The effect of roads on edge permeability and movement patterns for small mammals: a case study with Montane Akodont
Tóm tắt
Increased edge density is among the main negative effects of habitat loss and fragmentation. Roads are linear infrastructures that may promote barrier effects due to disturbance and mortality effects. We hypothesized that edges of habitat patches bordered by roads are less permeable than roadless edges. We tested whether edge permeability and avoidance are influenced by the presence of paved and dirt roads bordering habitat patches, relatively to roadless edges. We translocated 55 montane akodonts (Akodon montensis) from the interior of vegetation remnants to their edges, and tracked fine-scale movements using spool-and-line devices. Edges were bordered by dirt roads (n = 12 mice), paved roads (n = 21) or were not bordered by roads (n = 22). We assessed edge permeability by comparing the number of tracks with crossings, and by comparing the empirical data to simulated correlated random walks. We also assessed edge avoidance by comparing the net direction travelled and net displacement from edge. No edge crossings were recorded in roaded edges, whereas 36% of tracks in roadless edges crossed the edge at least once. Simulations indicated a significantly lower permeability of roaded edges, while the observed number of crossings in roadless edges was within the expected range. We found no evidence of higher avoidance of roaded edges, as both net direction travelled and displacement were similar across edge types. Roads decreased edge permeability for the montane akodont. This is likely to increase population isolation among vegetation remnants by reducing the structural connectivity in the already fragmented landscape.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Antunes PC, Campos MAA, Oliveira-Santos LGR, Graipel ME (2010) Population dynamics of Akodon montensis (Rodentia, Cricetidae) in the Atlantic forest of Southern Brazil. Mamm Biol 75:186–190
Ascensão F, LaPoint S, van der Ree R (2015) Roads, traffic and verges: big problems and big opportunities for small mammals. In: van der Ree R, Smith D, Grilo C (eds) Handbook of road ecology. Wiley, New York, pp 325–333
Baguette M, Dyck H (2007) Landscape connectivity and animal behavior: functional grain as a key determinant for dispersal. Landscape Ecol 22:1117–1129
Balkenhol N, Waits LP (2009) Molecular road ecology: exploring the potential of genetics for investigating transportation impacts on wildlife. Mol Ecol 18:4151–4164
Brehme CS, Tracey JA, McClenaghan LR, Fisher RN (2013) Permeability of roads to movement of scrubland lizards and small mammals. Conserv Biol 27:710–720
Brodie JF, Giordano AJ, Ambu L (2015) Differential responses of large mammals to logging and edge effects. Mamm Biol 80:7–13
Brooks TM, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, Da Fonseca GA, Rylands AB, Konstant WR, Flick P, Pilgrim J, Oldfield S, Magin G, Hilton-Taylor C (2002) Habitat loss and extinction in the hotspots of biodiversity. Conserv Biol 16:909–923
Clark RW, Brown WS, Stechert R, Zamudio KR (2010) Roads, interrupted dispersal, and genetic diversity in timber rattlesnakes. Conserv Biol 24:1059–1069
Collinge SK, Palmer TM (2002) The influences of patch shape and boundary contrast on insect response to fragmentation in California grasslands. Landscape Ecol 17:647–656
Cordeiro GM, Paula GA, Botter DA (1994) Improved likelihood ratio tests for dispersion models. Int Stat Rev 62:257
Costa LP, Leite YLR, Mendes SL, Ditchfield AD (2005) Mammal conservation in Brazil. Conserv Biol 19:672–679
Dantas AAA, de Carvalho LG, Ferreira E (2007) Climatic classification and tendencies in Lavras region, MG. Ciênc Agrotecnol 31:1862–1866
Ewers RM, Thorpe S, Didham RK (2007) Synergistic interactions between edge and area effects in a heavily fragmented landscape. Ecology 88:96–106
Fahrig L (2003) Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 34:487–515
Fischer J, Lindenmayer DB, Fahrig L (2003) Landscape modification and habitat fragmentation: a synthesis. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 34:487–515
Ford AT, Fahrig L (2008) Movement patterns of eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) near roads. J Mammal 89:895–903
