The composition of the continental crust

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta - Tập 59 Số 7 - Trang 1217-1232 - 1995
K. H. Wedepohl1
1Geochemisches Institut, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Aichroth, 1992, Crustal structure along the Central Segment of the EGT from seismic-refraction studies, Tectonophysics, 207, 43, 10.1016/0040-1951(92)90471-H

Ansorge, 1992, Europe's lithosphere-seismic structure, 33

Arth, 1978, Geochemistry of the gabbro-diorite-tonalite-trondhjemite suite of southwest Finland and its implications for the origin of tonalitic and trondhjemitic magmas, J. Petrol., 19, 289, 10.1093/petrology/19.2.289

Asmerom, 1993, The Pb isotopic evolution of the Earth: inferences from river water suspended loads, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 115, 245, 10.1016/0012-821X(93)90225-X

Banda, 1992, Europe's lithosphere-Physical properties of the lithosphere, 71

Becker, 1972, Iodine and uranium in sedimentary rocks, Chem. Geol., 9, 133, 10.1016/0009-2541(72)90043-5

Burwash, 1979, Abundance and distribution of Hg and As in the polymetamorphic Precambrian basement of western Canada, Canadian J. Earth Sci., 16, 2196, 10.1139/e79-207

Camiré, 1993, Archean metasedimentary rocks from the northwestern Pontiac subprovince of the Canadian Shield: Chemical characterization, weathering and modelling of the source areas, Precambr. Res., 62, 285, 10.1016/0301-9268(93)90026-X

Chapman, 1986, Thermal gradients in the continental crust, 63

Clarke, 1924, The Data of Geochemistry, U S Geol. Surv. Bull., 770

Crocket, 1974

Daly, 1933

Eade, 1971, Geochemical evolutionary trends of continental plates—a preliminary study of the Canadian Shield, Geol. Surv. Canada Bull., 179, 1

Ermanovics, 1979, Petrochemistry and tectonic setting of plutonic rocks of the Superior Province in Manitoba, 323

Esser, 1993, The osmium isotopic composition of the continental crust, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., 57, 3093, 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90296-9

Fuge, 1974

Fuge, 1974

Gao, 1992, Chemical composition of the continental crust in the Qingling Orogenic Belt and its adjacent North China and Yangtze kratons, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56, 3933, 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90007-6

Gladney, 1983, 1982 compilation of elemental concentrations in eleven United States Geological Survey rock standards, Geostand. Newslett., 7, 3, 10.1111/j.1751-908X.1983.tb00371.x

Goldschmidt, 1933, Grundlagen der quantitativen Geochemie, Fortschr. Mineral. Kristall. Petrogr., 17, 112

Goldstein, 1988, Nd and Sr isotopic systematics of river water suspended material: Implications for crustal evolution, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 87, 249, 10.1016/0012-821X(88)90013-1

Guggisberg, 1991, Crustal structure of the Fennoscandian Shield: a travel time interpretation of the long-range FENNOLORA seismic refraction profile, Tectonophysics, 195, 105, 10.1016/0040-1951(91)90208-A

Hall, 1988, The distribution of ammonium in granites from South-West England, J. Geol. Soc. London, 145, 37, 10.1144/gsjgs.145.1.0037

Hamaguchi, 1959, Silver content of igneous rocks, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 17, 44, 10.1016/0016-7037(59)90078-X

Hamaguchi, 1969

Harder, 1974

Hartmann, 1995

Heinrichs, 1980, Terrestrial geochemistry of Cd, Bi, Tl, Ph, Zn, and Rb, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 44, 1519, 10.1016/0016-7037(80)90116-7

Hertogen, 1980, Trace elements in ocean ridge basalt glasses: implications for fractionations during mantle evolution and petrogenesis, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 44, 2125, 10.1016/0016-7037(80)90209-4

Hoefs, 1969

Hoefs, 1973, Ein Beitrag zur Isotopengeochemie des Kohlenstoffs in magmatischen Gesteinen, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 41, 277, 10.1007/BF00372168

Hoermann, 1969

Hoermann, 1970

Hofmann, 1988, Chemical differentiation of the earth: The relationship between mantle, continental crust and oceanic crust, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 90, 297, 10.1016/0012-821X(88)90132-X

Johannes, 1990, Formation and composition of H2O undersaturated granitic melts, 87

Junge, 1975, Model calculations for the terrestrial carbon cycle: Carbon isotope geochemistry and evolution of photosynthetic oxygen, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 4542, 10.1029/JC080i033p04542

Kaplan, 1963, The distribution and isotopic abundance of sulphur in recent marine sediments off southern California, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 27, 297, 10.1016/0016-7037(63)90074-7

