The chlor-alkali process: Work in Progress

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 16 Số 2 - Trang 225-234 - 2014
Shyam Lakshmanan1, Thanapalan Murugesan1
1Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Beckmann R, Lüke B (2000) Know‐how and technology‐improving the return on investment for conversions, expansions and new chlorine plants. In: Modern chlor‐alkali technology, vol 8. Wiley, pp 196–212

Bergner D (1990) Reduction of by-product formation in alkali chloride membrane electrolysis. J Appl Electrochem 20(5):716–722

Bernaus A, Gaona X, van Ree D, Valiente M (2006) Determination of mercury in polluted soils surrounding a chlor-alkali plant: direct speciation by X-ray absorption spectroscopy techniques and preliminary geochemical characterisation of the area. Anal Chim Acta 565(1):73–80

Biester H, Müller G, Schöler H (2002) Binding and mobility of mercury in soils contaminated by emissions from chlor-alkali plants. Sci Total Environ 284(1):191–203

Bommaraju TV, Chen CP (1999) Electrolytic sodium chlorate technology: current status. In: Chlor-alkali and chlorate technology: RB MacMullin memorial symposium: proceedings of the symposium. The Electrochemical Society, p 8

Bommaraju TV, Orosz PJ, Sokol EA (2007) Electrochemistry Encyclopedia—Brine electrolysis (2007) [cited 2011 10/30/2011]. http://electrochem.cwru.edu/encycl/art-b01-brine.htm

Chlistunoff J (2005) Advanced chlor-alkali technology, Final Technical Report - LAUR05-2444. Based upon work supported by the US Department of Energy, Los Alamos

Chlorine Institute (2006) Ninth annual report to EPA—for the year 2005. The Chlorine Institute Report No 9, Arlington

Concentrates (2007) Asbestos ban allows chlor alkali use. Chem Eng News 85(32):29

DeNora (1995) Chlorine caustic soda plant operating manual supplied by the plant designer, DeNora to the client upon purchase of their process technology

Dufault R, LeBlanc B, Schnoll R, Cornett C, Schweitzer L, Wallinga D, Hightower J, Patrick L, Lukiw WJ (2009a) Mercury from chlor-alkali plants: measured concentrations in food product sugar. Environ Health 8:2

Dufault R, Schnoll R, Lukiw WJ, Leblanc B, Cornett C, Patrick L, Wallinga D, Gilbert SG, Crider R (2009b) Mercury exposure, nutritional deficiencies and metabolic disruptions may affect learning in children. Behav Brain Funct 5:44

Environment Canada (1989) Compliance with chlor-alkali mercury regulations 1986–1989: Status Report (1989) [cited 1989 7/7]. Available from: http://www.ec.gc.ca/lcpe-cepa/default.asp?lang=En&n=E7E0E329-1

Euro Chlor (1998) Mercury process for making chlorine. Brussels. www.eurochlor.org

Euro Chlor (2007) The European chlor-alkali industry: steps towards sustainable development. Report No August 2007. Brussels. www.eurochlor.org

Euro Chlor (2011a) Chlorine industry review 2010–2011. Brussels. www.eurochlor.org

Euro Chlor (2011b) The membrane cell process [cited 2011 11/16/2011]. http://www.eurochlor.org/the-chlorine-universe/how-is-chlorine-produced/the-membrane-cell-process.aspx

Euro Chlor (2011c, Sept) The Euro Chlor sustainability programme (results of 2001–2011 programme: the 2011–2021 programme), Brussels. www.eurochlor.org

Euro Chlor (2012) Chlorine industry review 2011–2012. Euro Chlor, Report No 17, Brussels

Giannasi F (2007) Ban on asbestos diaphragms in the chlorine-related chemical industry and efforts toward a worldwide ban. Int J Occup Environ Health 13:80–84

Gochfeld M (2003) Cases of mercury exposure, bioavailability, and absorption. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 56(1):174–179

Golder Associates Pty Ltd (2012) Remediation options appraisal report—former chlor-alkali plant, orica botany. St Loonards. Report No 117623084_002_R_Rev2_700 0_ROAR

Grotheer M, Alkire R, Varjian R, Srinivasan V, Weidner J (2006) Industrial electrolysis and electrochemical engineering. Electrochem Soc Interface 15(1):52–54

IPPC (2001) Reference document on best available techniques in the chlor-alkali manufacturing industry. European Commission, Brussels

IPPC (2011, Dec) Best available techniques (BAT) reference document for the production of chlor-alkali, draft. Integrated Pollution Prevention Control (IPPC), Seville

