Tác động của khí hậu địa phương và trạng thái thoát nước của đất đến tác động môi trường của sản xuất sữa dựa trên cỏ

Pooja Sharma1, James Humphreys2, Nicholas M. Holden1
1UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
2Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland

Tóm tắt

Mô hình hệ thống và đánh giá vòng đời (LCA) đã được sử dụng để đánh giá các tác động của biến đổi khí hậu, axit hóa và eutroph hóa đối với sản xuất sữa từ hệ thống chăn thả có mùa sinh, dựa trên đồng cỏ. Mục tiêu của nghiên cứu là đánh giá ảnh hưởng của khí hậu và tài nguyên đất đến tác động môi trường trên mỗi đơn vị sữa sản xuất tại cổng trang trại từ sản xuất sữa chăn nuôi dựa trên cỏ, có chi phí thấp và chăn thả luân phiên. Mô hình hệ thống sữa, Dairy_sim, được thiết kế để xác định các hệ thống sản xuất chăn nuôi mùa sinh tốt nhất dựa trên cỏ, xem xét sự tương tác giữa khí hậu và tài nguyên đất, đã được thử nghiệm sử dụng Kế hoạch Sữa Quốc gia Ireland và sau đó được sử dụng để đánh giá sự khác biệt khu vực trong quản lý hệ thống với các tài nguyên đất có khả năng thoát nước tốt, trung bình, trung bình-kém và kém. Đánh giá vòng đời đã được sử dụng để định lượng các tác động môi trường của khí hậu và trạng thái thoát nước của đất. Đầu ra của Dairy_sim được sử dụng làm dữ liệu hoạt động cho mô hình LCA. Những khác biệt đã được tìm thấy trong chiến thuật quản lý bị ảnh hưởng bởi khí hậu và tài nguyên thoát nước. Tác động của thoát nước kém làm giảm mật độ đàn, tăng thời gian chăn nuôi trong nhà và có nhu cầu lớn hơn cho cắt cỏ muộn và gia tăng đáng kể việc dựa vào cỏ ủ. Các tác động của biến đổi khí hậu, axit hóa và eutroph hóa cao hơn đối với quản lý tối ưu trên đất kém thoát nước. Biến đổi khí hậu dao động từ 1.06 kg CO2 eq./kg (thoát nước tốt) đến 1.18 kg CO2 eq./kg (thoát nước kém) đối với sữa đã được điều chỉnh năng lượng (ECM). Axit hóa và eutroph hóa dao động từ 3.87 đến 6.85 g SO2 eq./kg ECM và 2.69 đến 3.64 g PO4 eq./kg ECM, tương ứng. Khoảng 50% tài nguyên đất kém thoát nước có thể dễ dàng được sử dụng trong các hệ thống sản xuất sữa mà không làm tăng đáng kể tác động môi trường, trong đó phần đất thoát nước kém được sử dụng cho cỏ ủ. LCA kết hợp với mô hình tối ưu hóa hệ thống đã chỉ ra cách mà các thực hành quản lý trang trại sữa bị hạn chế bởi tài nguyên đất kém làm tăng tác động môi trường trên mỗi đơn vị sản phẩm.

Từ khóa

#biến đổi khí hậu #axit hóa #eutroph hóa #sản xuất sữa #mô hình hệ thống #đánh giá vòng đời #tài nguyên đất thoát nước

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