The dependence of the measured cool skin of the ocean on wind stress and total heat flux
Tóm tắt
The temperature drop δT between the ocean surface and the 5-cm depth was recorded during GATE, Phase III. With measured values of the total heat flux Q and an assumption about the thickness of the viscous boundary layer of the ocean, the wind-speed dependence of the factor of proportionality between δT and Q is determined. This factor depends on the deviations of the thickness of the conductive layer from the thickness of the viscous layer and possibly partially on the wind stress. A further assumption about the thickness of the conductive layer leads to a wind-speed dependence of the ratio between total wind stress and its wave supporting part of it. This ratio increases from a value 1.5 at 1 m s−1 to 9 at 10 m s−1, which is in agreement with existing estimates.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Barger, W. R. and Garrett W. P.: 1968, Modification of the Air/Sea Interface by Artificial Sea Slicks, U.S. Naval Res. Lab., Report 6762.
Chang, J. H. and Wagner, R. N.: 1975, ‘Laboratory Measurement of Surface Temperature Fluctuations induced by Small Amplitude Surface Waves’, J. Geophys. Res. 80, 2677.
Clauss, E., Hinzpeter, H., and Müller-Glewe, J.: 1970, Messungen zur Temperaturstruktur im Wasser an der Grenzfläche Ozean-Atmosphäre, Meteor-Forsch.-Ergebnisse, Reihe B, No. 5, 90–94.
Dobson, F. W.: 1971, ‘Measurements of Atmospheric Pressure on Wind-generated Sea Waves’, J. Fluid Mech. 48, 91–127.
Grassl, H. and Hinzpeter, H.: 1975, The Cool Skin of the Ocean, GATE-Report 14, Vol. I, WMO/ICSU, Geneva, 229–236.
Hasse, L.: 1971, ‘The Sea Surface Temperature Deviation and the Heat Flow at the Sea-air Interface’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 1, 368–379.
Hasselmann, K., Barnett, T. P., Bouws, E., Carlson, H., Cartwright, D. E., Enke, K., Ewing, J. A., Gienapp, H. G., Hasselmann D. E., Krusemann, P., Meerbur, A., Müller, P., Olbers D. J., Richter, K., Sell, W., and Walden, H.: 1973; Measurements of Wind-wave Growth and Swell Decay during the Joint North Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP), Ergänzungsheft zur Deutschen Hydrographischen Zeitschrift, Reihe A (8ℴ) Nr. 12, 95 Seiten.
Hill, R. H.: 1970, Laboratory Measurements of Heat Transfer Wind Velocity Profiles, and Temperature Structure at an Air-water Interface, Rep. 7212, 31 pp. U.S. Naval Res. Lab. Washington, D.C.
Katsaros, K. B.: 1975, The Sea Surface Temperature Deviation at Very Low Wind Speeds, Tellus (in press).
McAlister, E. D. and McLeish, W.: 1969, ‘Heat Transfer in the Top Millimeter of the Ocean’, J. Geophys. Res. 74, 3408.
Müller-Glewe, J. and Hinzpeter, H.: 1975. Turbulent Fluxes in the ITCZ during GATE Phase III at Station 27, GATE-Report 14, Vol. II, WMO/ICSU, Geneva, 224–232.
Paulson, C. A. and Parker, T. W.: 1972, ‘Cooling of a Water Surface by Evaporation, Radiation and Heat Transfer’, J. Geophys. Res. 77, 491–495.
Saunders P. M.: 1967. ‘The Temperature at the Ocean-air Interface’, J. Atmos. Sci. 24, 269–273.
Smith S. D. and Banke, E. G.: 1975, ‘Variation of the Sea Surface Drag Coefficient with Wind Speed’, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 101, 665–673.
Stewart, R. W.: 1961, ‘The Wave Drag of Wind over Water’, J. Fluid Mech. 10, 189.
Witting, J.: 1972, ‘Temperature Fluctuations at an Air-water Interface caused by Surface Waves’, J. Geophys. Res. 77, 3265.