The consultation of rugby players in co-developing a player health study: feasibility and consequences of sports participants as research partners
Tóm tắt
Many funding bodies within the United Kingdom and globally have encouraged public involvement in research. The Department of Health has also called public involvement a sign of good research. Despite the wide acceptance of public involvement improving many aspects of research, from its design to its communication, involvement has varied levels of implementation across different fields of research. Sports people have rarely been involved in research, partly as this research tends not to be funded by mainstream funding bodies. This may lead to a lower research quality, not founded in player (‘service user’) experiences. When creating a study of former rugby player health, we were very keen to involve rugby players, understand their thoughts on player health, and their playing experiences. This article explains how rugby players were involved in several ways, but mainly in group discussions during the design stage. These groups helped to inform our study’s aims and questionnaire, ensure the questionnaire would capture player experiences and answer questions relevant to players, that they would like to understand after their participation in rugby. We found that these groups were easy to arrange, and that in only one session with each group, we were given many ideas of how to improve the questionnaire and study. We believe that other studies in sports should involve sports people, and that this is a useful activity that will change data collection forms and processes, improving the research, helping researchers, and making studies more suitable for players who take part in them.
Background Patient and public involvement (‘involvement’) in the UK has increased in accordance with funding requirements, patient-centered health policy initiatives and reporting of the positive impact of involvement for those involved, research and researchers. However, involvement has not been implemented equally across all disease areas and populations. The aim of this process was to involve rugby players across the research cycle of a player health study, ensure the study is player-centred, and that players had approved and informed the design of the study and its questionnaire from their playing experiences.
Methods Two group discussions were undertaken with current students who were playing rugby at a Collegiate University. All male and female University rugby players and two College rugby teams were approached to become involved. Sessions were chaired by a player-lead using a topic guide and were audio-recorded and transcribed. Player suggestions were extracted by the player-lead and discussed within the study team for inclusion in the player health study and its questionnaire.
Results Players readily engaged with the sessions and made many contributions to the development of the study and the questionnaire. Players discussed whether certain topics were being collected satisfactorily, and whether the questionnaire would encompass their playing experiences or that of other players. Players suggested where answers might be less reliable, and ways in which this could be improved. Players recommended additions to the questionnaire, and questioned researchers on the choice of language, motivation for question inclusion and if measures were standardised or novel. Alterations were made to the questionnaire based on suggestions, where these were agreed by the study team.
Conclusions Involving a group of players in the design of a player health study and questionnaire was not an arduous process and was rewarding for researchers. The process resulted in numerous alterations to the questionnaire and its functionality, which may improve response rate, the experience of players participating in the player health study, and their ability to report relevant information aligned with their previous experience. Player involvement in research was feasible to implement and improved not only the questionnaire, but also researcher confidence in the project and player experiences being accurately captured and leading a reliable data collection processes in a population with the potential for cultural bias to affect the ascertainment of health, pain and injury.
Tài liệu tham khảo
INVOLVE. Briefing Notes for Researchers: Involving the Public in the NHS, Public Health and Social Care Research. Eastleigh: INVOLVE; 2012.
Koniotou M, Halter M, Evans BA, Porter A, Gaze S. Developing a model to involve service users in a multi-centred trial of a complex intervention in pre-hospital emergency care. Emerg Med J. 2015;32:e9.1–e9.
Adams J, Lempp H. Patients’ and carers’ direct involvement in musculoskeletal research and service delivery: what are the benefits and challenges? Rheumatology. 2014;53(suppl_1):keu052.
Wright D, Foster C, Amir Z, Elliott J, Wilson R. Critical appraisal guidelines for assessing the quality and impact of user involvement in research. Health Expect. 2010;13:359–68.
NHS National Institute for Health Research. Patient and public involvement in health and social care research: A handbook for researchers. 2014.
Minogue V. Research and Development Strategy 2013–2018: Research Is Everybody’s Business. 2013.
Department of Health. Research governance framework for health and social care (Second edition, 2005). Health Soc Care Community. 2005;10:1–54.
Staley K. Is it worth doing?’ Measuring the impact of patient and public involvement in research. Res Involv Engagem. 2015;1:1–10.
Wright DN, Corner JL, Hopkinson JB, Foster CL. The case for user involvement in research: the research priorities of cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res. 2007;9 Suppl 2:S3.
Staniszewska S, Jones N, Newburn M, Marshall S. User involvement in the development of a research bid: barriers, enablers and impacts. Health Expect. 2007;10:173–83.
Taylor RM, Mohain J, Gibson F, Solanki A, Whelan J, Fern LA. Novel participatory methods of involving patients in research: naming and branding a longitudinal cohort study, BRIGHTLIGHT. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2015;15:20.
