The comet assay with 8 mouse organs: results with 39 currently used food additives

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2-(2-Furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-fyryl)acrylamide (AF-2), in: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans: Some food Additives, Feed Additives and Naturally Occurring Substances, Vol. 31, World Health Organization, 1983, p. 47.

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene, in: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans: Some Aromatic Azo Compounds, Vol. 8, World Health Organization, 1975b, pp. 125–139.

Combes, 1982, A review of the genotoxicity of food, drug and cosmetic colours and other azo, triphenylmethane and xanthene dyes, Mutat. Res., 98, 101, 10.1016/0165-1110(82)90015-X

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Saccharin and its sodium salt, in: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans: Some Chemicals that Cause Tumours of the Kidney or Urinary Bladder in Rodents and Some Other Substances, Vol. 73, World Health Organization, 1999, pp. 517–624.

International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH), Topic 2B Genotoxicity: A Standard Battery for Genotoxicity Testing of Pharmaceuticals, ICH step 4 guideline, 1997.

Hayashi, 2000, Genotoxicity evaluation datasheet of food additives by the MHW (1980–1998), Environ. Mutagen Res., 22, 27

Singh, 1988, A simple technique for quantitation of low levels of DNA damage in individual cells, Exp. Cell Res., 175, 184, 10.1016/0014-4827(88)90265-0

Fairbairn, 1995, The comet assay: a comprehensive review, Mutat. Res., 339, 37, 10.1016/0165-1110(94)00013-3

Sasaki, 1997, Detection of chemically induced DNA lesions in multiple mouse organs (liver, lung, spleen, kidney, and bone marrow) using the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay, Mutat. Res., 388, 33, 10.1016/S1383-5718(96)00133-7

Sasaki, 1999, The alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis assay with mouse multiple organs: results with 30 aromatic amines evaluated by the IARC and US NTP, Mutat. Res., 440, 1, 10.1016/S1383-5718(99)00006-6

Sasaki, 2000, The comet assay with multiple mouse organs: comparison of comet assay results and carcinogenicity with 208 chemicals selected from the IARC monographs and US NTP carcinogenicity database, Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 30, 629, 10.1080/10408440008951123

Tsuda, 2000, The comet assay in eight mouse organs: results with 24 azo compounds, Mutat. Res., 465, 11, 10.1016/S1383-5718(99)00199-0

Sasaki, 1997, Detection of rodent liver carcinogen genotoxicity by the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay in multiple mouse organs (liver, lung, spleen, kidney, and bone marrow), Mutat. Res., 391, 201, 10.1016/S1383-5718(97)00072-7

Sasaki, 1997, Simple detection of chemical mutagens by the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay in multiple mouse organs (liver, lung, spleen, kidney, and bone marrow), Mutat. Res., 391, 215, 10.1016/S1383-5718(97)00073-9

Tice, 2000, Single-cell gel/comet assay: guidelines for in vitro and in vivo genetic toxicology testing, Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 35, 206, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(2000)35:3<206::AID-EM8>3.0.CO;2-J

International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH), Topic 2A Genotoxicity Guidance on Specific Aspect of Regulatory Genotoxicity Testing of Pharmaceuticals, ICH step 4 guideline, 1995.

Morita, 1997, Evaluation of the rodent micronucleus assay to screen IARC carcinogens (groups 1, 2A, and 2B): the summary report of the sixth collaborative study by CSGMT/JEMS, Mutat. Res., 389, 3, 10.1016/S1383-5718(96)00070-8

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), in: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenesis Risk of Chemicals to Man, Vol. 40, Lyon, France, 1986, p. 123.

Tayama-Nawai, 1984, Induction of chromosome aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges in CHO-K1 cells by o-phenylphenol, Mutat. Res., 141, 95, 10.1016/0165-7992(84)90017-4

H.C. Potot, Y.P. Dragan, Chemical carcinogenesis, in: C.D. Klaassen (Ed.), Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology the Basic Science of Poisons, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996, pp. 201–267.

Sekihashi, 2001, Single versus triple dosing in the comet assay with mouse multiple organs, Mutat. Res., 483, 169

Goldin-Lang, 1996, Basis and consequences of primary and secondary prevention of gastrointestinal tumors, Recent Results Cancer Res., 142, 163, 10.1007/978-3-642-80035-1_11

Ohgaki, H.H. Hasegawa, M. Suenaga, T. Kato, S. Sato, S. Takayama, T. Sugimura, Induction of hepatocellular carcinoma and highly metastatic squamous cell carcinomas in the forestomach of mice by feeding 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo 4,5-f quinoline, Carcinogenesis 7 (1986) 1889–1893.

