The concomitant lower concentrations of vitamins B6, B9 and B12 may cause methylation deficiency in autistic children

Levy, 2009, Autism, Lancet, 374, 1627, 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61376-3 Fombonne, 2009, Epidemiology of pervasive developmental disorders, Pediatr Res, 65, 591, 10.1203/PDR.0b013e31819e7203 Wingate, 2010, Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years—autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, MMWR Surveill Summ, 2014, 63,1 Rutter, 2005, Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning, Acta Paediatr, 94, 2, 10.1080/08035250410023124 Beauchamp, 2009, Cognitive and social profiles in two patients with cobalamin C disease, J Inherit Metab Dis, 32, S327, 10.1007/s10545-009-1284-8 Cortelazzo, 2016, Expression and oxidative modifications of plasma proteins in autism spectrum disorders: interplay between inflammatory response and lipid peroxidation, Proteomics Clin App, 1103, 10.1002/prca.201500076 Yap, 2010, Urinary metabolic phenotyping differentiates children with autism from their unaffected siblings and age-matched controls, J Proteome Res, 9, 2996, 10.1021/pr901188e Piyathilake, 2011, A higher degree of LINE-1 methylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, a one-carbon nutrient related epigenetic alteration, is associated with a lower risk of developing cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, Nutrition, 27, 513, 10.1016/j.nut.2010.08.018 Wong, 2014, Methylomic analysis of monozygotic twins discordant for autism spectrum disorder and related behavioural traits, Mol Psychiatry, 19, 495, 10.1038/mp.2013.41 Gevi, 2016, Urinary metabolomics of young Italian autistic children supports abnormal tryptophan and purine metabolism, Mol Autism, 7, 47, 10.1186/s13229-016-0109-5 Adams, 2003, Nutritional abnormalities in autism and the effect of nutritional supplementation, Conference proceedings of the National Autism Society of America, 16 Ranjan, 2015, Nutritional status of individuals with autism Spectrum disorders: do we know enough?, Adv Nutr, 6, 397, 10.3945/an.114.007914 Guéant, 2013, Molecular and cellular effects of vitamin B12 in brain, myocardium and liver through its role as co-factor of methionine synthase, Biochimie, 95, 1033, 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.01.020 Gherasim, 2013, Navigating the B(12) road: assimilation, delivery, and disorders of cobalamin, J Biol Chem, 288, 13186, 10.1074/jbc.R113.458810 Al-Farsi, 2013, Low folate and vitamin B12 nourishment is common in Omani children with newly diagnosedautism, Nutrition, 29, 537, 10.1016/j.nut.2012.09.014 Zhang, 2016, Decreased brain levels of vitamin B12 in aging, Autism and Schizophrenia PLoS One, 22, 11 Greenberg, 2011, Folic acid supplementation and pregnancy: more than just neural tube defect prevention, Rev Obstet Gynecol, 4, 52 Hamza, 2017, Epigenetics' implication in autism spectrum disorders: a review, Encephale, 43, 374, 10.1016/j.encep.2016.07.007 American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington. 2013; American Psychiatric Association. doi: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596. Robert, 2003, Vitamin B12 deficiency, Am Fam Physician, 67, 979 Nardone, 2014, DNA methylation analysis of the autistic brain reveals multiple dysregulated biological pathways, Transl Psychiatry, 4, e433, 10.1038/tp.2014.70 Baird, 2015, Vitamin B deficiencies in a critically ill autistic child with a restricted diet, Nutr Clin Pract, 30, 100, 10.1177/0884533614541483 Kern, 2011, A clinical trial of glutathione supplementation in autism spectrum disorders, Med Sci Monit, 17, CR677, 10.12659/MSM.882125 James, 2009, Efficacy of methylcobalamin and folinic acid treatment on glutathione redox status in children with autism, Am J Clin Nutr, 89, 425, 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26615 Schafer, 2001, Redox environment of the cell as viewed through the redox state of the glutathione disulfide/glutathione couple, Free Radic Biol Med, 30, 1191, 10.1016/S0891-5849(01)00480-4 Reid, 2001, Glutathione in disease, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 4, 65, 10.1097/00075197-200101000-00012 Biswas, 2006, Redox modifications of protein-thiols: emerging roles in cell signaling, Biochem Pharmacol, 71, 551, 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.10.044 James, 2004, Metabolic biomarkers of increased oxidative stress and impaired methylation capacity in children with autism, Am J Clin Nutr, 1611, 10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1611 Chauhan, 2006, Oxidative stress in autism, Pathophysiology, 171, 10.1016/j.pathophys.2006.05.007 Parker, 2017, The role of oxidative stress, inflammation and acetaminophen exposure from birth to early childhood in the induction of autism, J Int Med Res, 45, 407, 10.1177/0300060517693423 Paşca, 2006, High levels of homocysteine and low serum paraoxonase 1 arylesterase activity in children with autism, Life Sci, 78, 2244, 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.040 Kałużna-Czaplińska, 2013, A focus on homocysteine in autism, Acta Biochim Pol, 60, 137, 10.18388/abp.2013_1963 Ho, 2002, Multiple aspects of homocysteine neurotoxicity: glutamate excitotoxicity, kinase hyperactivation and DNA damage, J Neurosci Res, 70, 694, 10.1002/jnr.10416 Chen, 2001, Oxidative stress enhances the production and actions of adenosine in the kidney, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 281, R1808-1186, 10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.6.R1808 Gao, 2011, Cognitive and neurochemical alterations in hyperhomocysteinemic rat, Neurol Sci, 33, 39, 10.1007/s10072-011-0645-x Gilfix, 2005, Vitamin B12 and homocysteine, CMAJ, 173, 1360, 10.1503/cmaj.1050170 Jiang, 2007, Hyperhomocysteinemia-mediated DNA hypomethylation and its potential epigenetic role in rats, Acta Biochim Biophys Sin, 39, 657, 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2007.00327.x Blom, 2006, Neural tube defects and folate: case far from closed, Nat Rev Neurosci, 7, 724, 10.1038/nrn1986 Hoffbrand, 2001, The history of folic acid, Br J Haematol, 113, 579, 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02822.x Al-Maskari, 2012, Folate and vitamin B12 deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia promote oxidative stress in adult type 2 diabetes, Nutrition, 28, 23, 10.1016/j.nut.2012.01.005 Shakur, 2010, Unexpectedly high early prevalence of anaemia in 6-month-old breast-fed infants in rural Bangladesh, Public Health Nutr, 13, 4, 10.1017/S1368980009005886 Ahearn, 2001, An assessment of food acceptance in children with autism or pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified, J Autism and Dev Disord, 31, 505, 10.1023/A:1012221026124 Darrell, 2017, Is high folic acid intake a risk factor for autism, Brain Sci, 7, 149, 10.3390/brainsci7110149 Yi, 2000, Increase in plasma homocysteine associated with parallel increases in plasma S-adenosylhomocysteine and lymphocyte DNA hypomethylation, J Biol Chem, 275, 29318-223, 10.1074/jbc.M002725200 Finkelstein, 2007, Metabolic regulatory properties of S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine, Clin Chem Lab Med, 45, 1694, 10.1515/CCLM.2007.341 White, 2003, Intestinal pathophysiology in autism, Exp Biol Med, 228, 639, 10.1177/153537020322800601 Vargas, 2005, Neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain of patientsvwith autism, Ann Neurol, 57, 67, 10.1002/ana.20315 Pietro, 2011, Role of glutathione in immunity and inflammation in the lung, Int J Gen Med, 4, 105