Lowes L, Robling MR, Bennert K, Crawley C, Hambly H, Hawthorne K, Gregory JW. Involving lay and professional stakeholders in the development of a research intervention for the DEPICTED study. Health Expect. 2011;14:250–60. Lowes, L., Robling, M. R., Bennert, K., Craw.
Owens C, Farrand P, Darvill R, Emmens T, Hewis E, Aitken P. Involving service users in intervention design: a participatory approach to developing a text-messaging intervention to reduce repetition of self-harm. Health Expect. 2011;14:285–95.
Gooberman-Hill R, Jinks C, Boucas SB, Hislop K, Dziedzic KS, Rhodes C, Burston A, Adams J. Designing a placebo device: involving service users in clinical trial design. Heal Expect. 2013;16:E100–10.
Boote J, Wong R, Booth A. ‘Talking the talk or walking the walk?’ A bibliometric review of the literature on public involvement in health research published between 1995 and 2009. Heal Expect. 2012;18:44–57.
Brett J, Staniszewska S, Mockford C, Herron-Marx S, Hughes J, Tysall C, Suleman R. Mapping the impact of patient and public involvement on health and social care research: A systematic review. Heal Expect. 2012;2012:1–14.
Mockford C, Murray M, Seers K, Oyebode J, Grant R, Boex S, Staniszewska S, Diment Y, Leach J, Sharma U, Clarke R, Suleman R. A SHARED study-the benefits and costs of setting up a health research study involving lay co-researchers and how we overcame the challenges. Res Involv Engagem. 2016;2:8.
Boote J, Baird W, Beecroft C. Public involvement at the design stage of primary health research: A narrative review of case examples. Health Policy (New York). 2010;95:10–23.
Boote J, Telford R, Cooper C. Consumer involvement in health research: a review and research agenda. Health Policy (New York). 2002;61:213–36.
McKenna J, Thomas H. Enduring injustice: a case study of retirement from professional rugby union. Sport Educ Soc. 2007;12:19–35.
Godlee F. NHS is not (yet) in crisis, but what about school rugby? BMJ. 2015;350(jan08 4):h78.
Carter M. The unknown risks of youth rugby. BMJ. 2015;2015:350.
Kmietowicz Z. World Rugby must review rules on tackling, says public health expert. BMJ. 2015;351(sep22_6):h5049.
Howe PD. An Ethnography of Pain and Injury in Professional Rugby Union: The Case of Pontypridd RFC. Int Rev Sociol Sport. 2001;36:289–303.
Liston K, Reacher D, Smith A, Waddington I. Managing Pain and Injury in Non-Elite Rugby Union and Rugby League: a case study of players at a British University. Sport Soc. 2006;9(3):388–402.
Flicker S, O’Campo P, Monchalin R, Thistle J, Worthington C, Masching R, Guta A, Pooyak S, Whitebird W, Thomas C. Research done in ‘A good way’: The importance of indigenous elder involvement in HIV community-based research. Am J Public Health. 2015;105:1149–54.
Chang AB, Taylor B, Masters IB, Laifoo Y, Brown ADH. Indigenous healthcare worker involvement for Indigenous adults and children with asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;1:5.
Beardmore AL, Handcock PJ, Rehrer NJ. Return-to-play after injury: practices in New Zealand rugby union. Phys Ther Sport. 2005;6:24–30.
Hollis SJ, Stevenson MR, McIntosh AS, Shores EA, Finch CF. Compliance with return-to-play regulations following concussion in Australian schoolboy and community rugby union players. Br J Sport Med. 2012;46:735–40.
Murphy P, Waddington I. Are Elite Athletes Exploited? Sport Soc. 2007;10:239–55.
Piper S. How To Empower Patients And Involve The Public. Nurs Stand. 2014;29:37–41.
Leppo A, Perälä R. User involvement in Finland: the hybrid of control and emancipation. J Health Organ Manag. 2009;23:359–71.
Cassidy J. Why patient representation might harm science? Breast Cancer Res. 2007;9 Suppl 2:S4.
Dudley L, Gamble C, Allam A, Bell P, Buck D, Goodare H, Hanley B, Preston J, Walker A, Williamson P, Young B, Rose D, Selby J, Lipstein S, Noe R, Tews M, Dachner AM, Staley K, Gamble C, Dudley L, Allam A, Bell P, Goodare H, Hanley B, Buck D, Gamble C, Dudley L, Preston J, Hanley B, Williamson P, et al. A little more conversation please? Qualitative study of researchers’ and patients’ interview accounts of training for patient and public involvement in clinical trials. Trials. 2015;16:190.
Staniszewska S, Brett J, Mockford C, Barber R. The GRIPP checklist: strengthening the quality of patient and public involvement reporting in research. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2011;27:391–9.