The concept of knowledge in KM: a dimensional model

Journal of Knowledge Management - 2007
BertoltMeyer1, KozoSugiyama2
1Doctoral student in the Department of Organizational Psychology, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
2Professor of Knowledge Structure at the Graduate School of Knowledge Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Ishikawa, Japan.

Tóm tắt

PurposeThis paper seeks to sharpen the concepts of tacit, implicit and explicit knowledge by linking them to findings from cognitive psychology and memory science and thus finding a possibility for measuring non‐explicit knowledge.Design/methodology/approachA review of KM and cognitive science literature leads to a dimensional model of knowledge types that links the concepts from KM to more specific concepts from psychology. One central assumption of the model was empirically tested and put into practice in one small‐scale KM project.FindingsThe concepts in KM can be linked to concepts from psychology and thus receive theoretical support. The developed model enables psychometric access to a part of non‐explicit knowledge through structural assessment techniques. Furthermore, the model has proven to be of value in a practical application in KM.Research limitations/implicationsThe experiment and the practical application are too small in scope to provide full support for the model. Further research is required.Practical implicationsA fraction of non‐explicit knowledge can be measured with structural assessment techniques. This can be used in the quantitative evaluation of KM projects as these techniques allow the quantification of individual knowledge increase. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of individual project‐relevant knowledge is useful for post‐project analysis.Originality/valueThe paper integrates findings from several scientific fields for use in KM and presents a novel view of classic KM concepts. The developed model is of importance to both researchers and practitioners.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Amelingmeyer, J. (2004), Wissensmanagement: Analyse und Gestaltung der Wissensbasis von Unternehmen, 3rd ed. (in German), Dt. Univ.‐Verl., Wiesbaden.

Argyris, C. and Schön, D.A. (1999), Die Lernende Organisation: Grundlagen, Methode, Praxis (in German), Klett, Stuttgart.

Busch, P.A., Richards, D. and Dampney, C.N.G. (2001), “Visual mapping of articulable tacit knowledge”, in Eades, P. and Pattison, T. (Eds), Australasian Symposium on Information Visualization, December 2001: Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology, Sydney, Australia, 3‐4 December, Vol. 9, Australian Computer Society, Sydney, pp. 37‐47.

Damerow, P. and Lefèvre, W. (1998), “Wissenssysteme im geschichtlichen Wandel”, in Klix, F. and Spada, H. (Eds), Enzyklopädie der Psychologie, Vol. 6: Kognition, Hogrefe, Göttingen, pp. 77‐114.

Davenport, T.H. and Prusak, L. (1998), Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know, Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, MA.

Davis, M.A., Curtis, M.B. and Tschetter, J.D. (2003), “Evaluating cognitive training outcomes: validity and utility of structural knowledge assessment”, Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol. 18 No. 2, pp. 191‐206.

Despres, C. and Chauvel, D. (2000), “A thematic analysis of the thinking in knowledge management”, in Despres, C. and Chauvel, D. (Eds), Knowledge Horizons: The Present and the Promise of Knowledge Management, Butterworth‐Heinemann, Boston, MA, pp. 55‐86.

Dick, M. and Wehner, T. (2002), “Wissensmanagement zur Einführung: Bedeutung, Definition, Konzepte”, in Lüthy, W., Voit, E. and Wehner, T. (Eds), Wissensmanagement‐Praxis, vdf Hochschulverl. an der ETH, Zürich, pp. 7‐27.

Drucker, P. (1993), Post‐capitalist Society, New York, NY.

Eckert, A. (1998a), “Die ‘Netzwerk Elaborierungs Technik (NET)’ – Ein computerunterstütztes wissensdiagnostisches Instrumentarium” (in German), Diagnostica, Vol. 44 No. 4, pp. 220‐4.

Eckert, A. (1998b), Kognition und Wissensdiagnose: die Entwicklung und empirische Überprüfung des computerunterstützten wissensdiagnostischen Instrumentariums Netzwerk‐Elaborierungs‐Technik (NET) (in German), Pabst Science Publ., Lengerich.

Eigler, G. (Ed.) (1990), Plato: Werke in acht Bänden. Bd. 6: Theaitetos, Der Sophist, Der Staatsmann, griech./dt., bearb. von P. Staudacher (in German), Vol. 6, Wiss. Buchges, Darmstadt.

Engelkamp, J. (1991), Das menschliche Gedächtnis: das Erinnern von Sprache, Bildern und Handlungen, 2nd ed. (in German), Verl. für Psychologie Hogrefe, Göttingen.

Engelkamp, J. (1998), Memory for Actions, Psychology Press, Hove.

Engelkamp, J. and Pechmann, T. (Eds) (1993), Mentale Repräsentation (in German), Huber, Bern.

Engelkamp, J. and Zimmer, H.D. (1994), Human Memory: A Multimodal Approach, Hogrefe and Huber, Seattle, WA.

