The combined spinal–epidural technique

Holmström, 1993, Combined spinal epidural block versus spinal and epidural block for orthopaedic surgery, Canadian Journal of Anesthesia, 40, 601, 10.1007/BF03009695 Urmey, 1995, Combined spinal–epidural anaesthesia for outpatient surgery. Dose-response characteristics of intrathecal isobaric lidocaine using a 27-gauge Whitacre needle, Anesthesiology, 83, 528, 10.1097/00000542-199509000-00011 Wilhelm, 1997, Comparison of continuous spinal with combined spinal–epidural anaesthesia using plain bupivacaine 0.5% in trauma patients, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 85, 69 Stienstra, 1996, Mechanism of action of an epidural top-up in combined spinal epidural anaesthesia, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 83, 382, 10.1213/00000539-199608000-00031 Möiniche, 1994, Colonic resection with early discharge after combined subarachnoid-epidural analgesia, preoperative glucocorticoids, and early post-operative mobilization and feeding in a pulmonary high-risk patient, Regional Anesthesia, 19, 352 Vandermeersch, 1996, Combined spinal–epidural anaesthesia, Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology, 9, 391, 10.1097/00001503-199610000-00010 Norris, 1997, Combined spinal–epidural anaesthesia for urological and lower extremity vascular procedures, Techniques in Regional Anaesthesia & Pain Management, 1, 131, 10.1016/S1084-208X(97)80029-8 Albright, 1999, The safety and efficacy of combined spinal and epidural analgesia/anaesthesia (6002 blocks) in a community hospital, Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine, 24, 117 Suzuki, 1996, Dural puncture with a 26 G spinal needle affects epidural anaesthesia, Anesthesia & Analgesia, 82, 1040 Peutrell, 1994, Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia for inguinal hernia repair in babies, Paediatric Anaesthesia, 4, 221, 10.1111/j.1460-9592.1994.tb00168.x Tobias JD. Therapeutic applications of regional anaesthesia in paediatric-aged patients. Pediatric Anaesthesia 2002; 12: 365–368. Frawley, 2000, Plasma concentrations of bupivacaine after combined spinal epidural anaesthesia in infants and neonates, Paediatric Anaesthesia, 10, 619, 10.1046/j.1460-9592.2000.00578.x Williams, 1997, Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia for major abdominal surgery for infants, Canadian Journal of Anesthesia, 44, 511, 10.1007/BF03011940 Rawal, 1988, Epidural versus combined spinal epidural block for Caesarean section, Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 32, 61, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1988.tb02689.x Abouleish, 1988, Combined intrathecal morphine and bupivacaine for Caesarean section, Anesthesia & Analgesia, 67, 370, 10.1213/00000539-198804000-00014 Carrie, 1990, Extradural, spinal or combined spinal block for obstetric surgical anaesthesia, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 65, 225, 10.1093/bja/65.2.225 Fan, 1994, Low dose of intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine combined with epidural lidocaine for Caesarean section—a balance block technique, Anesthesia & Analgesia, 78, 474, 10.1213/00000539-199403000-00009 Abouleish, 1991, Intrathecal morphine 0.2mg versus epidural bupivacaine 0.125% or their combination: effect on parturients, Anesthesiology, 74, 711, 10.1097/00000542-199104000-00015 Collis, 1993, Combined spinal epidural analgesia with ability to walk throughout labour, Lancet, 341, 767, 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90548-U D'Angelo, 1994, Intrathecal sufentanil compared to epidural bupivacaine for labor analgesia, Anesthesiology, 80, 1209, 10.1097/00000542-199406000-00007 Burnstein, 1999, A survey of epidural anaesthesia for labour in the United Kingdom, Anaesthesia, 54, 634, 10.1046/j.1365-2044.1999.00894.x Rawal, 1997, Combined spinal-epidural technique, Regional Anesthesia, 22, 406, 10.1016/S1098-7339(97)80026-0 Collis, 1995, Randomised comparison of combined spinal–epidural and standard epidural analgesia in labour, Lancet, 345, 1413, 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)92602-X Serrao, 