Các vụ án caozheng và trật tự xã hội ở các địa phương trong Đế quốc Qing - Một cuộc điều tra tập trung vào vụ kiện của Kuang Guangwen về việc đánh thuế quá mức

Cai Shiying 蔡士英. —Fujiangji 抚江集 (The collected works of Cai Shiying when he was the governor of Jiangxi), Vol. 5. In Siku weishoushu jikan 四库未收书辑刊 (The collected books that are not included in The Complete Library in the Four Divisions), “Jibu 7,” 21. Chang Bi 瑺弼. “Zou bao zunzhi huichou Jiangxisheng caowu qingxing shi” 奏报遵旨会筹江西省漕务情形事 (Memorial about the situation of the plan and preparation in Jiangxi for the collection and transport of grain taxes by water), on the 27th of the second month, Daoguang 2 (1822). Archival number 03-3102-053. Chen Dailin 陈岱霖. “Qing yange zhengcao jibi shu” 请严革征漕积弊疏 (Memorial about the request for the total ban on age-old malpractices in the collection and transport of grain taxes by water to the capital). In Huangchao DaoXian TongGuang zouyi 皇朝道咸同光奏议 (Dynastic memorials in the Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi and Guangxu Era), Part 1 of Vol. 27: “Huzheng,” 8. Ding Yusheng 丁禹生. “Pi Funingxian bing Dacaotu liang hujituan kangwan caofu you” 批阜宁县禀大曹图粮户藉团抗完漕赋由 (Official reply to the report delivered by the Funing County government about the unlawful assemblies held by the Dacaotu taxpayers to put up resistance to the collection of grain taxes). In Fuwu gongdu 抚吴公牍 (The official document drawn up during the tenure of office as the governor of Jiangsu), Vol. 1. Fuyang xianzhi 富阳县志 (The gazetteer of Fuyang County). Vol. 12: “Fuyi · Tianfu.” Hu Linyi 胡林翼. “Gechu caowu jibi bing jianding caozhang mishu” 革除漕务积弊并减定漕章密疏 (Confidential memorial about the total ban on age-old malpractices and the reduction in the size of the taxation in the collection and transport of grain taxes by water). In Huangchao jingshi wenbian 皇朝经世文编 (Collected essays on statecraft), Vol. 46. “Huzheng 21.” Guangxu 17 (1891). Huang Liuhong 黄六鸿. Nongmang zhisong 农忙止讼 (No court proceedings are instituted when the busy season comes for farming). In Liu Junwen 刘俊文 comp. Guanzhenshu jicheng 官箴书集成 (A complete collection of judicious admonitions to hold office). Hefei: Huangshan shushe, 1997. Huangchao zhengdian leizuan 皇朝政典类纂 (Dynastic collection of imperial government affairs), Vol. 26: “Zhengshou shili · Cuike 1,” 6; Vol. 29: “Tianfu,” 7; Vol. 49: “Caoyun 2 · Caozhi,” 4. Jiang Liangqi 蒋良骐. Donghualu 东华录 (The veritable records on the life of the Qing emperors at the Donghua Gate). Published in the Qianlong Era. Jiang Youxian 蒋攸銛. “Ni gengding caozheng zhangcheng shu” 拟更定漕政章程疏 (The memorial about the amendment to the rules of caozheng). In He Changling 贺长龄 ed. Huangchao jingshi wenbian 皇朝经世文编 (Collected essays on statecraft), Vol. 46. “Huzheng 21.” Guangxu 17 (1891). Ke Wuchi 柯悟迟. Louwang yongyu ji 漏网喁鱼集 (A collection in the account of the fish that slips through the net and emerges from water). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1997. Li Wenzhi 李文治, Jiang Taixin 江太新. Qingdai caoyun 清代漕运 (The transport of grain taxes by water to the capital in the Qing Dynasty). