The effect of dyshemoglobins on pulse oximetry: Part I, theoretical approach and part II, experimental results using an in vitro test system

Stewart RD, Baretta ED, Platte LR, Stewart EB, Kalbfleisch JH, Van Yserloo B, Rimm AA. Carboxyhemoglobin levels in American blood donors. JAMA 1974;229:1187–1195

Zander R. Concentrations of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood of smokers and non-smokers. In: Zander R, Mertzlufft F, eds. The oxygen status of arterial blood. Basel: Karger, 1991:184–189

Clark CJ, Campbell D, Reid WH. Blood carboxyhemoglobin and cyanide levels in fire survivors. Lancet 1981;1:1332–1335

Tada K, Tokaji A, Odaka Y, Kurasako T, Mutoh J, Takatori M, Morimoto N, Matsumoto M, Kosaka F. A resuscitation puzzle: acute acquired methemoglobinemia. Crit Care Med 1987;15:614–615

Anderson ST, Hajduczek J, Barker SJ. Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia in an adult: accuracy of pulse oximetry with methemoglobinemia. Anesth Analg 1988;67:1099–1101

Curry S. Methemoglobinemia. Ann Emerg Med 1982;11:214–221

Barker SJ. Carboxyhemoglobin and pulse oximetry. Anesthesiology 1988;68:301 (letter)

Van Assendelft OW. Spectrophotometry of haemoglobin derivatives. Assen, The Netherlands: Royal van Gorcum Ltd, 1970

Barker SJ, Tremper KK. The effect of carbon monoxide inhalation on pulse oximetry and transcutaneous PO2. Anesthesiology 1987;66:677–679

Vegfors M, Lenmarken C. Carboxyhaemoglobinaemia and pulse oximetry. Br J Anaesth 1991;66:625–626

Barker SJ, Tremper KK, Hyatt J. Effects of methemoglobinemia on pulse oximetry and mixed venous oximetry. Anesthesiology 1989;70:112–117

Eisenkraft JB. Pulse oximeter desaturation due to methemoglobinemia. Anesthesiology 1988;68:279–282

Kelleher JF. Pulse oximetry. J Clin Monit 1989;5:37–62

Ralston AC, Webb RK, Runciman WB. Potential errors in pulse oximetry. III. Effects of interference, dyes, dyshaemoglobins and other pigments. Anaesthesia 1991;46:291–295

Nellcor N-200(E) pulse oximeter operator's manual. Hayward, CA: Nellcor, 1987:37

Zijlstra WG, Oeseburg B. Definition and notation of hemoglobin oxygen saturation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1989;36:872

de Kock JP, Reynolds KJ, Tarassenko L, Moyle JTB. The effect of varying LED intensity on pulse oximeter accuracy. J Med Eng Technol 1991;15:111–115

Reynolds KJ, de Kock JP, Tarassenko L, Moyle JTB. The temperature dependence of LEDs and its theoretical effect on pulse oximetry. Br J Anaesth 1991;67:638–643

Pologe JA. Pulse oximetry: technical aspects of machine design. Int Anesthesiol Clin 1987;25:137–153

Reynolds KJ, Moyle JTB, Sykes MK, Hahn CEW. Response of 10 pulse oximeters to an in vitro test system. Br J Anaesth 1992;68:365–369

Tremper KK, Barker SJ. Pulse oximetry. Anesthesiology 1989;70:98–108