The cytolethal distending toxin of Haemophilus ducreyi aggravates dermal lesions in a rabbit model of chancroid

Trees, 1995, Chancroid and Haemophilus ducreyi: an update, Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 8, 357, 10.1128/CMR.8.3.357 Steen, 2001, Eradicating chancroid, Bull. Who, 79, 818 Sheldon, 1945, Observations on the histology with an evaluation of biopsy as a diagnostic procedure, Am. J. Pathol., 22, 415 Freinkel, 1987, Histological aspects of sexually transmitted genital lesions, Histopathology, 11, 819, 10.1111/j.1365-2559.1987.tb01885.x King, 1996, An immunohistochemical analysis of naturally occurring chancroid, J. Infect. Dis., 174, 427, 10.1093/infdis/174.2.427 Palmer, 1998, The immune response to Haemophilus ducreyi resembles a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction throughout experimental infection of human subjects, J. Infect. Dis., 178, 1688, 10.1086/314489 Spinola, 1996, Haemophilus ducreyi elicits a cutaneous infiltrate of CD4 cells during experimental human infection, J. Infect. Dis., 173, 394, 10.1093/infdis/173.2.394 Bauer, 2001, Haemophilus ducreyi associates with phagocytes, collagen, and fibrin and remains extracellular throughout infection of human volunteers, Infect. Immun., 69, 2549, 10.1128/IAI.69.4.2549-2557.2001 2001 Ahmed, 2001, Prevalence of cdtABC genes encoding cytolethal distending toxin among Haemophilus ducreyi and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans strains, J. Med. Microbiol., 50, 860, 10.1099/0022-1317-50-10-860 Throm, 2001, Transcription of candidate virulence genes of Haemophilus ducreyi during infection of human volunteers, Infect. Immun., 69, 1483, 10.1128/IAI.69.3.1483-1487.2001 Thelestam, 2004, Cytolethal distending toxins, Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol., 152, 111, 10.1007/s10254-004-0030-8 Pickett, 1999, The cytolethal distending toxin family, Trends Microbiol., 7, 292, 10.1016/S0966-842X(99)01537-1 Elwell, 2000, DNase I homologous residues in CdtB are critical for cytolethal distending toxin-mediated cell cycle arrest, Mol. Microbiol., 37, 952, 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.02070.x Lara-Tejero, 2000, A bacterial toxin that controls cell cycle progression as a deoxyribonuclease I-like protein, Science, 290, 354, 10.1126/science.290.5490.354 Frisk, 2001, The role of different protein components from the Haemophilus ducreyi cytolethal distending toxin in the generation of cell toxicity, Microb. Pathog., 30, 313, 10.1006/mpat.2000.0436 Nesic, 2004, Assembly and function of a bacterial genotoxin, Nature, 429, 429, 10.1038/nature02532 Cortes-Bratti, 2001, The Haemophilus ducreyi cytolethal distending toxin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via the DNA damage checkpoint pathways, J. Biol. Chem., 276, 5296, 10.1074/jbc.M008527200 Wising, 2005, Induction of apoptosis/necrosis in various human cell lineages by Haemophilus ducreyi cytolethal distending toxin, Toxicon, 45, 767, 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.01.016 Cortes-Bratti, 1999, The cytolethal distending toxin from the chancroid bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi induces cell-cycle arrest in the G2 phase, J. Clin. Invest., 103, 107, 10.1172/JCI3831 Wising, 2002, Toxicity and immunogenicity of purified Haemophilus ducreyi cytolethal distending toxin in a rabbit model, Microb. Pathog., 33, 49, 10.1006/mpat.2002.0516 Svensson, 2001, The impact of Haemophilus ducreyi cytolethal distending toxin on cells involved in immune response, Microb. Pathog., 30, 157, 10.1006/mpat.2000.0422 Svensson, 2002, The cytolethal distending toxin of Haemophilus ducreyi inhibits endothelial cell proliferation, Infect. Immun., 70, 2665, 10.1128/IAI.70.5.2665-2669.2002 Purven, 1992, Haemophilus ducreyi, a cytotoxin-producing bacterium, Infect. Immun., 60, 1156, 10.1128/iai.60.3.1156-1162.1992 Gelfanova, 1999, Cytolethal distending toxin of Haemophilus ducreyi induces apoptotic death of Jurkat T cells, Infect. Immun., 67, 6394, 10.1128/IAI.67.12.6394-6402.1999 Spinola, 2002, Immunopathogenesis of Haemophilus ducreyi infection (chancroid), Infect. Immun., 70, 1667, 10.1128/IAI.70.4.1667-1676.2002 Hammond, 1978, Antimicrobial susceptibility of Haemophilus ducreyi, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 13, 608, 10.1128/AAC.13.4.608 