Jeon J, Lim HK, Kannan K, Kim SD (2010) Effect of perfluorooctane sulfonate on osmoregulation in marine fish, Sebastes schlegeli under different salinities. Chemosphere 81(2):228–234

Kärrman A, Domingo JL, Llebaria X, Nadal M, Bigas E, van Bavel B, Lindström G (2010) Biomonitoring perfluorinated compounds in Catalonia, Spain: concentrations and trends in human liver and milk samples. Environ Sci Pollut Res 17(3):750–758

Kiefer DM (2002) Soda ash, solvay style. Todays Chem 11(2):87–90

Kiros Y, Bursell M (2008) Low energy consumption in chlor-alkali cells using oxygen reduction electrodes. Int J Electrochem Sci 3:444–451

Moorhouse J (2001) Modern chlor-alkali technology, vol 8. Wiley, New York

Moussallem I, Jörissen J, Kunz U, Pinnow S, Turek T (2008) Chlor-alkali electrolysis with oxygen depolarized cathodes: history, present status and future prospects. J Appl Electrochem 38(9):1177–1194

Moussallem I, Pinnow S, Wagner N, Turek T (2012) Development of high-performance silver-based gas-diffusion electrodes for chlor-alkali electrolysis with oxygen depolarized cathodes. Chem Eng Process 52:125–131

O’Brien D (2008, May) Effect of emissions following the installation of the chlorate destruction unit. Micro-Bio (Ireland). Report No P0082-02, Cork

O’Brien T, Bommaraju TV, Hine F (2005a) Handbook of chlor-alkali technology: brine treatment and cell operation. Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York

O’Brien T, Bommaraju TV, Hine F (2005b) History of the chlor-alkali industry, chap 2. In: Handbook of chlor-alkali technology, 3rd edn, vol 1, Springer, New York, pp 17–36

Pelham I (2010) Asbestos: a dark legacy. The Chemical Engineer. April: 22–23

Rhees RC (2007) General Electrochemistry (2007) [cited 2010 10/2]. http://www.pepconsystems.com/pdf/psi_b80.pdf

Román GC (2007) Autism: transient in utero hypothyroxinemia related to maternal flavonoid ingestion during pregnancy and to other environmental antithyroid agents. J Neurol Sci 262(1):15–26

Rosemarin A, Lehtinen KJ, Notini M, Mattson J (1994) Effects of pulp mill chlorate on Baltic Sea algae. Environ Pollut 85(1):3–13

Rule J, Iwashchenko M (1998) Mercury concentrations in soils adjacent to a former chlor-alkali plant. J Environ Qual 27(1):31–37

Sager DR (2002) Long-term variation in mercury concentrations in estuarine organisms with changes in releases into lavaca bay, texas. Mar Pollut Bull 44(8):807–815

Sathaye J, Price L, du Can SD, Fridley D (2005) Assessment of energy use and energy savings potential in selected industrial sectors in India. Lawrence Berkeley National Library, Berkeley

Schneiders K, Zimmerman A, Henben G (2001) Membrane electrolysis—innovation for the chlor-alkali industry. ThyssenKrupp, Essen

Shojaikaveh N, Ashrafizadeh SN, Mohammadi F, Amerighasrodasthi A (2009) Optimization of predicted cell voltage & caustic current efficiency in a chlor-alkali membrane cell with application of genetic algorithm—academia.edu. In 216th international ECS meeting, 4–9 October 2009, Vienna. http://uni-nl.academia.edu/NarjesShojaikaveh/Papers/523711/Optimization_of_Predicted_Cell_Voltage_and_Caustic_Current_Efficiency_in_a_Chlor-Alkali_Membrane_Cell_with_Application_of_Genetic_Algorithm

Singh YR (2010) Voluntary mercury cell phase out programme of India. Mercury Technical Briefing Presentation, Stockholm

Smith AH, Wright CC (1996) Chrysotile asbestos is the main cause of pleural mesothelioma. Am J Ind Med 30(3):252–266

Stern AH, Gochfeld M, Weisel C, Burger J (2001) Mercury and methylmercury exposure in the New Jersey pregnant population. Arch Environ Health Int J 56(1):4–10

Varjian RD (2003) Salt, chlor-alkali, and related heavy chemicals. In: Riegel’s handbook of industrial chemistry, p 429–462, Plenum Pub Corp

Warrington P (2002) Ambient water quality guidelines for chlorate. Technical Guidance Report. British Columbia. Water, Air and Climate Change Branch, Government of British Columbia. Web Document

Wiberg N, Holleman AF, Wiberg E (eds) (2001) Holleman-Wiberg’s inorganic chemistry. Elsevier Science and Technology Books