European Council (2000), “Lisbon European Council 23 and 24 March 2000: Presidency Conclusions”, available at: www.europarl.eu.int/summits/lis1_en.htm (accessed 24 September 2003).

European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (2004), “Advancement of the knowledge society”, available at: www.eurofound.eu.int/publications/files/EF0409EN.pdf (accessed 4 June 2004).

FAW (2001), “Management von nicht‐explizitem Wissen: noch mehr von der Natur lernen” (in German), Forschungsinstitut für anwendungsorientierte Wissensverarbeitung, available at: www.faw.uni‐ulm.de/deutsch/publikationen/bmbf‐studie/BMBF_Studie_Teil_1.pdf (accessed 20 May 2004).

Fitts, P.M. and Posner, M.I. (1979), Human Performance, Greenwood, Westport, CT.

Goldsmith, T.E. and Johnson, P.J. (1990), “A structural assessment of classroom learning”, in Schvaneveldt, R.W. (Ed.), Pathfinder Associative Networks: Studies in Knowledge Organization, Ablex Publ. Corp., Norwood, NJ, pp. 241‐54.

Goldsmith, T.E., Johnson, P.J. and Acton, W.H. (1991), “Assessing structural knowledge”, Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 83 No. 1, pp. 88‐96.

Güldenberg, S. (1999), Wissensmanagement und Wissenscontrolling in lernenden Organisationen (in German), Gabler/Dt. Univ. Verl., Wiesbaden.

Ichikawa, K. (1970), The Science of Creativity, Japan Broadcast Publishing, Tokyo.

Jonassen, D.H., Beissner, K. and Yacci, M. (1993), Structural Knowledge: Techniques for Representing, Conveying, and Acquiring Structural Knowledge, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ.

Klimecki, R. and Thomae, M. (2000), “Zur Bedeutung von Strukturmodellen für das Wissensmanagement” (in German), paper presented at the Workshop der Kommission Organisation, Zurich, 3‐4 March.

Klix, F. (1984), Gedaechtnis, Wissen, Wissensnutzung (in German), VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin.

Kluwe, R. (2004), “Informationsaufnahme und Informationsverarbeitung”, in Zimolong, B. and Konradt, U. (Eds), Enzyklopädie der Psychologie: Ingenieurpsychologie (in German), Vol. 2, Hogrefe, Göttingen.

Kogut, B. and Zander, U. (1992), “Knowledge of the firm, combinative capabilities and the replication of technology”, Organization Science, Vol. 3 No. 3, pp. 383‐97.

Lee, S., Choi, K.S. and Choe, I.‐S. (2004), “Representation of tacit knowledge in organizations”, available at: www.alba.edu.gr/OKLC2002/Proceedings/pdf_files/ID121.pdf (accessed 6 April 2004).

Li, M. and Gao, F. (2003), “Why Nonaka highlights tacit knowledge: a critical review”, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 7 No. 4, pp. 6‐14.

Maeda, A., Sugiyama, K. and Mase, K. (2002), “Media conversion of cyclic puzzles and development of cyclic puzzle generators”, IPSJ SIG Notes (Human Interface), Vol. 101, pp. 40‐7.

Markowitsch, H.‐J. (1992), Neuropsychologie des Gedächtnis (in German), Hogrefe, Göttingen.

Markowitsch, H.‐J. (1999), Gedächtnisstörungen (in German), Kohlhammer, Stuttgart.

Markowitsch, H.‐J. (2002), Dem Gedächtnis auf der Spur: vom Erinnern und Vergessen (in German), Wiss. Buch‐Ges, Darmstadt.

Nonaka, I. and Konno, N. (1998), “The concept of ‘ba’: building a foundation for knowledge creation”, California Management Review, Vol. 40 No. 3, pp. 40‐54.

Nonaka, I. and Takeuchi, H. (1995), The Knowledge‐creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation, Oxford University Press, New York, NY.

Opwis, K. and Lüer, G. (1996), “Modelle der Repräsentation von Wissen”, in Albert, D. and Stapf, K.‐H. (Eds), Enzyklopädie der Psychologie (in German), Vol. 5: Gedächtnis, Hogrefe, Göttingen, pp. 337‐432.

Polanyi, M. (1958), Personal Knowledge, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.

Polanyi, M. (1966), The Tacit Dimension, Doubleday, Garden City, NY.

Polanyi, M. (1985), Implizites Wissen (in German), Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main.

Preece, P.F.W. (1976), “Mapping cognitive structure: a comparison of methods”, Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 68, pp. 1‐8.

Quillian, M.R. (1968), “Semantic memory”, in Minsky, M. (Ed.), Semantic Information Processing, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 227‐70.

Rehäuser, J. and Krcmar, H. (1996), “Wissensmanagement im Unternehmen”, in Schreyögg, G. and Conrad, P. (Eds), Managementforschung 6: Wissensmanagement, de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 1‐40.

Renkl, A. (1996), “Träges Wissen: Wenn Erlerntes nicht genutzt wird”, Psychologische Rundschau, Vol. 47, pp. 78‐92 (in German).

