The dual role of CTLA-4 in Leishmania infection

Lipoldová, 2000, Susceptibility to Leishmania major infection in mice: multiple loci and heterogeneity of immunopathological phenotypes, Genes Immun., 1, 200, 10.1038/sj.gene.6363660 Reiner, 1995, The regulation of immunity to Leishmania major, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 13, 151, 10.1146/annurev.iy.13.040195.001055 Szabo, 1997, Regulation of the interleukin (IL)-12R beta2 subunit expression in developing T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells, J. Exp. Med., 185, 817, 10.1084/jem.185.5.817 Himmelrich, 1998, The IL-4 rapidly produced in BALB/c mice after infection with Leishmania major down-regulates IL-12 receptor beta2-chain expression on CD4+ T cells resulting in a state of unresponsiveness to IL-12, J. Immunol., 161, 6156, 10.4049/jimmunol.161.11.6156 Chambers, 2001, CTLA-4-mediated inhibition in regulation of T cell responses: mechanisms and manipulation in tumor immunotherapy, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 19, 565, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.19.1.565 Chambers, 1999, Costimulatory regulation of T cell function, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 11, 203, 10.1016/S0955-0674(99)80027-1 Boise, 1995, CD28 costimulation can promote T cell survival by enhancing the expression of Bcl-xL, Immunity, 3, 87, 10.1016/1074-7613(95)90161-2 Sperling, 1996, CD28/B7 interactions deliver a unique signal to naive T cells that regulates cell survival but not early proliferation, J. Immunol., 157, 3909, 10.4049/jimmunol.157.9.3909 Lee, 1998, Molecular basis of T cell inactivation by CTLA-4, Science, 282, 2263, 10.1126/science.282.5397.2263 Perez, 1997, Induction of peripheral T cell tolerance in vivo requires CTLA-4 engagement, Immunity, 6, 411, 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80284-8 Tivol, 1995, Loss of CTLA-4 leads to massive lymphoproliferation and fatal multiorgan tissue destruction, revealing a critical negative regulatory role of CTLA-4, Immunity, 3, 541, 10.1016/1074-7613(95)90125-6 Metz, 1998, Differential role of CTLA-4 in regulation of resting memory versus naive CD4 T cell activation, J. Immunol., 161, 5855, 10.4049/jimmunol.161.11.5855 Chambers, 1997, Lymphoproliferation in CTLA-4-deficient mice is mediated by costimulation-dependent activation of CD4+ T cells, Immunity, 7, 885, 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80406-9 Khattri, 1999, Lymphoproliferative disorder in CTLA-4 knockout mice is characterized by CD28-regulated activation of Th2 responses, J. Immunol., 162, 5784, 10.4049/jimmunol.162.10.5784 Masteller, 2000, Structural analysis of CTLA-4 function in vivo, J. Immunol., 164, 5319, 10.4049/jimmunol.164.10.5319 Lin, 1998, Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) blockade accelerates the acute rejection of cardiac allografts in CD28-deficient mice: CTLA-4 can function independently of CD28, J. Exp. Med., 188, 199, 10.1084/jem.188.1.199 Alegre, 1998, Expression and function of CTLA-4 in Th1 and Th2 cells, J. Immunol., 161, 3347, 10.4049/jimmunol.161.7.3347 Chen, 1998, Engagement of cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated-antigen 4 (CTLA-4) induces transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) production by murine CD4+ T cells, J. Exp. Med., 188, 1849, 10.1084/jem.188.10.1849 Gorelik, 2000, Abrogation of TGF-β signaling in T cells leads to spontaneous T cell differentiation and autoimmune disease, Immunity, 12, 171, 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80170-3 Swain, 1991, Transforming growth factor-beta and IL-4 cause helper T cell precursors to develop into distinct effector helper cells that differ in lymphokine secretion pattern and cell surface phenotype, J. Immunol., 147, 2991, 10.4049/jimmunol.147.9.2991 Gorelik, 2000, Cutting edge: TGF-β inhibits Th2 development through inhibition of GATA-3 expression, J. Immunol., 165, 4773, 10.4049/jimmunol.165.9.4773 Ludviksson, 2000, The effect of TGF-β1 on immune responses of naive versus memory CD4+ Th1/Th2 T cells, Eur. J. Immunol., 30, 2101, 10.1002/1521-4141(200007)30:7<2101::AID-IMMU2101>3.0.CO;2-P Kato, 2000, Polarization of naive CD4+ T cells toward the Th1 subset by CTLA-4 costimulation, J. Immunol., 164, 3554, 10.4049/jimmunol.164.7.3554 Read, 2000, Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 plays an essential role in the function of CD25+CD4+ regulatory cells that control intestinal inflammation, J. Exp. Med., 192, 295, 10.1084/jem.192.2.295 Kitani, 2000, Activated self-MHC-reactive T cells have the cytokine phenotype of Th3/T regulatory cell 1 T cells, J. Immunol., 165, 691, 10.4049/jimmunol.165.2.691 Schwarz, 2000, Evidence for functional relevance of CTLA-4 in ultraviolet-radiation-induced