Forman RTT, Deblinger RD (2000) The ecological road-effect zone of a Massachusetts (U.S.A.) suburban highway. Conserv Biol 14:36–46
Forman RTT, Sperling D, Bissonette JA, Clevenger AP, Cutshall CD, Dale VH, Fahrig L, France R, Goldman CR, Heanue K, Jones JA, Swanson FJ, Turrentine T, Winter TC (2003) Road ecology: science and solutions. Island Press, Washington, DC
Fuentes-Montemayor E, Cuaron AD, Vazquez-Dominguez E, Benítez-Malvido J, Valenzuela-Galván D, Andresen E (2009) Living on the edge: roads and edge effects on small mammal populations. J Anim Ecol 78:857–865
Galiano D, Kubiak BB, Marinho JR, de Freitas TRO (2013) Population dynamics of Akodon montensis and Oligoryzomys nigripes in an Araucaria forest of southern Brazil. Mammalia 77:173–179
Gerlach G, Musolf K (2000) Fragmentation of landscape as a cause for genetic subdivision in bank voles. Conserv Biol 14:1066–1074
Goodin DG, Paige R, Owen RD, Ghimire K, Koch DE, Chu YK, Jonsson CB (2009) Microhabitat characteristics of Akodon montensis, a reservoir for hantavirus, and hantaviral seroprevalence in an Atlantic forest site in eastern Paraguay. J Vector Ecol 34:104–113
Goosem M (2002) Effects of tropical rainforest roads on small mammals: fragmentation, edge effects and traffic disturbance. Wildl Res 29:277–302
Graipel ME, Miller PRM, Glock L (2003) Padrão de atividade de Akodon montensis e Oryzomys russatus na reserva volta velha, santa catarina, sul do brasil. Mastozool Neotrop 10:255–260
Holderegger R, Di Giulio M (2010) The genetic effects of roads: a review of empirical evidence. Basic Appl Ecol 11:522–531
Jammalamadaka SR, Sarma YR (1993) Circular regression. In: Matusita K, Puri ML, Hayakawa Y (eds) Statistical sciences and data analysis. VSP, Utrecht, pp 109–128
Klink CA, Machado RB (2005) Conservation of the Brazilian Cerrado. Conserv Biol 19:707–713
Laurance WF, Balmford A (2013) A global map for road building. Nature 495:308–309
Laurance WF, Camargo JLC, Luizão RCC, Laurance SG, Pimm SL, Bruna EM, Stouffer PC, Williamson GB, Benítez-Malvido J, Vasconcelos HL, Van Houtan KS (2011) The fate of Amazonian forest fragments: a 32-year investigation. Biol Conserv 144:56–67
Laurance WF, Clements GR, Sloan S, O’Connell CS, Mueller ND, Goosem M, Venter O, Edwards DP, Phalan B, Balmford A, Van Der Ree R (2014) A global strategy for road building. Nature 513:229–232
Laurance WF, Didham RK, Power ME (2001) Ecological boundaries: a search for synthesis. Trends Ecol Evol 16:70–71
Lesbarreres D, Fahrig L (2012) Measures to reduce population fragmentation by roads: what has worked and how do we know? Trends Ecol Evol 27:374–380
Maciel GA, Lutscher F (2013) How individual movement response to habitat edges affects population persistence and spatial spread. Am Nat 182:42–52
Manel S, Schwartz MK, Luikart G, Taberlet P (2003) Landscape genetics: combining landscape ecology and population genetics. Trends Ecol Evol 18:189–197
Manson RH, Ostfeld RS, Canham CD (1999) Responses of a small mammal community to heterogeneity along forest-old-field edges. Landscape Ecol 14:355–367
Martin PS, Gheler-Costa C, Lopes PC, Rosalino LM, Verdade LM (2012) Terrestrial non-volant small mammals in agro-silvicultural landscapes of southeastern Brazil. For Ecol Manag 282:185–195
McCall SC, McCarthy MA, van der Ree R, Harper MJ, Cesarini S, Soanes K (2010) Evidence that a highway reduces apparent survival rates of squirrel gliders. Ecol Soc 15(3):27
McDonald WR, Clair CCS (2004) The effects of artificial and natural barriers on the movement of small mammals in Banff National Park, Canada. Oikos 105:397–407
McGregor RL, Bender DJ, Fahrig L (2008) Do small mammals avoid roads because of the traffic? J Appl Ecol 45:117–123
McLaren AAD, Fahrig L, Waltho N (2011) Movement of small mammals across divided highways with vegetated medians. Can J Zool 89:1214–1222
Mendez M, Tella JL, Godoy JA (2011) Restricted gene flow and genetic drift in recently fragmented populations of an endangered steppe bird. Biol Conserv 144:2615–2622
Mimet A, Houet T, Julliard R, Simon L (2013) Assessing functional connectivity: a landscape approach for handling multiple ecological requirements. Methods Ecol Evol 4:453–463