Nagao, 1998, No direct correlation between mutant frequencies and cancer incidence induced by MeIQ in various organs of Big Blue mice, Mutat. Res., 400, 251, 10.1016/S0027-5107(98)00032-3

Borzelleca, 1989, Lifetime toxicity/carcinogenicity study of FD & C Red No. 40 (Allura Red) in Sprague–Dawley rats, Food Chem. Toxicol., 27, 701, 10.1016/0278-6915(89)90074-4

Borzelleca, 1991, Lifetime toxicity/carcinogenicity studies of FD & C Red No. 40 (Allura Red) in mice, Food Chem. Toxicol., 29, 313, 10.1016/0278-6915(91)90202-I

Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW) of Japan, The Japan’s Specification and Standards for Food Additives, 7th Edition, Japan Food Additives Association, 1999.

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Amaranth, in: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenesis Risk of Chemicals to Man, Vol. 8, Lyon, France, 1975, p. 41.

Brantom, 1987, Long-term toxicity study of Ponceau 4R in rats using animals exposed in utero, Food Chem. Toxicol., 25, 955, 10.1016/0278-6915(87)90289-4

Borzelleca, 1988, A chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study of FD & C Yellow No. 5 (Tartrazine) in rats, Food Chem. Toxicol., 26, 189, 10.1016/0278-6915(88)90118-4

Borzelleca, 1988, Chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity studies of FD & C Yellow No. 5 (Tartrazine) in rats, Food Chem. Toxicol., 25, 179, 10.1016/0278-6915(88)90117-2

Maekawa, 1987, Lack of carcinogenicity of FD & C Yellow No. 5 (Tartrazine) in the F344 rat, Food Chem. Toxicol., 25, 891, 10.1016/0278-6915(87)90281-X

Borzelleca, 1987, Lifetime toxicity/carcinogenicity study of FD & C Red No. 3 (Erythrosine) in mice, Food Chem. Toxicol., 25, 735, 10.1016/0278-6915(87)90227-4

Borzelleca, 1987, Lifetime toxicity/carcinogenicity study of FD & C Red No. 3 (Erythrosine) in rats, Food Chem. Toxicol., 25, 723, 10.1016/0278-6915(87)90226-2

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Fast Green FCF, in: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenesis Risk of Chemicals to Man, Vol. 16, Lyon, France, 1978, p. 187.

Grant, 1989, Chronic toxicity of sodium nitrite in the male F344 rat, Food Chem. Toxicol., 27, 565, 10.1016/0278-6915(89)90015-X

Nair, 2001, Final report on the safety assessment of benzyl alcohol, benzoic acid, and sodium benzoate, Int. J. Toxicol., 20, 23

Inai, 1985, Tumorigenicity study of butyl and iso-butyl p-hydroxybenzoates administered orally to mice, Food Chem. Toxicol., 23, 575, 10.1016/0278-6915(85)90181-4

Walker, 1990, Toxicology of sorbic acid and sorbates, Food Addit. Contam., 7, 671, 10.1080/02652039009373932

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), in: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenesis Risk of Chemicals to Man, Vol. 40, Lyon, France, 1986, p. 161.

Abe, 1984, Sodium erythorbate is not carcinogenic in F344 rats, Health Exp. Mol. Pathol., 41, 35, 10.1016/0014-4800(84)90005-4

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), o-Phenylphenol and its sodium salt, in: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenesis Risk of Chemicals to Man, Vol. 30, Lyon, France, 1983, p. 329.

von Borstel, 1998, Janus carcinogens and mutagens, Mutat. Res., 402, 321, 10.1016/S0027-5107(97)00312-6

A.G. Renwick, Acceptable daily intake and the regulation of intense sweeteners, Food Addit. Contam. (1990) 463–475.

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Cyclamates, in: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans: Some Chemicals that Cause Tumours of the Kidney or Urinary Bladder in Rodents and Some Other Substances, Vol. 73, World Health Organization, 1999, pp. 195–222.

Kobuke, 1985, Tumorigenicity study of disodium glycyrrhizinate administered orally to mice, Food Chem. Toxicol., 23, 979, 10.1016/0278-6915(85)90247-9

Xili, 1992, Chronic oral toxicity and carcinogenicity study of strvioside in rats, Food Chem. Toxicol., 30, 957, 10.1016/0278-6915(92)90181-J