Feiner, 1945, Infectivity of Haemophilus ducreyi for the rabbit and the development of skin hypersensitivity, Am. J. Syph. Gonorrhea Vener. Dis., 29, 71 Odumeru, 1985, Role of lipopolysaccharide and complement in susceptibility of Haemophilus ducreyi to human serum, Infect. Immun., 50, 495, 10.1128/iai.50.2.495-499.1985 Dienst, 1948, Virulence and antigenicity of Haemophilus ducreyi, Am. J. Syph. Gonorrhea Vener. Dis., 32, 289 Lagergard, 1992, The role of Haemophilus ducreyi bacteria, cytotoxin, endotoxin and antibodies in animal models for study of chancroid, Microb. Pathog., 13, 203, 10.1016/0882-4010(92)90021-F Purcell, 1991, A temperature-dependent rabbit model for production of dermal lesions by Haemophilus ducreyi, J. Infect. Dis., 164, 359, 10.1093/infdis/164.2.359 Stevens, 1999, Characterization of a Haemophilus ducreyi mutant deficient in expression of cytolethal distending toxin, Infect. Immun., 67, 3900, 10.1128/IAI.67.8.3900-3908.1999 Lewis, 2001, Characterization of Haemophilus ducreyi cdtA, cdtB, and cdtC mutants in in vitro and in vivo systems, Infect. Immun., 69, 5626, 10.1128/IAI.69.9.5626-5634.2001 Young, 2001, Expression of cytolethal distending toxin and hemolysin is not required for pustule formation by Haemophilus ducreyi in human volunteers, Infect. Immun., 69, 1938, 10.1128/IAI.69.3.1938-1942.2001 Okuda, 1997, Examination of diarrheagenicity of cytolethal distending toxin: suckling mouse response to the products of the cdtABC genes of Shigella dysenteriae, Infect. Immun., 65, 428, 10.1128/iai.65.2.428-433.1997 Purdy, 2000, Characterisation of cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) mutants of Campylobacter jejuni, J. Med. Microbiol., 49, 473, 10.1099/0022-1317-49-5-473 Fox, 2004, Gastroenteritis in NF-kappaB-deficient mice is produced with wild-type Campylobacter jejuni but not with C. jejuni lacking cytolethal distending toxin despite persistent colonization with both strains, Infect. Immun., 72, 1116, 10.1128/IAI.72.2.1116-1125.2004 Young, 2004, In vitro and in vivo characterization of Helicobacter hepaticus cytolethal distending toxin mutants, Infect. Immun., 72, 2521, 10.1128/IAI.72.5.2521-2527.2004 Dewhirst, 1992, Phylogeny of 54 representative strains of species in the family Pasteurellaceae as determined by comparison of 16S rRNA sequences, J. Bacteriol., 174, 2002, 10.1128/jb.174.6.2002-2013.1992 Mattsby-Baltzer, 1991, Endotoxin shedding by enterobacteria: free and cell-bound endotoxin differ in Limulus activity, Infect. Immun., 59, 689, 10.1128/iai.59.2.689-695.1991 Totten, 1994, A primate model for chancroid, J. Infect. Dis., 169, 1284, 10.1093/infdis/169.6.1284 Molne, 2000, An experimental model of cutaneous infection induced by superantigen-producing Staphylococcus aureus, J. Invest. Dermatol., 114, 1120, 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00973.x Gelfanova, 2001, Characterization of Haemophilus ducreyi-specific T-cell lines from lesions of experimentally infected human subjects, Infect. Immun., 69, 4224, 10.1128/IAI.69.7.4224-4231.2001 Spinola, 1994, Experimental human infection with Haemophilus ducreyi, J. Infect. Dis., 169, 1146, 10.1093/infdis/169.5.1146 Desjardins, 1995, Inducible immunity with a pilus preparation booster vaccination in an animal model of Haemophilus ducreyi infection and disease, Infect. Immun., 63, 2012, 10.1128/iai.63.5.2012-2020.1995 Desjardins, 1996, Evaluation of humoral and cell-mediated inducible immunity to Haemophilus ducreyi in an animal model of chancroid, Infect. Immun., 64, 1778, 10.1128/iai.64.5.1778-1788.1996 Xu, 2004, Interactions of Haemophilus ducreyi and purified cytolethal distending toxin with human monocyte-derived dendritic cells, macrophages and CD4+ T cells, Microbes Infect., 6, 1171, 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.07.003 Ahmed, 2002, In vitro and in vivo interactions of Haemophilus ducreyi with host phagocytes, Infect. Immun., 70, 899, 10.1128/IAI.70.2.899-908.2002 Vakevainen, 2003, Inhibition of phagocytosis by Haemophilus ducreyi requires expression of the LspA1 and LspA2 proteins, Infect. Immun., 71, 5994, 10.1128/IAI.71.10.5994-6003.2003 Leduc, 2004, A novel lectin, DltA, is required for expression of a full serum resistance phenotype in Haemophilus ducreyi, Infect. Immun., 72, 3418, 10.1128/IAI.72.6.3418-3428.2004