1992, Intrathecal midazolam for the treatment of chronic mechanical low-back pain: a controlled comparison with epidural steroid in a pilot study, Pain, 48, 5, 10.1016/0304-3959(92)90125-U Ferouz, 1997, Baricity, needle direction, and intrathecal sufentanil labor analgesia, Anesthesiology, 86, 592, 10.1097/00000542-199703000-00010 James, 1997, Combined spinal-extradural anaesthesia for preterm and term Caesarean section: is there a difference in local anaesthetic requirements?, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 78, 498, 10.1093/bja/78.5.498 Kartawiadi, 1996, Spinal analgesia during labor with low-dose bupivacaine, sufentanil, and epinephrine-a comparison with epidural analgesia, Regional Anesthesia, 21, 191 Riley, 1995, Spinal versus epidural anaesthesia for Caesarean section: a comparison of time efficiency, costs, charges, and complications, Anesthesia & Analgesia, 80, 709, 10.1213/00000539-199504000-00010 Riley, 1997, Intrathecal sufentanil for labor analgesia does not cause a sympathectomy, Anesthesiology, 87, 874, 10.1097/00000542-199710000-00022 Scott, 1996, Continuous thoracic epidural analgesia versus combined spinal/thoracic epidural analgesia on pain, pulmonary function and the metabolic response following colonic resection, Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 40, 691, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1996.tb04512.x Thorén, 1994, Sequential combined spinal epidural block versus spinal block for Caesarean section: effects on maternal hypotension and neurobehavioral function of the newborn, Anesthesia & Analgesia, 78, 1087 Viscomi, 1997, Duration of intrathecal labor analgesia: early versus advanced labor, Anesthesia & Analgesia, 84, 1108, 10.1213/00000539-199705000-00028 Dahl, 1990, Prevention of post-operative pain by balanced analgesia, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 64, 518, 10.1093/bja/64.4.518 Roulson, 1993, Effect of extradural diamorphine on analgesia after caesarean section under subarachnoid block, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 71, 810, 10.1093/bja/71.6.810 Myint, 1993, Cardiorespiratory arrest following combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section, Anaesthesia, 48, 684, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1993.tb07180.x Norris, 1994, Complications of labor analgesia: epidural versus combined spinal epidural techniques, Anesthesia & Analgesia, 79, 529, 10.1213/00000539-199409000-00022 Stienstra, 1999, The epidural top-up in combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia: the effect of volume versus dose, Anesthesia & Analgesia, 88, 810, 10.1213/00000539-199904000-00024 Wakamatsu, 1991, Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia for orthopaedic surgery in the elderly (Japanese), Masui, 40, 1766 D'Angelo, 1998, Combined spinal epidural analgesia in a paturient with severe myastenia gravis, Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine, 23, 201, 10.1097/00115550-199823020-00015 Carvalho, 2000, Cardiovascular disease in the pregnant patient Peng, 1998, Minimum effective anaesthetic concentration of hyperbaric lidocaine for spinal anaesthesia, Canadian Journal of Anesthesia, 45, 122, 10.1007/BF03013249 Thorburn, 1984, Bupivacaine toxicity in association with extra-dural analgesia for caesarean section, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 56, 551, 10.1093/bja/56.5.551 Morgan, 1983, Anaesthesia for caesarean section—a medical audit of junior anaesthetic staff practice, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 55, 885, 10.1093/bja/55.9.885 Lussos, 1992, Anaesthesia for Caesarean delivery. Part I: general considerations and spinal anaesthesia, International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia, 1, 79, 10.1016/0959-289X(92)90007-Q Santos, 1994, Current controversies in obstetric anaesthesia, Anesthesia & Analgesia, 78, 753, 10.1213/00000539-199404000-00024 Davies, 1997, Maternal experience during epidural or combined spinal–epidural anaesthesia for Caesarean section: a prospective, randomized trial, Anesthesia & Analgesia, 85, 607, 