The blood-brain barrier and oncology: new insights into function and modulation

Cancer Treatment Reviews - Tập 26 Số 6 - Trang 449-462 - 2000
Joost Bart1, H.J.M. Groen1, N. Harry Hendrikse2, Winette T.A. van der Graaf3, Willem Vaalburg2, Elisabeth G.E. de Vries3
1Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands
2PET Center, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands.
3Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Nugent, 1979, CNS metastases in small cell bronchogenic carcinoma: increasing frequency and changing pattern with lengthening survival, Cancer, 44, 1885, 10.1002/1097-0142(197911)44:5<1885::AID-CNCR2820440550>3.0.CO;2-F

Scheffer, 1995, The drug resistance-related protein LRP is the human major vault protein, Nat Med, 1, 578, 10.1038/nm0695-578

Fojo, 1987, Expression of a multidrug-resistance gene in human tumors and tissues, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 84, 265, 10.1073/pnas.84.1.265

Cole, 1992, Overexpression of a transporter gene in a multidrug-resistant human lung cancer cell line, Science, 258, 1650, 10.1126/science.1360704

Sugawara, 1988, Tissue distribution of P-glycoprotein encoded by a multidrug-resistant gene as revealed by a monoclonal antibody, MRK 16, Cancer Res, 48, 1926

Hendrikse, 1998, Complete in vivo reversal of P-glycoprotein pump function in the blood-brain barrier visualized with positron emission tomography, Br J Pharmacol, 124, 1413, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0701979

Thiebaut, 1987, Cellular localization of the multidrug-resistance gene product P-glycoprotein in normal human tissues, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 84, 7735, 10.1073/pnas.84.21.7735

Cordon-Cardo, 1989, Multidrug-resistance gene (P-glycoprotein) is expressed by endothelial cells at blood-brain barrier sites, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 86, 695, 10.1073/pnas.86.2.695

Stewart, 1983, Concentration of vinblastine in human intracerebral tumor and other tissues, J Neurooncol, 1, 139, 10.1007/BF00182959

Green, 1988, Human central nervous system and plasma pharmacology of mitoxantrone, J Neurooncol, 6, 75, 10.1007/BF00163544

Wolff, 1999, Chemosensitivity of glioma cells in vitro: a meta analysis, J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 125, 481, 10.1007/s004320050305

Neuwelt, 1982, Effects of adrenal cortical steroids and osmotic blood-brain barrier opening on methotrexate delivery to gliomas in the rodent: the factor of the blood-brain barrier, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 79, 4420, 10.1073/pnas.79.14.4420

Dean, 1999, Cereport (RMP-7) increases carboplatin levels in brain tumors after pretreatment with dexamethasone, Neuro-Oncology, 1, 268, 10.1093/neuonc/1.4.268

Weller, 1997, Chemotherapy of human malignant glioma: prevention of efficacy by dexamethasone?, Neurology, 48, 1704, 10.1212/WNL.48.6.1704

Schinkel, 1995, Absence of the mdr 1a P-Glycoprotein in mice affects tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone, digoxin, and cyclosporin A, J Clin Invest, 96, 1698, 10.1172/JCI118214

Straathof, 1999, The accumulation of topotecan in 9L glioma and in brain parenchyma with and without dexamethasone administration, J Neurooncol, 42, 117, 10.1023/A:1006166716683

Twelves, 1990, The response of cerebral metastases in small celllung cancer to systemic chemotherapy, Br J Cancer, 61, 147, 10.1038/bjc.1990.30

Groen, 1993, Carboplatin as second line treatment for recurrent or progressive brain metastases from small cell lung cancer, Eur J Cancer, 29A, 1696, 10.1016/0959-8049(93)90107-Q

Tatsuta, 1992, Functional involvement of P-glycoprotein in blood-brain barrier, J Biol Chem, 267, 20383, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)88713-6

Tsuji, 1998, P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux transport of anticancer drugs at the blood-brain barrier, Ther Drug Monit, 20, 588, 10.1097/00007691-199810000-00024

Jette, 1995, Interaction of drugs with P-glycoprotein in brain capillaries, Biochem Pharmacol, 50, 1701, 10.1016/0006-2952(95)02073-X

van Asperen, 1997, The functional role of P-glycoprotein in the blood-brain barrier, J Pharm Sci, 86, 881, 10.1021/js9701364

