The closing of the radical right gender gap in France?
Tóm tắt
One of the earliest and best-established finding about electoral support for populist radical right-wing parties is that they attract more men than women. Yet this finding might no longer apply to France. In the 2012, presidential election, contrary to her father, Marine Le Pen, the new leader of the Front National (FN), realized almost the same score among female and male voters. After controlling for other sociodemographic and attitudinal variables that explain electoral support for the FN, there is no difference between male and female voters’ support for the party. This article examines the closing of this gender gap in radical right-wing voting, drawing on post-electoral surveys conducted in 2002, 2012 and 2014. After a brief outline of the literature dealing with the emergence of the ‘Radical Right Gender Gap (RRGG)’, it ascertains the disappearance of a RRGG gender in 2012, tests possible explanations for this phenomenon and debates whether this is a temporary or a lasting one.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abendschön, S. and Steinmetz, S. (2014) The gender gap in voting revisited: Women’s party preferences in a European context. Social Politics 21 (2): 315–344.
Akkerman, T. and Hagelund, H. (2007) Women and children first! Anti-immigration parties and gender in Norway and The Netherlands. Patterns of Prejudice 41 (2): 197–214.
Alduy, C. and Wahnich, S. (2015) Marine le Pen prise aux mots. Paris, France: Seuil.
Amesberger, H. and Halbmayr, B. (eds.) (2002) Einleitung. In: Rechtsextreme Parteien-eine mögliche Heimat für Frauen? Opladen, Germany: Leske-Budrich.
Barisione, M. and Mayer, N. (2015) The transformation of the Radical Right Gender Gap: The case of the 2014 EP Election. Paper presented at the 22th International Conference for Europeanists of the Council for European Studies; 8–10 juillet, Paris, France.
Benquet, M. (2011) Les damnées de la caisse. Enquête sur une grève dans un hypermarché. Paris, France: Editions du Croquant.
Benquet, M. (2013) Encaisser! Enquête en immersion dans la grande distribution. Paris, France: La Découverte, (coll. « Cahiers libres »).
Betz, H.-G. (1994) Radical Right Wing Populism in Western Europe. New York: Saint Martin’s Press.
Bornschier, S. and Kriesi, H. (2012) The populist right, the working class, and the changing face of class politics. In: J. Rydgren (ed.) Class Politics and the Radical Right. Abingdon, UK and New York: Routledge, pp. 10–29.
Chiche, J. and Haegel, F. (2002) Les connaissances politiques. In: G. Grunberg, N. Mayer and P.M. Sniderman (eds.) La démocratie à l’épreuve: une nouvelle approche de l’opinion des Français. Paris, France: Presses de Sciences Po, pp. 273–292.
de Bruijn, S. and Veenbrink, M. (2012) The gender gap in radical right voting: Explaining differences in the Netherlands. Social Cosmos 3 (2): 215–231.
De Lange, S.L. and Mügge, L. (2015) Gender and right-wing populism in the low countries: Ideological variations across parties and time. Patterns of Prejudice 49 (1–2): 61–80.
Frader, L.L. (2008) Breadwinners and Citizens: Gender in the Making of the French Social Model. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press.
François, A. and Magni-Berton, R. (2014) Les valeurs ont-elles un sexe? Les gender gaps en Europe. In: P. Bréchon and F. Gonthier (eds.) Les valeurs des Européens. Evolutions et clivages. Paris, France: Armand Colin, pp. 169–188.
Gault, G. (2013) Ils se marièrent et eurent beaucoup d’enfants? L’opinion, le mariage et l’adoption pour les couples homosexuels. In: O. Duhamel and E. Lecerf (eds.) L’état de l’opinion. Paris, France: TNS-Sofres/Seuil, pp. 211–226.
Giger, N. (2009) Towards a modern gender gap in Europe? A comparative analysis of voting behaviour in 12 countries. Social Science Journal 46 (3): 474–492.
Givens, T.E. (2004) The radical right gender gap. Comparative Political Studies 37 (1): 30–54.
Guedj, H. (2013) Le taux d’emploi des hommes et des femmes. Des écarts plus marqués en équivalent temps plein. Insee Première 1462: 1–4.
Guggemos, F. and Vidalenc, J. (2014) Une photographie du marché du travail en 2013. INSEE Première 1516: 1–4.
Harteveld, E., van der Brug, W., Dahlberg, S. and Kokkonen, A. (2015) The gender gap in populist right voting: Examinign the demand side in Western and Eastern Europe. Patterns of Prejudice 49 (1–2): 103–134.
Harteveld, E., Dahlberg, S., Kokkonen, A. and Van der brug, W. (2013) The Gender Gap in Voting: Extremity, Ambiguity and Social Cues. Paper presented at the ECPR General Conference; 4–7 September, Bordeaux, France.
Haüsermann, S. and Schwander, H. (2012) Varieties of dualization? Labor market segmentation and insider-outsider divides across regimes. In: P. Emmenegger, S. Haüsermann, B. Palier and M. Seeleib-Kaiser (eds.) The Age of Dualization. The Changing Face of Inequality in Deindustrializing Societies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 27–51.
Huddy, L. and Terkildsen, N. (1993) Gender stereotypes and the perception of male and female candidates. American Journal of Political Science 37 (1): 119–147.
Immerzeel, T., Coffé, H. and van der Lippe, T. (2015) Explaining the gender gap in radical right voting: A cross national investigation in 12 Western-European countries. Comparative European Politics 13 (2): 263–286.