10.1213/00000539-199709000-00022 Rawal, 1986, Single segment combined spinal epidural block for Caesarean section, Canadian Anesthetist's Society Journal, 33, 254, 10.1007/BF03010845 Choi, 2002, Comparison of combined spinal–epidural anaesthesia and spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section, IMRAPT, 14, A129 Vandermeersch, 1993, Combined spinal–epidural anaesthesia, Ballières Clinical Anaesthesiology, 7, 691, 10.1016/S0950-3501(05)80277-6 Stacey, 1993, Single space combined spinal–extradural technique for analgesia in labour, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 71, 499, 10.1093/bja/71.4.499 Campbell, 1997, Addition of epinephrine to intrathecal bupivacaine and sufentanil for ambulatory labor analgesia, Anesthesiology, 86, 525, 10.1097/00000542-199703000-00003 Sia, 1999, Combination of intrathecal sufentanil 10μg plus bupivacaine 2.5mg for labor analgesia: is half the dose enough?, Anesthesia & Analgesia, 88, 362, 10.1213/00000539-199902000-00026 Honet, 1991, Comparison among intrathecal fentanyl, meperidine and sufentanil for labor analgesia, Anesthesia & Analgesia, 75, 734 Camann, 1992, A comparison of intrathecal, epidural, and intravenous sufentanil for labor analgesia, Anesthesiology, 77, 884, 10.1097/00000542-199211000-00008 Grieco, 1993, Intrathecal sufentanil labor analgesia: the effects of adding morphine or epinephrine, Anesthesia & Analgesia, 77, 1149, 10.1213/00000539-199312000-00012 Cohen, 1993, Intrathecal sufentanil for labor analgesia: sensory changes, side effects, and fetal heart rate changes, Anesthesia & Analgesia, 77, 1155, 10.1213/00000539-199312000-00013 Riley, 1997, Intrathecal sufentanil for labor analgesia: do sensory changes predict better analgesia and greater hypotension?, Anesthesia & Analgesia, 84, 346, 10.1213/00000539-199702000-00019 Arkoosh, 1994, Subarachnoid labor analgesia. Fentanyl and morphine versus sufentanil and morphine, Regional Anesthesia, 19, 243 D'Angelo, 1997, Severe maternal hypotension and fetal bradycardia after a combined spinal–epidural anaesthetic, Anesthesiology, 87, 166, 10.1097/00000542-199707000-00023 Herman, 1997, Determination of the dose-response relationship for intrathecal sufentanil in laboring patients, Anesthesia & Analgesia, 84, 1256, 10.1213/00000539-199706000-00016 Arkoosh, 1998, Intrathecal sufentanil dose response in nulliparous patients, Anesthesiology, 89, 364, 10.1097/00000542-199808000-00012 Fernando, 1995, Posterior column sensory impairment during ambulatory extradural analgesia in labour, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 74, 349, 10.1093/bja/74.3.349-c Plaat, 1996, Selective sensory blockade with low-dose combined spinal/epidural (CSE) allows safe ambulation in labour. A pilot study, International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia, 5, 220 Parry, 1996, Comparison of dorsal column functions in parturients receiving epidural and combined spinal epidural (CSE) for labour and elective caesarean section, International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia, 5, 213 Nageotte, 1998, Epidural analgesia compared with combined spinal–epidural analgesia during labor in nulliparous women, New England Journal of Medicine, 337, 1715, 10.1056/NEJM199712113372402 Bloom, 1998, Lack of effect of walking on labor and delivery, New England Journal of Medicine, 339, 76, 10.1056/NEJM199807093390203 Collis, 1999, Effect of maternal ambulation on labour with low-dose combined spinal-epidural analgesia, Anaesthesia, 54, 535, 10.1046/j.1365-2044.1999.00802.x Gunka, 2001, CSE for labour: the debate goes on…(Editorial), Canadian Journal of Anesthesia, 48, 519, 10.1007/BF03016824 Eisenach, 1999, Combined spinal–epidural analgesia in obstetrics, Anesthesiology, 91, 299, 10.1097/00000542-199907000-00038 Patel, 1992, Combined spinal and extradural anaesthesia (letter), Anesthesia & Analgesia, 75, 640, 10.1213/00000539-199210000-00044 Robbins, 1995, Accidental intrathecal insertion of an extradural catheter during combined spinal–extradural anaesthesia for Caesarean section, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 75, 