Kool, 1997, Analysis of expression of cMOAT (MRP2), MRP3, MRP4, and MRP5, homologues of the multidrug resistance-associated protein gene (MRP1), in human cancer cell lines, Cancer Res, 57, 3537

Kool, 1999, Expression of human MRP6, a homologue of the multidrug resistance protein gene MRP1, in tissues and cancer cells, Cancer Res, 59, 175

Huai-Yun, 1998, Expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) in brain microvessel endothelial cells, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 243, 816, 10.1006/bbrc.1997.8132

Angeletti, 1998, Dichotomous development of the organic anion transport protein in liver and choroid plexus, Am J Physiol, 275, C882, 10.1152/ajpcell.1998.275.3.C882

Rao, 1999, Choroid plexus epithelial expression of MDR1 P glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein contribute to the blood-cerebrospinal-fluid drug-permeability barrier, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 96, 3900, 10.1073/pnas.96.7.3900

Sugiyama, 1999, Kinetic and biochemical analysis of carrier-mediated efflux of drugs through the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers: importance in the drug delivery to the brain, J Controlled Release, 62, 179, 10.1016/S0168-3659(99)00036-X

Wijnholds, 2000, Multidrug resistance protein 1 protects the choroid plexus epithelium and contributes to the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, J Clin Invest, 105, 279, 10.1172/JCI8267

Noe, 1997, Isolation of a multispecific organic anion and cardiac glycoside transporter from rat brain, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 94, 10346, 10.1073/pnas.94.19.10346

Abbott, 1991, Control of brain endothelial permeability, Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev, 3, 39

Coomber, 1985, Morphometric analysis of CNS microvascular endothelium, Microvasc Res, 30, 99, 10.1016/0026-2862(85)90042-1

Rubin, 1999, The cell biology of the blood-brain barrier, Annu Rev Neurosci, 22, 11, 10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.11

Stewart, 1981, Developing nervous tissue induces formation of blood-brain barrier characteristics in invading endothelial cells: a study using quail—chick transplantation chimeras, Dev Biol, 84, 183, 10.1016/0012-1606(81)90382-1

Janzer, 1987, Astrocytes induce blood-brain barrier properties in endothelial cells, Nature, 325, 253, 10.1038/325253a0

Staddon, 1996, Cell adhesion, cell junctions and the blood-brain barrier, Curr Opin Neurobiol, 6, 622, 10.1016/S0959-4388(96)80094-8

Sobue, 1999, Induction of blood-brain barrier properties in immortalized bovine brain endothelial cells by astrocytic factors, Neurosci Res, 35, 155, 10.1016/S0168-0102(99)00079-6

Butt, 1990, Electrical resistance across the blood-brain barrier in anaesthetized rats: a developmental study, J Physiol (Lond), 429, 47, 10.1113/jphysiol.1990.sp018243

Hirase, 1997, Occludin as a possible determinant of tight junction permeability in endothelial cells, J Cell Sci, 110, 1603, 10.1242/jcs.110.14.1603

Shibata, 1989, Ultrastructure of capillary walls in human brain tumors, Acta Neuropathol (Berl), 78, 561, 10.1007/BF00691283

Hirano, 1975, Vascular structures in brain tumors, Hum Pathol, 6, 611, 10.1016/S0046-8177(75)80045-1

Stewart, 1984, Penetration of VP-16 (etoposide) into human intracerebral and extracerebral tumors, J Neurooncol, 2, 133

Stewart, 1982, Human central nervous system distribution of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum and use as a radiosensitizer in malignant brain tumors, Cancer Res, 42, 2474

Stewart, 1980, Penetration of N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate into human central nervous system and intracerebral tumor, Cancer Res, 40, 3163

Kiya, 1992, Penetration of etoposide into human malignant brain tumors after intravenous and oral administration, Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 29, 339, 10.1007/BF00686001

Postmus, 1999, Chemotherapy for brain metastases of lung cancer: a review, Ann Oncol, 10, 753, 10.1023/A:1008318515795

Levin, 1980, Relationship of octanol/water partition coefficient and molecular weight to rat brain capillary permeability, J Med Chem, 23, 682, 10.1021/jm00180a022

