The effects of self-compassion on daily emotion regulation and performance rebound among college athletes: Comparisons with confidence, grit, and hope

Aldridge-Gerry, 2011, Daily stress and alcohol consumption: Modeling between-person and within-person ethnic variation in coping behavior, Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 72, 125, 10.15288/jsad.2011.72.125 Alizadeh, 2018, The relationship between resilience with self-compassion, social support and sense of belonging in women with breast cancer, Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 19, 2469 Aoun, 2019, Matching response to need: What makes social networks fit for providing bereavement support?, PLoS One, 14, 10.1371/journal.pone.0213367 Armstrong, 2014, When to use the Bonferroni correction, Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 34, 502, 10.1111/opo.12131 Baltzell, 2017 Bandura, 1977, Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change, Psychological Review, 84, 191, 10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191 Barczak, 2020, The moderating effect of self-compassion on relationships between performance and subsequent coping and motivation, International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18, 256, 10.1080/1612197X.2018.1511620 Barlow, 2017, Trauma appraisals, emotion regulation difficulties, and self-compassion predict posttraumatic stress symptoms following childhood abuse, Child Abuse & Neglect, 65, 37, 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.01.006 Bolger, 2013 Bolger, 2011, Power analysis for intensive longitudinal studies, 285 Britton, 2019, A path analysis of adolescent athletes' perceived stress reactivity, competition appraisals, emotions, coping, and performance satisfaction, Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1151, 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01151 Bruininks, 2005, Distinguishing hope from optimism and related affective states, Motivation and Emotion, 29, 324, 10.1007/s11031-006-9010-4 Ceccarelli, 2019, Self-compassion and psycho-physiological recovery from recalled sport failure, Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1564, 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01564 Chawla, 2007, Experiential avoidance as a functional dimensional approach to psychopathology: An empirical review, Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 871, 10.1002/jclp.20400 Connor-Smith, 2000, Responses to stress in adolescence: Measurement of coping and involuntary stress responses, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 976, 10.1037/0022-006X.68.6.976 Costa, 2011, Acceptance of pain, self‐compassion and psychopathology: Using the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire to identify patients' subgroups, Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18, 292, 10.1002/cpp.718 Costa, 2013, Experiential avoidance and self‐compassion in chronic pain, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43, 1578, 10.1111/jasp.12107 Credé, 2017, Much ado about grit: A meta-analytic synthesis of the grit literature, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113, 492, 10.1037/pspp0000102 Cresswell, 2004, Coping skills: Role of trait sport confidence and trait anxiety, Perceptual & Motor Skills, 98, 433, 10.2466/pms.98.2.433-438 Curry, 1997, Role of hope in academic and sport achievement, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1257, 10.1037/0022-3514.73.6.1257 DeFreese, 2013, Teammate social support, burnout, and self-determined motivation in collegiate athletes, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14, 258, 10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.10.009 DeFreese, 2014, Athlete social support, negative social interactions, and psychological health across a competitive sport season, Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 36, 619, 10.1123/jsep.2014-0040 Demaray, 2002, The relationship between perceived social support and maladjustment for students at risk, Psychology in the Schools, 39, 305, 10.1002/pits.10018 Diedrich, 2016, Self-compassion enhances the efficacy of explicit cognitive reappraisal as an emotion regulation strategy in individuals with major depressive disorder, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 82, 1, 10.1016/j.brat.2016.04.003 Duckworth, 2007, Grit: Perseverance and passion for long-term goals, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 1087, 10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1087 Duckworth, 2009, Development and validation of the short grit scale (grit–S), Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 166, 10.1080/00223890802634290 Eskreis-Winkler, 2014, The grit effect: Predicting retention in the military, the workplace, school and marriage, Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 36, 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00036 Evans, 2017, Paco—applying computational methods to scale qualitative methods, Ethnographic Praxis in Industry - Conference Proceedings, 348 Feldman, 2009, Hope and