Keltsch, 1983, Die Verteilung des Selens and das Schwefel-Selen-Verhältnis in den Gesteinen der kontinentalen Erdkruste

Kern, 1990, Laboratory seismic measurements: an aid in the interpretation of seismic field data, Terra Nova, 2, 617, 10.1111/j.1365-3121.1990.tb00127.x

Kern, 1988, A model of velocity structure beneath Calabria, southern Italy, based on laboratory data, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 87, 325, 10.1016/0012-821X(88)90020-9

Koljonen, 1973, Selenium in certain igneous rocks, Bull. Geol. Soc. Finland, 45, 9, 10.17741/bgsf/45.1.002

Koljonen, 1973, Selenium in certain metamorphic rocks, Bull. Geol. Soc. Finland, 45, 107, 10.17741/bgsf/45.2.002

Krauskopf, 1970

Kushiro, 1982, Density of tholeiite and alkali basalt magmas at high pressures, Annu. Rpt. Director Geophys. Lab. Washington Yearbook, 81, 305

Leeman, 1992, Boron geochemistry of the lower crust: evidence from granulite terranes and deep crustal xenoliths, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56, 775, 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90097-3

Le Maitre, 1976, The chemical variability of some common igneous rocks, J. Petrol., 17, 589, 10.1093/petrology/17.4.589

Linn, 1972

Luosto, 1989, The crustal structure along the polar profile from seismic refraction investigations, Tectonophysics, 162, 51, 10.1016/0040-1951(89)90356-9

Manheim, 1978

Marowsky, 1971, General trends in the behavior of Cd, Hg, Tl and Bi in some major rock forming processes, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 35, 1255, 10.1016/0016-7037(71)90114-1

McCulloch, 1993, The role of subducted slabs in an evolving earth, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 115, 89, 10.1016/0012-821X(93)90215-U

McDonough, 1992, Potassium, rubidium and cesium in the Earth and Moon and the evolution of the mantle of the Earth, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56, 1001, 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90043-I

Mengel, 1991, Crustal xenoliths from Cenozoic volcanic fields of West Germany: Implications for structure and composition of the continental crust, Tectonophysics, 195, 271, 10.1016/0040-1951(91)90215-E

Moore, 1959, The quartz diorite boundary line in the western United States, J. Geol., 67, 198, 10.1086/626573

Newsom, 1986, Siderophile and chalcophile element abundances in oceanic basalts, Pb isotope evolution and growth of the Earth-s core, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 80, 299, 10.1016/0012-821X(86)90112-3

Ondrick, 1969, Frequency distribution of elements in Rensseler graywacke, Troy, New York, G.S.A. Bull., 80, 509, 10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[509:FDOEIR]2.0.CO;2

Onishi, 1956, The geochemistry of germanium, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 29, 686, 10.1246/bcsj.29.686

Onishi, 1955, Notes on the geochemistry of antimony, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 8, 213, 10.1016/0016-7037(55)90054-5

Paradis, 1988, Evidence for contrasting compositional spectra in comagmatic intrusive and extrusive rocks of the Late Archean Blake River Group, Abitibi, Quebec, Canadian J. Earth Sci., 25, 134, 10.1139/e88-013

Patchett, 1984, Hafnium/rare earth element fractionation in the sedimentary system and crustal recycling into the Earth's mantle, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 69, 365, 10.1016/0012-821X(84)90195-X

Peucker-Ehrenbrink, 1994, Hydrothermal lead transfer from mantle to continental crust: the role of metalliferous sediments, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 125, 129, 10.1016/0012-821X(94)90211-9

Pitcher, 1979, Comments on the geological environment of granites, 1

Pohl, 1991, Chemical composition of the Sri Lanka Precambrian basement, 94

Poldervaart, 1955, Chemistry of the Earth's crust, 119

Price, 1970, The distribution of iodine and bromine in the sediments of the South Western Barents Sea, J. Marine Res., 28, 22

Puchelt, 1972

Rapp, 1994, Partial melting of metabasalts at 2–7 GPa: Experimental results and implications for lower crustal and subduction zone processes, Mineral. Mag., 58A, 760, 10.1180/minmag.1994.58A.2.132

Ringwood, 1975

Ronov, 1968, Organic carbon in sedimentary rocks, Geochimija, 5, 409

Ronov, 1968, Chemical structure of the Earth's crust, Geochem. Intl., 5, 1041

Ronov, 1974, Effects of tectonic conditions on the concentration and isotopic composition of sulfur in sediments, Geochem. Intl., 11, 1246