Johnson, 1999, In vitro models of the blood-brain barrier to polar permeants: comparison of transmonolayer flux measurements and cell uptake kinetics using cultured cerebral capillary endothelial cells, J Pharm Sci, 88, 620, 10.1021/js9803149

Jette, 1993, High levels of P-glycoprotein detected in isolated brain capillaries, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1150, 147, 10.1016/0005-2736(93)90083-C

Drion, 1996, Role of P-glycoprotein in the blood-brain transport of colchicine and vinblastine, J Neurochem, 67, 1688, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.67041688.x

Mayer, 1997, Full blockade of intestinal P-glycoprotein and extensive inhibition of blood-brain barrier P-glycoprotein by oral treatment of mice with PSC833, J Clin Invest, 100, 2430, 10.1172/JCI119784

Clifford, 1996, High level expression of the multidrug resistance (MDR1) gene in the normal bladder urothelium: a potential involvement in protection against carcinogens?, Carcinogenesis, 17, 601, 10.1093/carcin/17.3.601

Cordon-Cardo, 1990, Expression of the multidrug resistance gene product (P-glycoprotein) in human normal and tumor tissues, J Histochem Cytochem, 38, 1277, 10.1177/38.9.1974900

De Boer, 1998, Transporters and the blood-brain barrier (BBB), Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther, 36, 14

Schinkel, 1994, Disruption of the mouse mdr la P-glycoprotein gene leads to a deficiency in the blood-brain barrier and to increased sensitivity to drugs, Cell, 77, 491, 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90212-7

Jonker, 1999, Role of blood-brain barrier P-glycoprotein in limiting brain accumulation and sedative side-effects of asimadoline, a peripherally acting analgaesic drug, Br J Pharmacol, 127, 43, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702497

Xie, 1999, The role of P-glycoprotein in blood-brain barrier transport of morphine: transcortical microdialysis studies in mdrla (–/–) and mdrla (+/+) mice, Br J Pharmacol, 128, 563, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702804

Juliano, 1976, A surface glycoprotein modulating drug permeability in Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants, Biochim Biophys Acta, 455, 152, 10.1016/0005-2736(76)90160-7

Gros, 1986, Mammalian multidrug resistance gene: complete cDNA sequence indicates strong homology to bacterial transport proteins, Cell, 47, 371, 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90594-5

Hendrikse, 1999, Visualization of multidrug resistance in vivo, Eur J Nucl Med, 26, 283, 10.1007/s002590050390

Piwnica-Worms, 1993, Functional imaging of multidrug-resistant P-glycoprotein with an organotechnetium complex, Cancer Res, 53, 977

Gill, 1992, Separation of drug transport and chloride channel functions of the human multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein, Cell, 71, 23, 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90263-C

Eytan, 1999, Mechanism of action of P-glycoprotein in relation to passive membrane permeation, Int Rev Cytol, 190, 175, 10.1016/S0074-7696(08)62148-8

Ohnishi, 1995, In vivo and in vitro evidence for ATP-dependency of P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux of doxorubicin at the blood-brain barrier, Biochem Pharmacol, 49, 1541, 10.1016/0006-2952(95)00082-B

Higgins, 1992, ABC transporters: from microorganisms to man, Annu Rev Cell Biol, 8, 67, 10.1146/annurev.cb.08.110192.000435

Seetharaman, 1998, Multidrug resistance-related transport proteins in isolated human brain microvessels and in cells cultured from these isolates, J Neurochem, 70, 1151, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.70031151.x

Zhu, 1999, A novel hypothesis for the mechanism of action of P-glycoprotein as a multidrug transporter, Mol Carcinog, 25, 1, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2744(199905)25:1<1::AID-MC1>3.0.CO;2-1

el Bacha, 1999, Drug metabolizing enzymes in cerebrovascular endothelial cells afford a metabolic protection to the brain, Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand), 45, 15

Britto, 1992, Cytochrome P-450 in the brain. Potential evolutionary and therapeutic relevance of localization of drug-metabolizing enzymes, Drug Metab Dispos, 20, 446

Morse, 1998, Distribution and induction of cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1A2 in rat brain, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 152, 232, 10.1006/taap.1998.8477

