The effect of a multimodal intervention program on cognitive and daily function of older persons residing in rural communities: A pilot study

Baek, 2021, Geriatrics fact sheet in Korea 2021, Ann Geriatr Med Res, 25, 65, 10.4235/agmr.21.0063 Statistics Korea. Census of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries in 2021. Accessed 30 November 2022. https://kostat.go.kr/portal/korea/kor_nw/1/8/6/index.board?bmode=read&bSeq=&aSeq=417699&pageNo=1&rowNum=10&navCount=10&currPg=&searchInfo=&sTarget=title&sTxt= Ministry of Health and Welfare Korea. The 4th National dementia plan. Accessed 30 December 2020. http://www.mohw.go.kr/react/jb/sjb030301vw.jsp?PAR_MENU_ID=03&MENU_ID=0319&CONT_SEQ=360099 National Institute of Dementia Korea. Dementia today 2021. Accessed 6 March 2021. https://www.nid.or.kr/info/today_list.aspx Lee, 2020 Marshall, 2011, Executive function and instrumental activities of daily living in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease, Alzheimers Dement, 7, 300, 10.1016/j.jalz.2010.04.005 Kane RL, Butler M, Fink HA, et al. Interventions to prevent age-related cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, and clinical Alzheimer's-type dementia. Accessed 10 March 2021. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK442425/ Verghese, 2006, Leisure activities and the risk of amnestic mild cognitive impairment in the elderly, Neurol, 66, 821, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000202520.68987.48 Buschert, 2010, Cognitive intervention in Alzheimer disease, Nat Rev Neurol, 6, 508, 10.1038/nrneurol.2010.113 Rahe, 2015, Effects of cognitive training with additional physical activity compared to pure cognitive training in healthy older adults, Clin Interv Aging, 10, 297, 10.2147/CIA.S74071 Olanrewaju, 2015, A multimodal approach to dementia prevention: a report from the Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Alzheimers Dement, 1, 151, 10.1016/j.trci.2015.08.003 Gavelin, 2021, Combined physical and cognitive training for older adults with and without cognitive impairment: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Ageing Res Rev, 66, 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101232 Fissler, 2013, Novelty interventions to enhance broad cognitive abilities and prevent dementia: synergistic approaches for the facilitation of positive plastic change, 403, 10.1016/B978-0-444-63327-9.00017-5 Bamidis, 2014, A review of physical and cognitive interventions in aging, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 44, 206, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.019 Kelly, 2014, The impact of cognitive training and mental stimulation on cognitive and everyday functioning of healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Ageing Res Rev, 15, 28, 10.1016/j.arr.2014.02.004 Zhu, 2016, The more the better? A meta-analysis on effects of combined cognitive and physical intervention on cognition in healthy older adults, Ageing Res Rev, 31, 67, 10.1016/j.arr.2016.07.003 Niki, 2019, Role of frontal functions in executing routine sequential tasks, Front Psychol, 10, 169, 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00169 Martin, 2011, Cognition-based interventions for older people and people with mild cognitive impairment, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 19 Russ, 2012, Geographical variation in dementia: systematic review with meta-analysis, Int J Epidemiol, 41, 1012, 10.1093/ije/dys103 Han, 2010, A normative study of the mini-mental state examination for dementia screening (MMSE-DS) and its short form (SMMSE-DS) in the Korean elderly, J Korean Geriatr Psychiatry, 14, 10 Barnes, 2013, The Mental Activity and eXercise (MAX) trial: a randomized controlled trial to enhance cognitive function in older adults, JAMA Intern Med, 173, 797, 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.189 Lam, 2015, Would older adults with mild cognitive impairment adhere to and benefit from a structured lifestyle activity intervention to enhance cognition? A cluster randomized controlled trial, PloS One, 10, 10.1371/journal.pone.0118173 Lautenschlager, 2008, Effect of physical activity on cognitive function in older adults at risk for Alzheimer disease: a randomized trial, JAMA, 300, 1027, 10.1001/jama.300.9.1027 Lampit, 2014, Computerized cognitive training in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of effect modifiers, PLoS Med, 11, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001756 Tudor-Locke, 2011, How many steps/day are enough? For older adults and special populations, Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 8, 1 Kang, 2012 Kang, 2002, The reliability and validity of the Korean instrumental activities of daily living (K-IADL), J Korean Neurol Assoc, 20, 8 Norton, 2014, Potential for primary prevention of Alzheimer's disease: an analysis of population-based data, Lancet Neurol, 13, 788, 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70136-X Williams, 2010, Preventing Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline, Evid Rep Technol Assess, 193, 1 Charlson, 1987, A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation, J Chronic Dis, 40, 373, 10.1016/0021-9681(87)90171-8 Jung, 2020, Television viewing and cognitive dysfunction of Korean older adults, Healthcare, 8, 547, 10.3390/healthcare8040547 Jung, 1997, A study of standardization of Korean form of Geriatric Depression Scale (KGDS), J Korean Geriatr Psychiatry, 1, 61 Lee, 2013, The use of the Korean version of Short Form Geriatric Depression Scale (SGDS-K) in the community dwelling elderly in Korea, J Korean Geriatr Psychiatry, 1, 37 Buysse, 1989, The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research, Psychiatry Res, 28, 193, 10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4 Solomon, 2021, Multidomain interventions: state-of-the-art and future directions for protocols to implement precision dementia risk reduction. A user manual for Brain Health Services, Alzheimers Res Ther, 13, 1, 10.1186/s13195-021-00875-8 Bae, 2019, The effect of a multicomponent intervention to promote community activity on cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial, Complement Ther Med, 42, 164, 10.1016/j.ctim.2018.11.011 Dannhauser, 2014, A complex multimodal activity intervention to reduce the risk of dementia in mild cognitive impairment–ThinkingFit: pilot and feasibility study for a randomized controlled trial, BMC Psychiatry, 14, 1, 10.1186/1471-244X-14-129 Szanton, 2015, Older adults' favorite activities are resoundingly active: findings from the NHATS study, Geriatr Nurs, 36, 131, 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2014.12.008 McDonough, 2019, A review on the trajectory of attentional mechanisms in aging and the Alzheimer's disease continuum through the attention network test, Yale J Biol Med, 92, 37 Li, 2014, Multimodal intervention in older adults improves resting-state functional connectivity between the medial prefrontal cortex and medial temporal lobe, Front Aging Neurosci, 6, 39, 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00039