Inglehart, R. and Norris, P. (2003) Rising Tide. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Kitschelt, H. and McGann, A. (1995) The Radical Right in Western Europe. A Comparative Analysis. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Kriesi, H., Grande, E., Lachat, R., Dolezal, M., Bornschier, S. and Frey, T. (2008) West European Politics in the Age of Globalization. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Lahire, B. (2001) Héritages sexués: incorporation des habitudes et des croyances. In: T. Blöss (ed.) La dialectique des rapports hommes-femmes. Paris, France: PUF, pp. 9–25.
Manza, J. and Brooks, C. (1998) The gender gap in U.S. presidential elections: When? Why? Implications? American Journal of Sociology 103 (5): 1235–1266.
Mayer, N. (2002) Ces Français qui votent Le Pen. Paris, France: Flammarion.
Mayer, N. (2007) Comment Nicolas Sarkozy a retréci l’électorat Le Pen. Revue française de science politique 57 (3–4): 429–445.
Mayer, N. (2013a) From Jean-Marie to Marine Le Pen: Electoral change on the far right. Parliamentary Affairs 66 (1): 160–178.
Mayer, N. (2013b) L’électorat Le Pen de père en fille. In: V. Tiberj (ed.) Des votes et des voix. De Mitterrand à Hollande. Nîmes, France: Champ Social, pp. 101–111.
Mayer, N. and Michelat, G. (2007) Les transformations du rapport à l’Autre: le rôle des identités politiques et religieuses. Commission nationale consultative des droits de l’homme, La lutte contre le racisme et la xénophobie. Paris, France: La Documentation française, pp. 122–138.
Mayer, N. and Tiberj, V. (2015) Ou est passée la gauche? De la victoire de 2012 à la déroute de 2014. In: O. Duhamel and E. Lecerf (eds.) L’état de l’opinion. Paris, France: Seuil, pp. 17–36.
Meret, S. and Slim, B. (2012) Gender, Populism and politics of Belonging: Discourses of Right- wing Populist Parties in Denmark, Norway and Austria. In: B. Siim and M. Mokre (eds.) Negotiating Gender and Diversity in an emerging European Public Sphere. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 78–96.
Meret, S. and Siim, B. (2015) Female leaders for ‘Männerparteien’? A comparative and explorative study of populist right-wing leaders Pia Kjærsgaard, Marine Le Pen and Siv Jensen. Paper for the IVth European Conference on Politics and Gender; June 11–13, Uppsala, Sweden, http://www.ecpr.eu/Filestore/PaperProposal/c24af27a-a3ad-4d85-ba3b-dc4f924adab2.pdf.
Michelat, G. and Dargent, C. (2015) Système symbolique catholique et comportements électoraux. Revue française de science politique 65 (1): 27–60.
Milewski, F., Périvier, H. and Cochard, M. (2011) Hommes et femmes face à la crise. Alternatives Économiques, (Special issue « L'état de l'économie 2011 ») 88: 64–66.
Molinier, P. (2004) Déconstruire la crise de la masculinité. Mouvements 31 (1): 24–29.
Mossuz-Lavau, J. (2014) Genre et politique. La marche vers l'indifférenciation. In: A. Muxel (ed.) La vie privée des convictions. Paris, France: Presses de Sciences Po, pp. 169–185.
Mossuz-Lavau, J. (2009) Gender and politics. In: L. Rouban and P. Perrineau (eds.) Politics in France and Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 51–67.
Mossuz-Lavau, J. and Sineau, M. (1983) Enquête sur les femmes et la politique en France. Paris, France: PUF.
Mudde, C. (2007) Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mudde, C. and Kaltwasser, C.R. (2015) Vox populi or vox masculini? Populism and gender in Northern Europe and South America. Patterns of Prejudice 49 (1–2): 16–36.
Norris, P. (1996) Mobilizing the women’s vote: The gender-generation gap in voting behaviour. Parliamentary Affairs 49 (2): 333–342.
Norris, P. (2005) Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Oesch, D. (2008) Explaining voters’ support for right-wing populist parties in Western Europe: Evidence from Austria, Belgium, France, Norway and Switzerland. International Political Science Review 29 (3): 349–373.
Perrineau, P. (1997) Le symptôme Le Pen. Paris, France: Fayard.
Rippeyoung, P. (2007) When women are right: The influence of gender, work and values on European far right party support. International Feminist journal of Politics 9 (3): 379–397.
Sauger, N., Dehousse, R. and Gougou, F. (2015) Comparative Electoral Dynamics in the European Union in 2014 (CED-EU14): A Data User’s Guide. Les Cahiers européens de Sciences Po, 1. Paris: Centre d’études européennes de Sciences Po, http://cee.sciences-po.fr/en/publications/les-cahiers-europeens/2015.html.
Sineau, M. (2004) Les paradoxes du gender gap à la française. In: B. Cautrès and N. Mayer (eds.) Le nouveau désordre électoral. Les leçons du 21 avril 2002. Paris, France: Presses de Sciences Po, pp. 207–252.
Spierings, N. and Zaslove, A. (2015) Gendering the vote for populist radical-right parties. Patterns of Prejudice 49 (1–2): 135–162.
Spierings, N., Zaslove, A., Mügge, L. and de Lange, S.L. (2015) Gender and populist radical right politics: An introduction. Patterns of prejudice 49 (1–2): 3–15.
Studlar, D.T., McAllister, I. and Hayes, B.C. (1998) Explaining the gender gap in voting: A cross national analysis. Social Science Quarterly 79 (4): 779–798.
Wemlinger, E. (2013) The gender gap and torture: Opposition to torture among men and women in the USA. Social Science Journal 51 (1): 113–119.
Whitaker, L.D. (2008) Voting. The Gender Gap. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.