Fischer, 1998, The multidrug resistance modulator valspodar (PSC 833) is metabolized by human cytochrome P450 3A. Implications for drug-drug interactions and pharmacological activity of the main metabolite, Drug Metab Dispos, 26, 802

Lum, 1993, Clinical trials of modulation of multidrug resistance. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations, Cancer, 72, 3502, 10.1002/1097-0142(19931201)72:11+<3502::AID-CNCR2820721618>3.0.CO;2-N

Van der Valk, 1990, Distribution of multi-drug resistance-associated P-glycoprotein in normal and neoplastic human tissues. Analysis with 3 monoclonal antibodies recognizing different epitopes of the P-glycoprotein molecule, Ann Oncol, 1, 56, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.annonc.a057676

Yang, 1989, Progesterone interacts with P-glycoprotein in multidrug-resistant cells and in the endometrium of gravid uterus, J Biol Chem, 264, 782, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)85010-X

Thorgeirsson, 1991, Multidrug resistance gene family and chemical carcinogens, Pharmacol Ther, 49, 283, 10.1016/0163-7258(91)90059-U

Gosland, 1996, Reversal of doxorubicin, etoposide, vinblastine, and taxol resistance in multidrug resistant human sarcoma cells by a polymer of spermine, Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 37, 593, 10.1007/s002800050434

Gosland, 1993, 17 beta-estradiol glucuronide: an inducer of cholestasis and a physiological substrate for the multidrug resistance transporter, Cancer Res, 53, 5382

Doppenschmitt, 1999, Characterization of binding properties to human P-glycoprotein: development of a [3H]verapamil radioligand-binding assay, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 288, 348

Pascaud, 1998, Multidrug resistance transporter P-glycoprotein has distinct but interacting binding sites for cytotoxic drugs and reversing agents, Biochem J, 333, 351, 10.1042/bj3330351

Jolliet-Riant, 1999, Drug transfer across the blood-brain barrier and improvement of brain delivery, Fundam Clin Pharmacol, 13, 16, 10.1111/j.1472-8206.1999.tb00316.x

Seelig, 1998, How does P-glycoprotein recognize its substrates?, Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther, 36, 50

Ueda, 1999, Recent progress in P-glycoprotein research, Anticancer Drug Des, 14, 115

Valverde, 1992, Volume-regulated chloride channels associated with the human multidrug-resistance P-glycoprotein, Nature, 355, 830, 10.1038/355830a0

Abraham, 1993, The multidrug resistance (mdr1) gene product functions as an ATP channel, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 90, 312, 10.1073/pnas.90.1.312

Zaman, 1993, Analysis of the expression of MRP, the gene for a new putative transmembrane drug transporter, in human multidrug resistant lung cancer cell lines, Cancer Res, 53, 1747

Slovak, 1993, Localization of a novel multidrug resistance-associated gene in the HT1080/DR4 and H69AR human tumor cell lines, Cancer Res, 53, 3221

Regina, 1998, MRP1 multidrug resistance-associated protein and P-glycoprotein expression in rat brain microvessel endothelial cells, J Neurochem, 71, 705, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.71020705.x

Kool, 1999, MRP3, an organic anion transporter able to transport anti-cancer drugs, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 96, 6914, 10.1073/pnas.96.12.6914

Borst, 1999, The multidrug resistance protein family, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1461, 347, 10.1016/S0005-2736(99)00167-4

Gutmann, 1999, Evidence for different ABC-transporters in Caco-2 cells modulating drug uptake, Pharm Res, 16, 402, 10.1023/A:1018825819249

Evers, 1996, Zaman GJ, van Deemter L et al. Basolateral localization and export activity of the human multidrug resistance-associated protein in polarized pig kidney cells, J Clin Invest, 97, 1211, 10.1172/JCI118535

Evers, 1998, Drug export activity of the human canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter in polarized kidney MDCK cells expressing cMOAT (MRP2) cDNA, J Clin Invest, 101, 1310, 10.1172/JCI119886

Konig, 1999, Conjugate export pumps of the multidrug resistance protein (MRP) family: localization, substrate specificity, and MRP2-mediated drug resistance, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1461, 377, 10.1016/S0005-2736(99)00169-8

Flens, 1996, Tissue distribution of the multidrug resistance protein, Am J Pathol, 148, 1237