tolerance, J. Immunol., 165, 1824, 10.4049/jimmunol.165.4.1824 Jonuleit, 2000, Induction of interleukin 10-producing, nonproliferating CD4+ T cells with regulatory properties by repetitive stimulation with allogeneic immature human dendritic cells, J. Exp. Med., 192, 1213, 10.1084/jem.192.9.1213 Noel, 2001, Chronic exposure to superantigen induces regulatory CD4+ T cells with IL-10-mediated suppressive activity, Int. Immunol., 13, 431, 10.1093/intimm/13.4.431 Barral-Netto, 1992, Transforming growth factor-beta in leishmanial infection: a parasite escape mechanism, Science, 257, 545, 10.1126/science.1636092 Li, 1999, Anti-TGF-β treatment promotes rapid healing of Leishmania major infection in mice by enhancing in vivo nitric oxide production, J. Immunol., 162, 974, 10.4049/jimmunol.162.2.974 Nelson, 1991, Differential susceptibility of activated macrophage cytotoxic effector reactions to the suppressive effects of transforming growth factor-beta 1, J. Immunol., 146, 1849, 10.4049/jimmunol.146.6.1849 Karp, 1993, In vivo cytokine profiles in patients with kala-azar; marked elevation of both interleukin-10 and interferon-gamma, J. Clin. Invest., 91, 1644, 10.1172/JCI116372 Saha, 1998, CTLA4 (CD152) modulates the Th subset response and alters the course of experimental Leishmania major infection, Eur. J. Immunol., 28, 4213, 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199812)28:12<4213::AID-IMMU4213>3.0.CO;2-C Heinzel, 1999, Interleukin-4-independent acceleration of cutaneous leishmaniasis in susceptible BALB/c mice following treatment with anti-CTLA-4 antibody, Infect. Immun., 67, 6454, 10.1128/IAI.67.12.6454-6460.1999 Leach, 1996, Enhancement of antitumor immunity by CTLA-4 blockade, Science, 271, 1734, 10.1126/science.271.5256.1734 Murphy, 1998, Blockade of CTLA-4 enhances host resistance to the intracellular pathogen, Leishmania donovani, J. Immunol., 161, 4153, 10.4049/jimmunol.161.8.4153 Murphy, 1997, B7-2 blockade enhances T cell responses to Leishmania donovani, J. Immunol., 159, 4460, 10.4049/jimmunol.159.9.4460 Kaye, 1991, Differential production of Th1- and Th2-derived cytokines does not determine the genetically controlled or vaccine-induced rate of cure in murine visceral leishmaniasis, J. Immunol., 146, 2763, 10.4049/jimmunol.146.8.2763 Wilson, 1998, The importance of TGF-β in murine visceral leishmaniasis, J. Immunol., 161, 6148, 10.4049/jimmunol.161.11.6148 Kaye, 1994, Deficient expression of co-stimulatory molecules on Leishmania-infected macrophages, Eur. J. Immunol., 24, 2850, 10.1002/eji.1830241140 Saha, 1995, Macrophage-T cell interaction in experimental visceral leishmaniasis: failure to express costimulatory molecules on Leishmania-infected macrophages and its implication in the suppression of cell-mediated immunity, Eur. J. Immunol., 25, 2492, 10.1002/eji.1830250913 Gomes, 1998, Unresponsive CD4+ T lymphocytes from Leishmania chagasi-infected mice increase cytokine production and mediate parasite killing after blockade of B7-1/CTLA-4 molecular pathway, J. Infect. Dis., 178, 1847, 10.1086/314520 Elloso, 1999, Expression and contribution of B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) in the early immune response to Leishmania major infection, J. Immunol., 162, 6708, 10.4049/jimmunol.162.11.6708 Karandikar, 1998, Tissue specific up-regulation of B7-1 expression and function during the course of murine relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, J. Immunol., 161, 192, 10.4049/jimmunol.161.1.192 Gomes, 2000, TGF-β mediates CTLA-4 suppression of cellular immunity in murine kalaazar, J. Immunol., 164, 2001, 10.4049/jimmunol.164.4.2001 Gomes, 2000, Early in vitro priming of distinct Th cell subsets determines polarized growth of visceralizing Leishmania in macrophages, Int. Immunol., 12, 1227, 10.1093/intimm/12.9.1227 Freire-de-Lima, 2000, Uptake of apoptotic cells drives the growth of a pathogenic trypanosome in macrophages, Nature, 403, 199, 10.1038/35003208 Mukhopadhyay, 1993, Effect of a bis(benzyl)polyamine analogue, and DL-alpha-difluoromethylornithine on parasite suppression and cellular polyamine levels in golden hamster during Leishmania donovani infection, Pharmacol. Res., 28, 359, 10.1006/phrs.1993.1138 Jiang, 1999, Ornithine decarboxylase gene deletion mutants of Leishmania donovani, J. Biol. Chem., 274, 3781, 10.1074/jbc.274.6.3781 Lopes, 2000, The macrophage haunted by cell ghosts: a pathogen grows, Immunol. Today, 21, 489, 10.1016/S0167-5699(00)01713-8 Fitzpatrick, 1999, Transforming growth factor β in infectious disease: always there for the host and the pathogen, Trends Microbiol., 7, 232, 10.1016/S0966-842X(99)01498-5 Omer, 2000, Maintaining the immunological balance in parasitic infections: a role for TGF-β?, Parasitol. Today, 16, 18, 10.1016/S0169-4758(99)01562-8