasing the acceptance of threatening health messages via self-affirmation, Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull., 26, 1046, 10.1177/01461672002611003 Steele, 1988, The psychology of self-affirmation: sustaining the integrity of the self, Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol., 21, 261, 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60229-4 Stürmer, 2002, Control over location-based response activation in the Simon task: behavioral and electrophysiological evidence, J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform., 28, 1345, 10.1037/0096-1523.28.6.1345 Stürmer, 2011, Reward and punishment effects on error processing and conflict control, Front. Psychol., 16, 1 Taylor, 1999 Teper, 2013, Meditation, mindfulness and executive control: the importance of emotional acceptance and brain-based performance monitoring, Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci., 8, 85, 10.1093/scan/nss045 Teper, 2013, Inside the mindful mind how mindfulness enhances emotion regulation through improvements in executive control, Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci., 22, 449, 10.1177/0963721413495869 Tolomeo, 2016, A causal role for the anterior mid-cingulate cortex in negative affect and cognitive control, Brain, 139, 1844, 10.1093/brain/aww069 Trope, 1998, Resolving conflicts among self-evaluative motives: positive experiences as a resource for overcoming defensiveness, Motiv. Emot., 22, 53, 10.1023/A:1023044625309 Ullsperger, 2010, Conscious perception of errors and its relation to the anterior insula, Brain Struct. Funct., 214, 629, 10.1007/s00429-010-0261-1 Ullsperger, 2014, Neurophysiology of performance monitoring and adaptive behavior, Physiol. Rev., 94, 35, 10.1152/physrev.00041.2012 van Boxtel, 1993, Amplitude and bilateral coherency of facial and jaw-elevator EMG activity as an index of effort during a two-choice serial reaction task, Psychophysiology, 30, 589, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb02085.x van Steenbergen, 2013, Pupil dilation in the Simon task as a marker of conflict processing, Front. Hum. Neurosci., 75, 1 van Steenbergen, 2009, Reward counteracts conflict adaptation evidence for a role of affect in executive control, Psychol. Sci., 20, 1473, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02470.x van Steenbergen, 2010, In the mood for adaptation how affect regulates conflict-driven control, Psychol. Sci., 21, 1629, 10.1177/0956797610385951 van Steenbergen, 2012, Affective regulation of cognitive-control adjustments in remitted depressive patients after acute tryptophan depletion, Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci., 12, 280, 10.3758/s13415-011-0078-2 van Steenbergen, 2014, Hedonic hotspots regulate cingulate-driven adaptation to cognitive demands, Cereb. Cortex, 25, 1746, 10.1093/cercor/bht416 van Tol, 2010, Regional brain volume in depression and anxiety disorders, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 67, 1002, 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.121 van Veen, 2002, The anterior cingulate as a conflict monitor: fMRI and ERP studies, Physiol. Behav., 77, 477, 10.1016/S0031-9384(02)00930-7 van Veen, 2009, Neural activity predicts attitude change in cognitive dissonance, Nat. Neurosci., 12, 1469, 10.1038/nn.2413 Watson, 1988, Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 54, 1063, 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 Weinberg, 2012, Integrating multiple perspectives on error-related brain activity: the ERN as a neural indicator of trait defensive reactivity, Motiv. Emot., 36, 84, 10.1007/s11031-011-9269-y Wessel, 2011, Error awareness revisited: accumulation of multimodal evidence from central and autonomic nervous systems, J. Cogn. Neurosci., 23, 3021, 10.1162/jocn.2011.21635 Westbrook, 2013, What is the subjective cost of cognitive effort? Load, trait, and aging effects revealed by economic preference, PLoS One, 8, 10.1371/journal.pone.0068210 Winkielman, 2003, The hedonic marking of processing fluency: implications for evaluative judgment, 189 Wiswede, 2009, Negative affect induced by derogatory verbal feedback modulates the neural signature of error detection, Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci., 4, 227, 10.1093/scan/nsp015 Yeung, 2004, The neural basis of error detection: conflict monitoring and the error-related negativity, Psychol. Rev., 111, 931, 10.1037/0033-295X.111.4.931 Zambrano-Vazquez, 2014, Differential contributions of worry, anxiety, and obsessive compulsive symptoms to ERN amplitudes in response monitoring and reinforcement learning tasks, Neuropsychologia, 61, 197, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.06.023