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1995. Liao Wenwei 廖文伟. Dalao suiyue 打捞岁月 (The past events in days of yore). Beijing: Dazhong wenyi chubanshe, 2007. Lin Zexu 林则徐. “Chouhua caowu zhe” 筹划漕务折 (The memorial about the preparation for caozheng). In Rao Yucheng 饶玉成 ed. Huangchao jingshi wenbian xuji 皇朝经世文编续集 (The sequel to Collected essays on statecraft), Vol. 46: “Huzheng 21.” Guangxu 8 (1882). —. “Yifu chouhua caoyun shiyi shu” 议覆筹划漕运事宜疏 (The memorial about the discussion over the preparation for the transport of grain taxes by water). In Sheng Kang 盛 康 ed. Huangchao jingshi wen xubian 皇朝经世文续编 (The continuation to Collected essays on statecraft), Vol. 48: “Huzheng 20.” Guangxu 23 (1897). Lu De 路德. Preface for Fupan lucun 府判录存 (The original recording of the court hearing). Quoted from Zhang Xiaoye, 2004, (2). Luo Dichu 罗迪楚. “Zhuanzhe kaicheng zhengshou qianliang shiqing bing shanhou shiyi” 专折开呈征收钱粮实情并善后事宜 (Special memorial about the truth in the collection of grain taxes and the solution of the aftermath). In Liu Junwen 刘俊文 comp. Guanzhenshu jicheng 官箴书集成 (The collection of the judicious admonition to hold office), Book 9. Hefei: Huangshan shushe, 1997. Minguo Liling xianzhi 民国醴陵县志 (The gazetteer of Liling in the Republic of China). Minguo Lilingxian xuzhi 民国醴陵县续志 (The sequel of The Gazetteer of Liling County in the Republic Period), Vol. 4: “Guanshi zhuan” 官师传 (The biographies of the junior clerks), Part 24, 11. Minguo Qidong xianzhi 民国齐东县志 (The gazetteer of Qidong County in the Republic Period). Vol. 15: “Renwu zhi · Shiji · Yixing,” 26. 1935. Minguo xuxiu Licheng xianzhi 民国续修历城县志 (The sequel to the gazetteer of Licheng County in the Republic Period), Vol. 44: “Liezhuan 6,” 24. 1926. Minguo Yangxin xianzhi 民国阳信县志 (The gazetteer of Yangxin County in the Republic Period). Vol. 5: “Renwuzhi · Yixia,” 77. Minguo Zhengxian zhi 民国郑县志 (The gazetteer of Zheng County in the Republic Period). Vol. 15: “Yiwen zhi · Zhuan.” Peng Weixin 彭维新. “Yu Feng Liangdao shu” 与冯粮道书 (Letter to Feng Liangdao). In Tongzhi Chaling zhouzhi 同治茶陵州志 (The gazetteer of Chaling Prefecture during Tongzhi Era), “Yiwen zhi,” Vol. 20: “Shu.” Qian Zhen 钱臻. “Zou wei chaban Lilingxian jiansheng Yang Qingmei bachi caowu, xiezhi guanli deng qingxing shi” 奏为查办醴陵县监生杨清枚把持漕务, 挟制官吏等情形事 (The memorial about the prosecution against the imperial college student Yang Qingmei of Liling for his monopolizing caozheng and forcing the officials to do his bidding), on the 27th of the twelfth month, Daoguang 1 (1821). Archival number 04-01-01-0620-050. —. “Zou wei te can Lilingxian zhixian Jin Derong banli caoliang bushan, fu shuzong yaofan, qing gezhi jishi” 奏为特参醴陵县知县金德荣办理漕粮不善, 复疏纵要犯, 请革职缉事 (The memorial about the indictment against the county magistrate of Liling-Jin Derong for his gross misconduct of the collection of grain taxes, and for the escape of the important culprits due to his contributory negligence, and of the request for the instruction to suspend him from office and to bring him to justice), on the 3rd of the second month, Daoguang 2 (1822). Archival number 04-01-12-0349-078. —. “Zou wei zunzhi shenming Lilingxian gejian Kuang Guangwen deng baolan naocao, dieci jubu, zhishang bingyi an dingni shi” 奏为遵旨审明醴陵县革监匡光文等包揽闹漕, 叠次 拒捕, 致伤兵役案定拟事 (The memorial about the verdict by imperial decree in court proceedings against Kuang Guangwen et al., who is deprived of the imperial college studentship because they has sparked off the naocao, resisted