goal attainment: Testing a basic prediction of hope theory, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28, 479, 10.1521/jscp.2009.28.4.479 Feltz, 2007, Self-confidence and sports performance, Studies, 33, 50 Ferguson, 2014, Exploring self-compassion and eudaimonic well-being in young women athletes, Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 36, 203, 10.1123/jsep.2013-0096 Frison, 2015, The impact of daily stress on adolescents' depressed mood: The role of social support seeking through Facebook, Computers in Human Behavior, 44, 315, 10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.070 Gabana, 2017, Gratitude, burnout, and sport satisfaction among college student-athletes: The mediating role of perceived social support, Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 11, 14, 10.1123/jcsp.2016-0011 Gardner, 2007 Gayton, 1987, An investigation of the validity of the trait and state sport-confidence inventories in predicting marathon performance, Perceptual & Motor Skills, 65, 481, 10.2466/pms.1987.65.2.481 Germer, 2013, Self‐compassion in clinical practice, Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69, 856, 10.1002/jclp.22021 Gilbert, 2009, Introducing compassion-focused therapy, Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 15, 199, 10.1192/apt.bp.107.005264 Gustafsson, 2010, Exploring the relationship between hope and burnout in competitive sport, Journal of Sports Sciences, 28, 1495, 10.1080/02640414.2010.521943 Hayes, 2011 Hayes, 1996, Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1152, 10.1037/0022-006X.64.6.1152 Kashdan, 2020, Understanding psychological flexibility: A multi-method exploration of pursuing valued goals despite the presence of distress, Psychological Assessment, 32, 829, 10.1037/pas0000834 Kashdan, 2014, Differentiating emotions across contexts: Comparing adults with and without social anxiety disorder using random, social interaction, and daily experience sampling, Emotion, 14, 629, 10.1037/a0035796 Kashdan, 2010, Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health, Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 865, 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.001 Killham, 2018, Women athletes' self-compassion, self-criticism, and perceived sport performance, Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 7, 297, 10.1037/spy0000127 Kivity, 2016, Self-acceptance of negative emotions: The positive relationship with effective cognitive reappraisal, International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 9, 279, 10.1521/ijct_2016_09_10 Larkin, 2016, Does grit influence sport-specific engagement and perceptual-cognitive expertise in elite youth soccer?, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 28, 129, 10.1080/10413200.2015.1085922 Leary, 2007, Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: The implications of treating oneself kindly, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 887, 10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.887 Levine, 2001, Post hoc power analysis: An idea whose time has passed?, Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, 21, 405, 10.1592/phco.21.5.405.34503 Maas, 2005, Sufficient sample sizes for multilevel modeling, Methodology, 1, 86, 10.1027/1614-2241.1.3.86 Meyer, 2001, Coping with severe mental illness: Relations of the Brief COPE with symptoms, functioning, and well-being, Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23, 265, 10.1023/A:1012731520781 Meyers, 1996, Cognitive behavioral strategies in athletic performance enhancement, Progress in Behavior Modification, 30, 137 Moles, 2017, Grit happens: Moderating effects on motivational feedback and sport performance, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 29, 418, 10.1080/10413200.2017.1306729 Mosewich, 2014, Managing injury and other setbacks in sport: Experiences of (and resources for) high-performance women athletes, Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise, and Health, 6, 182, 10.1080/2159676X.2013.766810 Mosewich, 2013, Applying self-compassion in sport: An intervention with women athletes, Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 35, 514, 10.1123/jsep.35.5.514 Mosewich, 2019, Self-compassion in the stress process in women athletes, The Sport Psychologist, 33, 1, 10.1123/tsp.2017-0094 Mosewich, 2019, Enhancing capacity: Integrating self-compassion in sport, Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 10, 235, 10.1080/21520704.2018.1557774 Mosewich, 2011, Self-compassion: A potential resource for young women athletes, Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 33, 103, 10.1123/jsep.33.1.103 Neff, 2003, The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion, Self and Identity, 2, 223, 10.1080/15298860309027 Neff, 2004, Self-compassion and psychological well-being, Constructivism in the Human Sciences, 9, 27 Neff, 2016, The self-compassion scale is a valid and theoretically coherent measure of self-compassion, Mindfulness, 7, 264, 10.1007/s12671-015-0479-3 Neff, 2015, Self-compassion: What it is, what it does, and how it relates to mindfulness, 121 Neff, 2013, A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self‐compassion program, Journal of clinical psychology, 69, 28, 10.1002/jclp.21923 Neff, 2005, Self-compassion, achievement goals, and coping with academic failure, Self and Identity, 4, 263, 10.1080/13576500444000317 Neff, 2007, Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning, Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 139, 10.1016/j.jrp.2006.03.004 Neff, 2009, Self‐compassion versus global self‐esteem: Two different ways of relating to oneself, Journal of Personality, 77, 23, 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00537.x Nezlek, 2008, An introduction to multilevel modeling for social and personality psychology, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 842, 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00059.x Nezlek, 2012, Multilevel modeling analyses of diary-style data, 357 Nicholls, 2010, Coping self-efficacy, pre-competitive anxiety, and subjective performance among athletes, European Journal of Sport Science, 10, 97, 10.1080/17461390903271592 Nicholls, 2012, A path analysis of stress appraisals, emotions, coping, and performance satisfaction among athletes, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13, 263, 10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.12.003 Norris, 1996, Received and perceived social support in times of stress: A test of the social support deterioration deterrence model, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 498, 10.1037/0022-3514.71.3.498 Ortner, 2020, Emotion malleability beliefs and event intensity and importance predict emotion regulation in daily life, Personality and Individual Differences, 159, 109887, 10.1016/j.paid.2020.109887 Petrocchi, 2013, Dimensionality of self-compassion: Translation and construct validation of the self-compassion scale in an Italian sample, Journal of Mental Health, 23, 72, 10.3109/09638237.2013.841869 Poucher, 2018, Providing social support to female Olympic athletes, Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 40, 217, 10.1123/jsep.2018-0008 Reis, 2015, Self-compassion and women athletes' responses to emotionally difficult sport situations: An evaluation of a brief induction, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 18, 10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.08.011 Rose, 2002, Co–rumination in the friendships of girls and boys, Child Development, 73, 1830, 10.1111/1467-8624.00509 Russell, 1980, A circumplex model of affect, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1161, 10.1037/h0077714 Sagar, 2009, Coping with the effects of fear of failure: A preliminary investigation of young elite athletes, Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 3, 73, 10.1123/jcsp.3.1.73 Scheier, 1985, Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies, Health Psychology, 4, 219, 10.1037/0278-6133.4.3.219 Shepherd, 2009, Negative emotional reactions to project failure and the self‐compassion to learn from the experience, Journal of Management Studies, 46, 923, 10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00821.x Sheppes, 2011, Emotion-regulation choice, Psychological Science, 22, 1391, 10.1177/0956797611418350 Shrout, 2012, Psychometrics, 302 Sirois, 2019, Self-compassion and bedtime procrastination: An emotion regulation perspective, Mindfulness, 10, 434, 10.1007/s12671-018-0983-3 Snyder, 1991, The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 570, 10.1037/0022-3514.60.4.570 Sutherland, 2014, Narratives of young women athletes' experiences of emotional pain and self-compassion, Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 6, 499, 10.1080/2159676X.2014.888587 Tamminen, 2019, Perceived esteem support predicts competition appraisals and performance satisfaction among varsity athletes: A test of organizational stressors as moderators, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 31, 27, 10.1080/10413200.2018.1468363 Vealey, 1986, Conceptualization of sport-confidence and competitive orientation: Preliminary investigation and instrument development, Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 8, 221 Vealey, 1988, Future directions in psychological skills training, The Sport Psychologist, 2, 318, 10.1123/tsp.2.4.318 Watson, 1994 Wilson, 2019, “The zipper effect”: Exploring the interrelationship of mental toughness and self-compassion among Canadian elite women athletes, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 40, 61, 10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.09.006 Wolters, 2015, Investigating grit and its relations with college students' self-regulated learning and academic achievement, Metacognition and Learning, 10, 293, 10.1007/s11409-014-9128-9 Wren, 2012, Self-compassion in patients with persistent musculoskeletal pain: Relationship of self-compassion to adjustment to persistent pain, Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 43, 759, 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.04.014