Kusuhara, 1998, Characterization of efflux transport of organic anions in a mouse brain capillary endothelial cell line, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 285, 1260

Muller, 1994, Overexpression of the gene encoding the multidrug resistance-associated protein results in increased ATP-dependent glutathione S-conjugate transport, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 91, 13033, 10.1073/pnas.91.26.13033

Versantvoort, 1995, Regulation by glutathione of drug transport in multidrug-resistant human lung tumour cell lines overexpressing multidrug resistance-associated protein, Br J Cancer, 72, 82, 10.1038/bjc.1995.281

Muller, 1996, Role of multidrug resistance protein (MRP) in glutathione S-conjugate transport in mammalian cells, J Hepatol, 24 (Suppl 1), 100

Leier, 1994, The MRP gene encodes an ATP-dependent export pump for leukotriene C4 and structurally related conjugates, J Biol Chem, 269, 27807, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)46856-1

Jedlitschky, 1997, ATP-dependent transport of bilirubin glucuronides by the multidrug resistance protein MRP1 and its hepatocyte canalicular isoform MRP2, Biochem J, 327 (Pt 1), 305, 10.1042/bj3270305

Hirohashi, 1999, Characterization of the transport properties of cloned rat multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 (MRP3), J Biol Chem, 274, 15181, 10.1074/jbc.274.21.15181

Hooijberg, 1999, Antifolate resistance mediated by the multidrug resistance proteins MRP1 and MRP2, Cancer Res, 59, 2532

Muller, M. Human ATP Binding Cassette transporters. 2000

McAleer, 1999, pABC11 (also known as MOAT-C and MRP5), a member of the ABC family of proteins, has anion transporter activity but does not confer multidrug resistance when overexpressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, J Biol Chem, 274, 23541, 10.1074/jbc.274.33.23541

Kusuhara, 1999, Molecular cloning and characterization of a new multispecific organic anion transporter from rat brain, J Biol Chem, 274, 13675, 10.1074/jbc.274.19.13675

Neuwelt, 1986, Therapeutic efficacy of multiagent chemotherapy with drug delivery enhancement by blood-brain barrier modification in glioblastoma, Neurosurgery, 19, 573, 10.1227/00006123-198610000-00011

Gumerlock, 1992, Osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption and chemotherapy in the treatment of high grade malignant glioma: patient series and literature review, J Neurooncol, 12, 33, 10.1007/BF00172455

Iwadate, 1993, Intra-arterial mannitol infusion in the chemotherapy for malignant brain tumors, J Neurooncol, 15, 185, 10.1007/BF01053940

Neuwelt, 1991, Primary CNS lymphoma treated with osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption: prolonged survival and preservation of cognitive function, J Clin Oncol, 9, 1580, 10.1200/JCO.1991.9.9.1580

Miyagami, 1990, Intra-arterial ACNU chemotherapy employing 20% mannitol osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption for malignant brain tumors, Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo), 30, 582, 10.2176/nmc.30.582

Sanovich, 1995, Pathway across blood-brain barrier opened by the bradykinin agonist, RMP-7, Brain Res, 705, 125, 10.1016/0006-8993(95)01143-9

Emerich, 1999, Enhanced delivery of carboplatin into brain tumours with intravenous Cereport (RMP-7): dramatic differences and insight gained from dosing parameters, Br J Cancer, 80, 964, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690450

Emerich, 1998, Central analgesic actions of loperamide following transient permeation of the blood brain barrier with Cereport (RMP-7), Brain Res, 801, 259, 10.1016/S0006-8993(98)00571-X

Straub, 1994, Limited enzymatic digestion for the determination of the quantities of minor diastereomeric impurities in preparations of RMP-7, a peptide containing a reduced peptide bond, J Chromatogr A, 679, 85, 10.1016/0021-9673(94)80313-7

Elliott, 1996, Unlocking the blood-brain barrier: a role for RMP-7 in brain tumor therapy, Exp Neurol, 141, 214, 10.1006/exnr.1996.0156

Elliott, 1996, Intravenous RMP-7 selectively increases uptake of carboplatin into rat brain tumors, Cancer Res, 56, 3998

Bartus, 1996, Controlled modulation of BBB permeability using the bradykinin agonist, RMP-7, Exp Neurol, 142, 14, 10.1006/exnr.1996.0175

