The comparison of ground reaction forces and lower limb muscles correlation and activation time delay between forward and backward walking

Lee, 2013, Kinematic and kinetic analysis during forward and backward walking, Gait Posture, 38, 674, 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.02.014 Meyns, 2013, Interlimb coordination during forward and backward walking in primary school-aged children, PLoS One, 8, e62747, 10.1371/journal.pone.0062747 Meyns, 2014, Interlimb coordination during forward walking is largely preserved in backward walking in children with cerebral palsy, Clin. Neurophysiol., 125, 552, 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.08.022 Thorstensson, 1986, How is the normal locomotor program modified to produce backward walking?, Exp. Brain Res., 61, 664, 10.1007/BF00237595 Grasso, 1998, Motor patterns for human gait: backward versus forward locomotion, J. Neurophysiol., 80, 1868, 10.1152/jn.1998.80.4.1868 Grillner, 1988, Neural control of locomotion in lower vertebrates: from behavior to ionic mechanisms, 1 Yang, 2005, Gait outcomes after additional backward walking training in patients with stroke: a randomized controlled trial, Clin. Rehabil., 19, 264, 10.1191/0269215505cr860oa Threlkeld, 1989, Pilot study: kinematics, ground reaction force, and muscle balance produced by backward running 1, J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther., 11, 56, 10.2519/jospt.1989.11.2.56 Winter, 1989, Backward walking: a simple reversal of forward walking?, J. Mot. Behav., 21, 291, 10.1080/00222895.1989.10735483 Patla, 1991, vol. 78 Amblard, 1994, A statistical approach to sensorimotor strategies: conjugate cross-correlations, J. Mot. Behav., 26, 103, 10.1080/00222895.1994.9941665 Pataky, 2014, Vector field statistics for objective center-of-pressure trajectory analysis during gait: with evidence of scalar sensitivity to small coordinate system rotations, Gait Posture, 40, 255, 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.01.023 Hermens, 1999 Pataky, 2013, Vector field statistical analysis of kinematic and force trajectories, J. Biomech., 46, 2394, 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.07.031 Anderson, 2003, Individual muscle contributions to support in normal walking, Gait Posture, 17, 159, 10.1016/S0966-6362(02)00073-5 Mochon, 1980, Ballistic walking, J. Biomech., 13, 49, 10.1016/0021-9290(80)90007-X Mochon, 1980, Ballistic walking: an improved model, Math. Biosci., 52, 241, 10.1016/0025-5564(80)90070-X Perry, 1992, Gait analysis: normal and pathological function, J. Pediatr. Orthop., 12, 815, 10.1097/01241398-199211000-00023 Grillner, 2011, Control of locomotion in bipeds, tetrapods, and fish Threlkeld, 1989, Pilot study: kinematics, ground reaction force, and muscle balance produced by backward running, J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther., 11, 56, 10.2519/jospt.1989.11.2.56 Van den Broeck, 2010, The effect of individually defined physiotherapy in children with cerebral palsy (CP), Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol., 14, 519, 10.1016/j.ejpn.2010.03.004 Grasso, 2004, Recovery of forward stepping in spinal cord injured patients does not transfer to untrained backward stepping, Exp. Brain Res., 157, 377, 10.1007/s00221-004-1973-3 Choi, 2007, Adaptation reveals independent control networks for human walking, Nat. Neurosci., 10, 1055, 10.1038/nn1930