arrest several times, and inflicted casualties on the runners in the execution of official duties), on the 29th of the eighth month, Daoguang 2 (1822). Archival number 04-01-01-0635-003. Qianlong Hengyang xianzhi 乾隆衡阳县志 (The gazetteer of Hengyang County during the Qianlong Era). “Guanshi zhuan: Gao Li liezhuan” 官师传·高李列传 (The biographies of the junior clerks: Gao and Li), Vol. 5. Qu Tongzu 瞿同祖. Qingdai difang zhengfu 清代地方政府 (The local government in the Qing Dynasty). Beijing: Falü chubanshe, 2003. Tao Shu 陶澍. “Fu zou chaxun jingkong shijian zhezi” 覆奏查讯京控事件折子 (The memorial in reply about the formal inquiry into the appeal to the central authorities in Beijing). In Tao Yunting xiansheng zoushu 陶云汀先生奏疏 (The memorials presented by Tao Yunting), Vol. 17. Daoguang 8 (1828). —. “Fuchen caowu qingxing, yanjin baocao lougui zhe pian” 附陈漕务情形, 严禁包漕陋 规折片 (The memorial about the prohibition of the objectionable practice to conduct baocao and attached statement of the affairs of canal transportation). In Taoyunting xiansheng zoushu, Vol. 7. —. “Zou wei Wu Heng deng kangliang naotang jiang Xinyangxian zhixian Miao Linfeng jieren zhishen shi” 奏为吴横等抗粮闹堂将新阳县知县苗临沣解任质审事 (The memorial about the interrogation and removal of county magistrate Miao Linfeng of Xinyang due to the kangliang conducted by Wu Heng et al.), on the 27th of the fifth month, Daoguang 10 (1830). Archival number 03-2599-040. Thomas T. Meadows. “Desultory notes on the government and people of China, and on the Chinese language.” Quoted from G. W. Skinner. “The City in Late Imperial China,” 462. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2001. Tongzhi Qianshan xianzhi 同治铅山县志 (The gazetteer of Qianshan County during the Tongzhi Era), Vol. 8: “Shihuo · Lianbao guanmen · Shangyu.” Wang Anding 王安定. Qiuquezhai dizi ji 求阙斋弟子记 (The records kept by the followers from Qiuquezhai), Vol. 28. Quoted from Ni Yuping 倪玉平. Qingdai caoliang haiyun yu shehui bianqian 清代漕粮海运与社会变迁 (The social changes and the shipment of grain taxes by sea in the Qing), 31. Shanghai: Shanghai shudian, 2005. Wang Jiaxiang 王家相. “Zou wei bazhe shoucao buke zhe shishi deng shi” 奏为八折收漕不可 者十事等事 (The memorial about the matter of the disagreement from ten aspects on imposing the taxation by 20% discount), on the 15th of the sixth month, Daoguang 1 (1821). Archival number 03-3103-006. Wang Qisun 王岂孙. Zhuanban yi 转般议 (A discussion on the transport of grain taxes by water to the capital). In Huangchao jingshi wenbian, “Huzheng 20.” Wang Rigen 王日根. MingQing minjian shehui de zhixu 明清民间社会的秩序 (The social order preserved among the people in the Ming & Qing). Changsha: Yuelu shushe, 2003. Wu Qi 吴琦. Caoyun yu Zhongguo shehui 漕运与中国社会 (Chinese society and the transport of grain taxes by water to the capital). Wuhan: Huazhong shifan daxue chubanshe, 1999. Wu Qi 吴琦, Xiao Lihong 肖丽红. Qingdai caoliang zhengpai zhong de guanfu, shenjin yu minzhong-yi Qingdai kangliang shijian wei zhongxin de kaocha 清代漕粮’征派中的官府、 绅 衿与民众—以清代抗粮事件为中心的考察 (The Qing officials, gentries and commoners in the collection of grain taxes-An investigation that centers on resistance movements against the grain levy). Zhongguo shehui jingjishi yanjiu 中国社会经济史研究 (The Journal of Chinese Social and Economical History), 2008, (2). Wu Yangyuan 吴养原. “Shenli Anrenxian