Rudnick, 1992, Xenoliths-Samples of the lower continental crust, 269

Rudnick, 1990, Geochemistry of intermediate/to high-pressure granulites, 523

Rushmer, 1991, Partial melting of two amphibolites: contrasting experimental results under fluid-absent conditions, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 107, 41, 10.1007/BF00311184

Schermerhorn, 1987, The Hercynian gabbro-tonalite-granite-leucogranite suite of Iberia: geochemistry and fractionation, Geol. Rundschau, 76, 137, 10.1007/BF01820578

Schneider, 1978

Schwarcz, 1969

Shaw, 1967, The chemical composition of the Canadian Precambrian Shield, Canadian J. Earth Sci., 4, 829, 10.1139/e67-058

Shaw, 1976, Additional estimates of continental surface Precambrian shield composition in Canada, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 40, 73, 10.1016/0016-7037(76)90195-2

Shaw, 1986, Composition of the Canadian Precambrian shield and the continental crust of the earth, 275

Siewers, 1974, Beitrag zur Häufigkeit and Isotopenzusammensetzung des Schwefels in magmatischen and metamorphen Gesteinen

Sighinolfi, 1973, Beryllium in deep-seated rocks, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 37, 702, 10.1016/0016-7037(73)90230-5

Sighinolfi, 1976, Geochemistry of gold in Archean granulite facies terrains, Chem. Geol., 17, 113, 10.1016/0009-2541(76)90025-5

Sighinolfi, 1979, Determination of tellurium in geochemical materials by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy, Talanta, 26, 143, 10.1016/0039-9140(79)80233-7

Smith, 1972, The occurrence and distribution of tin with special reference to marine environments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 36, 621, 10.1016/0016-7037(72)90079-8

Springer, 1995, Partial fusion of basic granulites at 5 to 15 kb. Implications for the origin of TTG magmas, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol.

Stacey, 1975, Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a two-stage model, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 26, 207, 10.1016/0012-821X(75)90088-6

Sun, 1979, Geochemical characteristics of mid-ocean ridge basalts, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 44, 119, 10.1016/0012-821X(79)90013-X

Tarney, 1979, Geochemistry of Archean trondhjemitic and tonalitic gneisses from Scotland and East Greenland, 275

Taylor, 1985

Tepper, 1993, Petrology of the Chilliwack batholith North Cascades, Washington: generation of calc-alkaline granitoids by melting of lower crust with variable water fugacity, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 113, 333, 10.1007/BF00286926

Truscott, 1986, Boron abundance and localization in granulites and the lower continental crust, Bull. Geol. Soc. Finland, 58, 169, 10.17741/bgsf/58.1.011

Veizer, 1976, The nature of O18O16 and C12C13 secular trends in sedimentary carbonate rocks, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 40, 1387, 10.1016/0016-7037(76)90129-0

Voland, 1969, Die Verteilung des Indiums in Eruptivgesteinen. Ein Beitrag zur Geochemie des Indiums, Freiberger Forschungsh., C246, 67

Watson, 1983, Zircon saturation revisited: temperature and composition effects in a variety of crustal magma types, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 64, 295, 10.1016/0012-821X(83)90211-X

Weber, 1960, Geochemistry of graywackes and shales, Science, 131, 664, 10.1126/science.131.3401.664

Wedepohl, 1969

Wedepohl, 1978

Wedepohl, 1987, The chlorine and sulfur crustal cycle—Abundance of evaporites, 3

Wedepohl, 1991, Chemical composition and fractionation of the continental crust, Geol. Rundsch., 80, 207, 10.1007/BF01829361

Wedepohl, 1991, Chemical characteristics and genesis of the quartz-feldspatic rocks in the Archean crust of Greenland, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 107, 163, 10.1007/BF00310705

Whalen, 1987, A-type granites: geochemical characteristics, discrimination and petrogenesis, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 95, 407, 10.1007/BF00402202

White, 1993, 238U204Pb in MORB and open system evolution of the depleted mantle, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 115, 211, 10.1016/0012-821X(93)90223-V

Wlotzka, 1972

Wolf, 1991, Dehydration-melting of solid amphibolite at 10 kbar: textural development, liquid interconnectivity and application to the segregation of magmas, Mineral. Petrol., 44, 151, 10.1007/BF01166961

Ye, 1992, Crustal structure beneath the central Swiss Alps derived from seismic refraction data

Zartman, 1988, The plumbotectonic model for Pb isotopic systematics among major terrestrial reservoirs—A case for bidirectional transport, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 52, 1327, 10.1016/0016-7037(88)90204-9