355, 10.1093/bja/75.3.355 Holmström, 1997, The use of central regional anaesthesia techniques in Sweden—results of a nation-wide survey, Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 41, 565, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1997.tb04745.x Holmström, 1995, Risk of catheter migration during combined spinal epidural block-percutaneous epiduroscopy study, Anesthesia & Analgesia, 80, 747 Morgan, 1990, Unexpectedly extensive conduction blocks in obstetric epidural analgesia, Anaesthesia, 45, 148, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1990.tb14284.x Phillip, 1976, Total spinal anaesthesia late in the course of obstetric bupivacaine epidural block, Anesthesiology, 44, 340, 10.1097/00000542-197604000-00013 Ravindran, 1979, Apparent intravascular migration of epidural catheter, Anesthesia & Analgesia, 58, 252, 10.1213/00000539-197905000-00019 van Zundert, 1987, Every dose given in epidural analgesia for vaginal delivery can be a test dose, Anesthesiology, 67, 436, 10.1097/00000542-198709000-00030 Morton, 1993, Continuous subarachnoid infusion of local anaesthetic, Anaesthesia, 48, 333, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1993.tb06957.x Russell, 1987, Effect of posture during the induction of subarachnoid analgesia for caesarean section, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 59, 342, 10.1093/bja/59.3.342 Kumar, 1987, Combined subarachnoid and epidural block for Caesarean section, Canadian Journal of Anesthesia, 34, 329, 10.1007/BF03015181 Zaric, 1996, Evaluation of epidural sensory blockade by thermostimulation, laser stimulation and recording of somatosensory evoked potentials, Regional Anesthesia, 21, 124 Bernards, 1994, Effect of needle puncture on morphine and lidocaine flux through the spinal meninges of the monkey in vitro. Implications for combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia, Anesthesiology, 80, 853, 10.1097/00000542-199404000-00019 Holmström, 1996, The dural hole does not cause any significant drug flux during combined spinal epidural block, 8 Swenson, 1996, The effect of prior dural puncture on cisternal cerebrospinal fluid morphine concentrations in sheep after administration of lumbar epidural morphine, Anesthesia & Analgesia, 83, 523, 10.1213/00000539-199609000-00014 Blumgart, 1992, Mechanism of extension of spinal anaesthesia by extradural injection of local anaesthetic, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 69, 457, 10.1093/bja/69.5.457 Bromage, 1975, Mechanism of action of extradural anaesthesia, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 47, 199 Takiguchi, 1997, The effect of epidural saline injection on analgesic level during combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia assesed clinically and myelographically, Anesthesia & Analgesia, 85, 1097, 10.1213/00000539-199711000-00024 Hodgkinson, 1981, Total spinal block after epidural injection into an interspace adjacent to an inadvertent dural perforation, Anesthesiology, 55, 593, 10.1097/00000542-198111000-00023 Leach, 1988, Subarachnoid spread of epidural local anaesthetic following dural puncture, Anaesthesia, 43, 671, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1988.tb04155.x Cruickshank, 1989, Fluid flow through dural puncture sites. An in vitro comparison of needles point types, Anaesthesia, 44, 414, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1989.tb11343.x Ready, 1989, Spinal needle determinants of rate of transdural fluid leak, Anesthesia & Analgesia, 69, 457, 10.1213/00000539-198910000-00006 Westbrook, 1994, Comparison of the force required for dural puncture with different spinal needles and subsequent leakage of cerebrospinal fluid, Anesthesia & Analgesia, 79, 769, 10.1213/00000539-199410000-00026 Gaiser, 2000, Effects of immediately initiating an epidural infusion in the combined spinal and epidural technique in nulliparous parturients, Regional Anesthesia and Pain Med, 25, 223, 10.1097/00115550-200005000-00003 Beaubien, 2000, Patient-controlled epidural analgesia with fentanyl-bupivacaine: influence of prior dural puncture, Regional Anesthesia