Rothe, H.‐J. and Warning, J. (1991), “Zur Identifikation von semantischen Relationen im fachspezifischen Gedächtnisbesitz von Experten vermittels Analogiebildung” (in German), Zeitschrift für Psychologie, Supplement 11, pp. 375‐84.

Scheele, B. and Groeben, N. (1984), Die Heidelberger Struktur‐Lege‐Technik (SLT) (in German), Beltz, Weinheim.

Schindler, R. (2002), “Knowledge sharing by means of lessons learned repositories: how to assist understanding, reflection and transfer”, paper presented at the International Conference on the Future of Knowledge Management, Berlin, 8‐10 March.

Schnotz, W. (1994), Aufbau von Wissensstrukturen: Untersuchungen zur Kohärenzbildung beim Wissenserwerb mit Texten (in German), Beltz, Weinheim.

Scholl, W. (2004), Innovation und Information: Wie in Unternehmen neues Wissen produziert wird (in German), Hogrefe, Göttingen.

Schreyögg, G. and Geiger, D. (2003), “Kann die Wissensspirale Grundlage des Wissensmanagements sein?”, Diskussionsbeiträge des Instituts für Managements, Vol. 20, pp. 2‐31 (in German).

Schütt, P. (2003), “Die dritte Generation des Wissensmanagements” (in German), available at: www.km‐a.net/file_upload/km‐journal_1‐03_schuett.pdf (accessed 11 April 2004).

Schvaneveldt, R.W. (Ed.) (1990), Pathfinder Associative Networks: Studies in Knowledge Organization, Ablex Publ. Corp., Norwood, NJ.

Schvaneveldt, R.W., Durso, F.T. and Dearholt, D. (1985a), “Pathfinder: scaling with network structures”, CRL technical report no. MCCS‐85‐9, Computing Research Laboratories, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM.

Schvaneveldt, R.W., Durso, F.T., Goldsmith, T.E., Breen, T.J., Cooke, N.M. and Tucker, R.G.. (1985b), “Measuring the structure of expertise”, International Journal of Man‐Machine Studies, Vol. 23, pp. 699‐728.

Shavelson, R.J. (1972), “Some aspects of the correspondence between content structure and cognitive structure in physics instruction”, Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 63, pp. 225‐34.

Sinz, R. (1979), Neurobiologie und Gedächtnis: Neuronennetzwerke und Informationsspeicherung im menschlichen Gehirn (in German), Fischer, Stuttgart.

Spender, J.C. (1996), “Making knowledge the basis of a dynamic theory of the firm”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 17, pp. 45‐62.

Squire, L.R. and Frambach, M. (1990), “Cognitive skill learning in amnesia”, Journal of Psychobiology, Vol. 18, pp. 109‐17.

Squire, L.R., Knowlton, B. and Musen, G. (1993), “The structure and organization of memory”, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 44 No. 1, pp. 453‐95.

Stehr, N. (1994), Knowledge Societies, Sage, London.

Strube, G. and Schlieder, C. (1998), “Wissensrepräsentation im Symbolverarbeitungsansatz”, in Klix, F. and Spada, H. (Eds), Enzyklopädie der Psychologie (in German), Vol. 6: Kognition, Hogrefe, Götingen.

Sugiyama, K. (2005), “Framework development and process analyses of organizational knowledge creation in academic research projects”, paper presented at the 1st World Congress of the International Federation for Systems Research IFSR2005, Kobe, Japan, 14‐17 November.

Sugiyama, K., Maeda, A. and Mizumoto, A. (2003), “Divergence via abstraction: practices for inventing new puzzles”, paper presented at the 4th International Conference on Systems Science and Systems Engineering.

Sugiyama, K., Maeda, A., Osawa, R. and Mizumoto, A. (2005), “Creating new puzzles: practices of ‘abstraction and conversion’ strategy”, Journal of the Japan Creativity Society, Vol. 8, pp. 1‐20.

Tulving, E. (1972), “Episodic and semantic memory”, in Tulving, E. and Donaldson, W. (Eds), Organization of Memory, Academic Press, New York, NY.

Tulving, E. (1995), “Organization of memory: quo vadis?”, in Gazzaniga, M. (Ed.), The Cognitive Neurosciences, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Tulving, E. (2002), “Episodic memory: from mind to brain”, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 1 No. 53, pp. 1‐25.

Vogel, E.K., Woodman, G.F. and Luck, S.J. (2001), “Storage of features, conjunctions, and objects in visual working memory”, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 92‐114.

von Glasersfeld, E. (1996), Radikaler Konstruktivismus: Ideen, Ergebnisse, Probleme, Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main.

von Glasersfeld, E. (1997), Wege des Wissens: konstruktivistische Erkundungen durch unser Denken, Carl‐Auer‐Systeme, Heidelberg.

Whitehead, A.N. (1929), The Aims of Education, Macmillan, New York, NY.

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Journal of Knowledge Management

Thông tin tác giả