Mittermeier RA, Myers N, Thomsen JB, Da Fonseca GA, Olivieri S (1998) Biodiversity hotspots and major tropical wilderness areas: approaches to setting conservation priorities. Conserv Biol 12:516–520
Murcia C (1995) Edge effects in fragmented forests: implications for conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 10:58–62
Owen RD, Goodin DG, Koch DE, Chu YK, Jonsson CB (2010) Spatiotemporal variation in Akodon montensis (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) and hantaviral seroprevalence in a subtropical forest ecosystem. J Mammal 91:467–481
Oxley DJ, Fenton MB, Carmody GR (1974) The effects of roads on populations of small mammals. J Appl Ecol 11:51–59
Porto FP, Molina-vacas G, Rodriguez J, Grilo C (2013) Effects of roads on spatial behaviour and abundance of small mammals: gaps in knowledge. Oecol Aust 17:63–76
Prevedello JA, Vieira MV (2010) Does the type of matrix matter? A quantitative review of the evidence. Biodivers Conserv 19:1205–1223
Puttker T, Pardini R, Meyer-Lucht Y, Sommer S (2008) Responses of five small mammal species to micro-scale variations in vegetation structure in secondary Atlantic Forest remnants, Brazil. BMC Ecol 8:9
Rico A, Kindlmann P, Sedlacek F (2007) Barrier effects of roads on movements of small mammals. Folia Zool 56:1–12
Ries L, Robert J, Fletcher J, Battin J, Sisk TD (2004) Ecological responses to habitat edges: mechanisms, models, and variability explained. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 35:491–522
Riley SPD, Pollinger JP, Sauvajot RM, York EC, Bromley C, Fuller TK, Wayne RK (2006) A southern California freeway is a physical and social barrier to gene flow in carnivores. Mol Ecol 15:1733–1741
Rohner C, Krebs C (1996) Owl predation on snowshoe hares: consequences of antipredator behaviour. Oecologia 108:303–310
Rondinini C, Doncaster CP (2002) Roads as barriers to movement for hedgehogs. Funct Ecol 16:504–509
Rytwinski T, Soanes K, Jaeger JAG, Fahrig L, Findlay CS, Houlahan J, Van Der Ree R, van der Grift EA (2016) How effective is road mitigation at reducing road-kill? A meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 11:e0166941
Silva JF, Farinas MR, Felfili JM, Klink CA (2006) Spatial heterogeneity, land use and conservation in the cerrado region of Brazil. J Biogeogr 33:536–548
Silva-Pereira JE, Moro-Rios RF, Bilski DR, Passos FC (2011) Diets of three sympatric Neotropical small cats: food niche overlap and interspecies differences in prey consumption. Mamm Biol 76:308–312
Smith JE, Batzli GO (2006) Dispersal and mortality of prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) in fragmented landscapes: a field experiment. Oikos 112:209–217
Stamps JA, Buechner M, Krishnan VV (1987) The effects of edge permeability and habitat geometry on emigration from patches of habitat. Am Nat 129:533–552
Stevens SM, Husband TP (1998) The influence of edge on small mammals: evidence from Brazilian Atlantic forest fragments. Biol Conserv 85:1–8
Strassburg BBN, Latawiec A, Balmford A (2016) Brazil: urgent action on Cerrado extinctions. Nature 540:199
Swihart RK, Slade NA (1984) Road crossing in Sigmodon hispidus and Microtus ochrogaster. J Mammal 65:357–360
Uezu A, Metzger JP, Vielliard JME (2005) Effects of structural and functional connectivity and patch size on the abundance of seven Atlantic forest bird species. Biol Conserv 123:507–519
Umetsu F, Pardini R (2007) Small mammals in a mosaic of forest remnants and anthropogenic habitats—evaluating matrix quality in an Atlantic forest landscape. Landscape Ecol 22:517–530
van der Ree R, Grilo C, Smith DJ (2015) Handbook of road ecology. Wiley, Chichester
Vieira EM, Paise G, Machado PHD (2006) Feeding of small rodents on seeds and fruits: a comparative analysis of three species of rodents of theAraucaria forest, southern Brazil. Acta Theriol (Warsz) 51:311–318
Youngquist MB, Boone MD (2014) Movement of amphibians through agricultural landscapes: the role of habitat on edge permeability. Biol Conserv 175:148–155
Zurita G, Pe’er G, Bellocq MI, Hansbauer MM (2012) Edge effects and their influence on habitat suitability calculations: a continuous approach applied to birds of the Atlantic forest. J Appl Ecol 49:503–512