The effect of tolterodine 4 and 8 mg on the heart rate variability in healthy subjects

Milsom I, Abrams P, Cardozo L et al (2001) How widespread are the symptoms of an overactive bladder and how are they managed? A population-based prevalence study. BJU Int 87:760–766

Stewart WF, Van Rooyen JB, Cundiff GW et al (2003) Prevalence and burden of overactive bladder in the United States. World J Urol 20:327–336

Temml C, Heidler S, Ponholzer A et al (2005) Prevalence of the overactive bladder syndrome by applying the International Continence Society definition. Eur Urol 48:622–627

Irwin DE, Milsom I, Hunskaar S et al (2006) Population-based survey of urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, and other lower urinary tract symptoms in five countries: results of the EPIC study. Eur Urol 50:1306–1314 (discussion 1314–1315)

Wennberg AL, Molander U, Fall M et al (2009) A longitudinal population-based survey of urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, and other lower urinary tract symptoms in women. Eur Urol 55:783–791

Novara G, Galfano A, Secco S et al (2008) A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with antimuscarinic drugs for overactive bladder. Eur Urol 54:740–763

Olshansky B, Ebinger U, Brum J et al (2008) Differential pharmacological effects of antimuscarinic drugs on heart rate: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study with tolterodine and darifenacin in healthy participants ≥50 years. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 13:241–251

Andersson KE, Olshansky B (2007) Treating patients with overactive bladder syndrome with antimuscarinics: heart rate considerations. BJU Int 100:1007–1014

Michel MC, Wetterauer U, Vogel M et al (2008) Cardiovascular safety and overall tolerability of solifenacin in routine clinical use: a 12-week, open-label, post-marketing surveillance study. Drug Saf 31:505–514

D’Agostino RB Sr, Vasan RS, Pencina MJ et al (2008) General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 117:743–753

Andersson KE, Sarawate C, Kahler KH et al (2009) Cardiovascular morbidity, heart rates and use of antimuscarinics in patients with overactive bladder. BJU Int [Epub ahead of print]

Hsia J, Larson JC, Ockene JK et al (2009) Resting heart rate as a low tech predictor of coronary events in women: prospective cohort study. BMJ 338:b219

Dekker JM, Schouten EG, Klootwijk P et al (1997) Heart rate variability from short electrocardiographic recordings predicts mortality from all causes in middle-aged and elderly men. The Zutphen Study. Am J Epidemiol 145:899–908

Greiser KH, Kluttig A, Schumann B et al (2009) Cardiovascular diseases, risk factors and short-term heart rate variability in an elderly general population: the CARLA study 2002–2006. Eur J Epidemiol 24:123–142

Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology (1996) Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Circulation 93:1043–1065

Agelink MW, Malessa R, Baumann B et al (2001) Standardized tests of heart rate variability: normal ranges obtained from 309 healthy humans, and effects of age, gender, and heart rate. Clin Auton Res 11:99–108

Nilvebrant L, Andersson KE, Gillberg PG et al (1997) Tolterodine—a new bladder-selective antimuscarinic agent. Eur J Pharmacol 327:195–207

Andersson KE (2004) Antimuscarinics for treatment of overactive bladder. Lancet Neurol 3:46–53

Brodde OE, Konschak U, Becker K et al (1998) Cardiac muscarinic receptors decrease with age. In vitro and in vivo studies. J Clin Invest 101:471–478

Penttila J, Kuusela T, Scheinin H (2005) Analysis of rapid heart rate variability in the assessment of anticholinergic drug effects in humans. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 61:559–565

Bilchick KC, Berger RD (2006) Heart rate variability. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 17:691–694

Pumprla J, Howorka K, Groves D et al (2002) Functional assessment of heart rate variability: physiological basis and practical applications. Int J Cardiol 84:1–14

Bigger JT Jr, Fleiss JL, Steinman RC et al (1992) Frequency domain measures of heart period variability and mortality after myocardial infarction. Circulation 85:164–171

Chancellor MB, Anderson RU, Boone TB (2006) Pharmacotherapy for neurogenic detrusor overactivity. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 85:536–545

Horstmann M, Schaefer T, Aguilar Y et al (2006) Neurogenic bladder treatment by doubling the recommended antimuscarinic dosage. Neurourol Urodyn 25:441–445

Acevedo AR, Nava C, Arriada N et al (2000) Cardiovascular dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 101:85–88

Garstang SV, Miller-Smith SA (2007) Autonomic nervous system dysfunction after spinal cord injury. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 18:275–296 vi–vii

Olsson B, Szamosi J (2001) Multiple dose pharmacokinetics of a new once daily extended release tolterodine formulation versus immediate release tolterodine. Clin Pharmacokinet 40:227–235

Huerta C, Lanes SF, Garcia Rodriguez LA (2005) Respiratory medications and the risk of cardiac arrhythmias. Epidemiology 16:360–366

Brodde OE, Michel MC (1999) Adrenergic and muscarinic receptors in the human heart. Pharmacol Rev 51:651–690