and Pain Med, 25, 254, 10.1016/S1098-7339(00)90007-5 Tunstall, 1991, Incremental spinal anaesthesia and caesarean section – relevance to the test dose for extradural analgesia (letter), British Journal of Anaesthesia, 67, 227, 10.1093/bja/67.2.227-a Russell, 1983, Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section—the use of 0.5% bupivacaine, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 55, 309, 10.1093/bja/55.4.309 Ramsay, 1991, Epidural injection does cause an increase in CSF pressure (letter), Anesthesia & Analgesia, 73, 668, 10.1213/00000539-199111000-00030 Carpenter, 1998, Lumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid volume is the primary determinant of sensory block extent and duration of spinal anaesthesia, Anesthesiology, 89, 24, 10.1097/00000542-199807000-00007 Harding, 1994, Meningitis after combined spinal-extradural anaesthesia in obstetrics, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 73, 545, 10.1093/bja/73.4.545 Cascio, 1996, Meningitis following a combined spinal–epidural technique in a labouring term parturient, Canadian Journal of Anesthesia, 43, 399, 10.1007/BF03011721 Bouhemad, 1998, Bacterial meningitis following combined spinal–epidural analgesia for labour, Anaesthesia, 53, 290, 10.1046/j.1365-2044.1998.00282.x Donnelly, 1998, Meningitis following spinal anaesthesia—a coincidal infection, International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia, 7, 170, 10.1016/S0959-289X(98)80006-X Ready, 1989, Bacterial meningitis in parturients after epidural anaesthesia, Anesthesiology, 71, 988, 10.1097/00000542-198912000-00026 Bromage, 1994, Postpartum meningitis, Anaesthesia, 49, 260, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1994.tb03440.x Crowhurst, 1994, Patient-controlled analgesia in pregnancy, International Anesthesiology Clinics, 32, 55, 10.1097/00004311-199432020-00006 Lambert, 1992, Continuous spinal anaesthesia, 339 Brownridge, 1991, Spinal anaesthesia in obstetrics (letter), British Journal of Anaesthesia, 67, 663, 10.1093/bja/67.5.663 Cox, 1995, Ambulatory extradural analgesia. (letter), British Journal of Anaesthesia, 74, 114, 10.1093/bja/75.1.114 van de Velde, 2001, Post dural puncture headache following combined spinal epidural or epidural anaesthesia for obstetric patients, Anaesthesia Intensive Care, 29, 596, 10.1177/0310057X0102900605 van Zundert, 1996, Epidural anaesthesia: test dose, 322 Reynolds, 1990, The subdural space: the third place to go astray, Anaesthesia, 45, 120, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1990.tb14275.x Morgan, 1995, Is an epidural test dose necessary?, European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 59, 559, 10.1016/0028-2243(95)02065-Z Eldor, 1988, Combined spinal–epidural needle (CSEN), Canadian Journal of Anesthesia, 35, 537, 10.1007/BF03026909 Eldor, 1992, Combined spinal–epidural anaesthesia using the CSEN (letter), Anesthesia & Analgesia, 74, 169, 10.1213/00000539-199201000-00042 Rosenberg, 1996, Microscopic analysis of the tips of thin spinal needles after subarachnoid puncture, Regional Anesthesia, 21, 35 Eldor, 1991, Danger of metallic particles in the spinal–epidural spaces using the needle-through-needle approach (letter), Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 35, 461 Herman, 1996, No additional metal particle formation using the needle-through-needle combined epidural/spinal technique, Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 40, 227, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1996.tb04424.x Hoffman, 1997, A new combined spinal–epidural apparatus: measurement of the distance to the epidural and the subarachnoid spaces, Anaesthesia, 52, 350, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1997.93-az0093.x Puolakka, 2001, Comparison of technical and block charachteristics of different combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia techniques, Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, 26, 17, 10.1097/00115550-200101000-00006 Recommended Minimum Standards for Obstetric Anaesthesia Services. http://www.aagbi.org/pdf/19doc.pdf, UK : OAA, 1995.