Riley, 1998, Intra-arterial administration of carboplatin and the blood brain barrier permeabilizing agent, RMP-7: a toxicologic evaluation in swine, J Neurooncol, 36, 167, 10.1023/A:1005751922174

Ford, 1998, A phase I study of intravenous RMP-7 with carboplatin in patients with progression of malignant glioma, Eur J Cancer, 34, 1807, 10.1016/S0959-8049(98)00155-5

Whittle, 1999, Platinum distribution in malignant glioma following intraoperative intravenous infusion of carboplatin, Br J Neurosurg, 13, 132, 10.1080/02688699943871

Lemaire, 1996, Dose-dependent brain penetration of SDZ PSC 833, a novel multidrug resistance-reversing cyclosporin, in rats, Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 38, 481, 10.1007/s002800050515

Walker, 1988, Neurologic complications of immunosuppressive agents, Neurol Clin, 6, 261, 10.1016/S0733-8619(18)30869-7

Shah, 1999, Cyclosporine A neurotoxicity among bone marrow transplant recipients, Clin Neuropharmacol, 22, 67, 10.1097/00002826-199903000-00001

Woo, 1997, Toxicities of tacrolimus and cyclosporin A after allogeneic blood stem cell transplantation, Bone Marrow Transplant, 20, 1095, 10.1038/sj.bmt.1701027

Gijtenbeek, 1999, Cyclosporine neurotoxicity: a review, J Neurol, 246, 339, 10.1007/s004150050360

Rowinsky, 1998, Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of paclitaxel in combination with biricodar, a novel agent that reverses multidrug resistance conferred by overexpression of both MDR1 and MRP, J Clin Oncol, 16, 2964, 10.1200/JCO.1998.16.9.2964

Fenart, 1998, Inhibition of P-glycoprotein: rapid assessment of its implication in blood-brain barrier integrity and drug transport to the brain by an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier, Pharm Res, 15, 993, 10.1023/A:1011913723928

Wood, 1998, Results of a phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of megestrol acetate modulation of P-glycoprotein-mediated drug resistance in the first-line management of small-cell lung carcinoma, Br J Cancer, 77, 627, 10.1038/bjc.1998.100

Dantzig, 1999, Selectivity of the multidrug resistance modulator, LY335979, for P-glycoprotein and effect on cytochrome P-450 activities, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 290, 854

Fromm, 1999, Inhibition of P-glycoprotein-mediated drug transport: a unifying mechanism to explain the interaction between digoxin and quinidine, Circulation, 99, 552, 10.1161/01.CIR.99.4.552

Sikic, 1997, Modulation and prevention of multidrug resistance by inhibitors of P-glycoprotein, Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 40 (Suppl), S13, 10.1007/s002800051055

Covelli, 1999, Modulation of multidrug resistance (MDR) in hematological malignancies, Ann Oncol, 10, S53, 10.1093/annonc/10.suppl_6.S53

Advani, 1999, Treatment of refractory and relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia with combination chemotherapy plus the multidrug resistance modulator PSC 833 (Valspodar), Blood, 93, 787, 10.1182/blood.V93.3.787

Baer, 1999, Phase III study of PSC-833 modulation of multidrug resistance (MDR) in previously untreated acute myeloid leukamia (AML) patients 60 years (CALGB 9720), Blood, 94, 383a

Courtois, 1999, Inhibition of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) activity by rifampicin in human multidrug-resistant lung tumor cells, Cancer Lett, 139, 97, 10.1016/S0304-3835(99)00024-5

Depre, 1992, Plasma drug profiles and tolerability of MK-571 (L-660,711), a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist, in man, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 43, 427, 10.1007/BF02220621

Yanagisawa, 1999, Biricodar (VX-710; Incel): an effective chemosensitizer in neuroblastoma, Br J Cancer, 80, 1190, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6990485

Chuman, 1998, Reversal of MRP-mediated vincristine resistance in KB cells by buthionine sulfoximine in combination with PAK-104P, Cancer Lett, 129, 69, 10.1016/S0304-3835(98)00083-4

Grech, 1998, The relationship between modulation of MDR and glutathione in MRP-overexpressing human leukemia cells, Biochem Pharmacol, 55, 1283, 10.1016/S0006-2952(97)00562-5