naocao feitu zhe” 审理安仁县闹漕匪徒折 (The memorial about the gangsters mount naocao in Anren County). In Wu Wenjiegong yiji 吴文节公遗集 (The posthumous collected works of Wu Yangyuan), Vols. 10, 11. Zhongguo jindai shiliao congkan edition. Xin Congyi 辛从益. “Lun Jiangsu shoucao zhangcheng shu” 论江苏收漕章程疏 (The memorial about the Jiangsu statutory regulations regarding the collection of grain taxes). In Wanzai xianzhi 万载县志 (Gazetteer of Wanzai County), “Wenzheng · Shu,” 18–19. Xu Zhaowei 徐兆玮. Jihai riji 己亥日记 (Diary in the year of Jihai), on July 30, 1899. Xu Zhongming 徐忠明. Anli, gushi yu MingQing shiqi de sifa wenhua 案例、 故事与明清时期的 司法文化 (The cases, stories and legal culture of Ming & Qing). Beijing: Falü chubanshe, 2006. Xuzuan Jiangning fuzhi 续纂江宁府志 (The sequel to the gazetteer of Jiangning Prefecture), Vol. 14: “Renwu zhi.” Yantang jianwen zalu 研堂见闻杂录 (The miscellany of knowledge from Yantang). Qingdai shiliao biji congkan edition. Yao Wentian 姚文田. “Jingchen caoyun qingxing shu” 敬陈漕运情形疏 (The memorial about the conditions in the transport of grain taxes by water to the capital). In Huangchao DaoXian TongGuang zouyi 皇朝道咸同光奏议 (Dynastic memorials in the Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi and Guangxu Era), Vol. 27: “Huzheng.” —. “Luncao shu” 论漕疏 (The memorial about caozheng). In Huangchao jingshi wenbian, Vol. 46, “Huzheng 21.” Yun Shilin 恽世临. “Jin ge shuyi jibi shi” 禁革书役积弊示 (The instruction to ban the age-old malpractice followed by the junior clerks). In Tongzhi Changsha xianzhi 同治长沙县志 (The gazetteer of Changsha County during the Tongzhi Era), Vol. 20: “Yiwen zhi · Zhengji 2.” Zhang Xiaoye 张小也. Guan, min yu fa: MingQing guojia yu jiceng shehui 官、 民与法: 明清国家与基层社会 (Officials, commoners and law: The state and society at the basic level in the Ming and Qing China). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2007. —. “Jiansong zhi ren yu difang gonggong shiwu-yi Qingdai caosong wei zhongxin” 健讼之人与地方公共事务—以清代漕讼为中心 (The shysters and the public affairs in the localities: The central focus on the caozheng cases of the Qing Dynasty). Qingshi yanjiu 清史研究 (The Qing History Journal), 2004, (2). —. “Shiliao, fangfa, lilun: lishi renleixue shijiao xia de ‘Zhong Jiu naocao’” 史料、 方法、 理论: 历史人类学视角下的“钟九闹漕” (The historical material, methods, theories: The naocao incident led by Zhong Jiu from the angle of historical anthropology). Hebei xuekan 河北学刊 (Hebei Academic Journal), 2004, (6). —. “Shehui chongtu zhong de guan, min yu fa: yi Zhong Jiu naocao shijian wei zhongxin” 社会冲突中的官、 民与法: 以“钟九闹漕”事件为中心 (Officials, commoners and law in social conflict: Focus on the naocao incident led by Zhong Jiu). Jianghan luntan 江汉论坛 (The Jianghan Forum), 2006, (4). Zhang Zhongli 张仲礼. Zhongguo shenshi de shouru 中国绅士的收入 (The income of the Chinese gentry). Shanghai: Shanghai shehui kexue chubanshe, 2002. Zhao Erxun 赵尔巽. Qingshigao 清史稿 (The draft of the history of the Qing Dynasty), Vol. 116: “Zhiguan san.” Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1976. Zhao Shenqiao 赵申乔. “Jin caoliang lougui xi” 禁漕粮陋规檄 (The public proclamation about prohibiting the bad rule of canal transportation). In Tongzhi Changsha xianzhi 同治长沙县志 (The gazetteer of the Changsha County during the Tongzhi Era), Vol. 20: “Yiwen zhi · Zhengji 2.” “Zhengshou qianliang jinzhi jiechuan fapiao” 征收钱粮禁止截串发票 (The prohibition of the irregularities in the receipts from tax payments). In Jiangsu shengli 江苏省例 (The statutory rules for the provincial administration of Jiangsu), Book 5, 3. Tongzhi 8 (1869). “Zonghe mingshi zhezi” 综核名实折子 (The memorial about the check and investigation conducted into the actual facts). In Tongzhi Yihuang xianzhi 同治宜黄县志 (The gazetteer of Yihuang County during the Tongzhi Era), “Yiwen · Zhezi,” 19, 20. Zuo Fu 左辅. “Hunan xunfu Zuo Fu te can qianshu Lilingxian zhixian Wang Shuhui fule caofei qingzhi gezhi shi” 湖南巡抚左辅特参前署醴陵县知县王述徽浮勒漕费请旨革职事 (The memorial about the indictment issued by the provincial governor of Hunan-Zuo Fu against the former county magistrate of Liling-Wang Shuhui for his extortion racket run by levying the excessive taxes on grain delivered to the central government and of the request for the imperial decree to remove him from office on the charge), on the 12th of the ninth month, Daoguang 1 (1821). Archival number 03-2514-015. —. “Zou wei chaming Lilingxian gejian Kuang Guangwen jingkong cicheng fanghuo shaohui maowu yijie shizai qingxing shi” 奏为查明醴陵县革监匡光文京控词称放火烧毁茅屋一节实在情形事 (The memorial about the actual situation of Kuang Guangwen, who is deprived of the imperial college studentship, alleges that fire has been set to his thatched houses), on the 29th of the eighth month, Daoguang 2 (1822). Archival number 04-01-01-0635-004. —. “Zou wei chaxun Lilingxian jiansheng Cheng Liangshu jingkong qianshu zhixian Wang Shuhui fule caofei deng qing yian dagai qingxing shi” 奏为查讯醴陵县监生程亮书京控前署知县王述徽浮勒漕费等情一案大概情形事 (The memorial about the overall situation in which the appeal is filed by the imperial college student of Liling-Cheng Liangshu to the central authorities against the extortion racket that the former county magistrate Wang Shuhui has operated by levying the excessive taxes on grain delivered to the government), on the 12th of the ninth month, Daoguang 1 (1821). Archival number 04-01-01-0620-036. —. “Zou wei zunzhi banli yanjin fushou caofei lezhe lougui shi” 奏为遵旨办理严禁浮收漕费勒折陋规事 (The memorial about banning the objectionable practice by imperial decree to impose excessive taxation and to operate extortion racket during the course of canal transportation), on the 6th of the seventh month, Daoguang 1 (1821). Archival number 04-01-35-0240-011. —. “Zou wei zunzhi shenming Hengyang xianmin Xiao Guangchu jingkong liangshu Xu Guangtai deng fushou lezhe anli dingni shi” 奏为遵旨审明衡阳县民萧光楚京控粮书许光太等浮收勒折案例定拟事 (The memorial about Xiao Guangchu of Hengyang County acusseing the officer Xu Guangtai of the extortion racket), on the 25th of the third leap month, Daoguang 2 (1822). Archival number 04-01-01-0634-025. —. “Zou wei zunzhi shenming Lilingxian jiansheng Cheng Liangshu jingkong qianshu zhixian Wang Shuhui fushou lesuo lanxing zhangze an dingni shi” 奏为遵旨审明醴陵县监生程亮书京控前署知县王述徽浮收勒索滥行杖责案定拟事 (The memorial about the verdict by imperial decree in the hearing of the appeal filed by the imperial college student of Liling-Cheng Liangshu to the central authorities against the extortion racket that the former county magistrate-Wang Shuhui has run by imposing excessive taxes and handed out indiscriminate punishment by flogging), on the 22th of the third month, Daoguang 2 (1822). Archival number 04-01-01-0634-031.