Vanhoefer, 1996, d,l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine potentiates in vivo the therapeutic efficacy of doxorubicin against multidrug resistance protein-expressing tumors, Clin Cancer Res, 2, 1961

Bailey, 1994, Phase I clinical trial of intravenous L-buthionine sulfoximine and melphalan: an attempt at modulation of glutathione, J Clin Oncol, 12, 194, 10.1200/JCO.1994.12.1.194

O’Dwyer, 1996, Phase I trial of buthionine sulfoximine in combination with melphalan in patients with cancer, J Clin Oncol, 14, 249, 10.1200/JCO.1996.14.1.249

Aszalos, 1999, Combinations of P-glycoprotein blockers, verapamil, PSC833, and cremophor act differently on the multidrug resistance associated protein (MRP) and on P-glycoprotein (Pgp), Anticancer Res, 19, 1053

Hipfner, 1999, Monoclonal antibodies that inhibit the transport function of the 190-kDa multidrug resistance protein, MRP. Localization of their epitopes to the nucleotide-binding domains of the protein, J Biol Chem, 274, 15420, 10.1074/jbc.274.22.15420

Noonan, 1990, Quantitative analysis of MDRI (multidrug resistance) gene expression in human tumors by polymerase chain reaction, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 87, 7160, 10.1073/pnas.87.18.7160

Bailly, 1995, Lack of correlation between expression and function of P-glycoprotein in acute myeloid leukemia cell lines, Leukemia, 9, 799

Wang, 1995, Effect of the P-glycoprotein inhibitor, cyclosporin A, on the distribution of rhodamine-123 to the brain: an in vivo microdialysis study in freely moving rats, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 211, 719, 10.1006/bbrc.1995.1872

Rao, 1994, Expression of recombinant human multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein in insect cells confers decreased accumulation of technetium-99m-sestamibi, J Nucl Med, 35, 510

Ballinger, 1995, 99mTc-sestamibi as an agent for imaging P-glycoprotein-mediated multi-drug resistance: in vitro and in vivo studies in a rat breast tumour cell line and its doxorubicin-resistant variant, Nucl Med Commun, 16, 253, 10.1097/00006231-199504000-00156

Hendrikse, 1998, 99mTc-sestamibi is a substrate for P-glycoprotein and the multidrug resistance-associated protein, Br J Cancer, 77, 353, 10.1038/bjc.1998.57

Hendrikse, 1999, A new in vivo method to study P-glycoprotein transport in tumors and the blood-brain barrier, Cancer Res, 59, 2411

Mima, 1999, Early decrease of P-glycoprotein in the endothelium of the rat brain capillaries after moderate dose of irradiation, Neurol Res, 21, 209, 10.1080/01616412.1999.11740920

Reinhold, 1990, Development of blood vessel-related radiation damage in the fimbria of the central nervous system, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 18, 37, 10.1016/0360-3016(90)90264-K

Rubin, 1994, Disruption of the blood-brain barrier as the primary effect of CNS irradiation, Radiother Oncol, 31, 51, 10.1016/0167-8140(94)90413-8

Fike, 1998, Cerebrovascular effects of the bradykinin analog RMP-7 in normal and irradiated dog brain, J Neurooncol, 37, 199, 10.1023/A:1005874206814

Fetell, 1997, Preirradiation paclitaxel in glioblastoma multiforme: efficacy, pharmacology, and drug interactions. New Approaches to Brain Tumor Therapy Central Nervous System Consortium, J Clin Oncol, 15, 3121, 10.1200/JCO.1997.15.9.3121

Madajewicz, 2000, Therapy for patients with high grade astrocytoma using intraarterial chemotherapy and radiation therapy, Cancer, 88, 2350, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(20000515)88:10<2350::AID-CNCR20>3.0.CO;2-R

Groothuis, 1997, The entry of antiviral and antiretroviral drugs into the central nervous system, J Neurovirol, 3, 387, 10.3109/13550289709031185

Lee, 1998, HIV-1 protease inhibitors are substrates for the MDR1 multidrug transporter, Biochemistry, 37, 3594, 10.1021/bi972709x

Gallo, 1994, Delivery of anti-HIV nucleosides to the central nervous system, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 14, 199, 10.1016/0169-409X(94)90039-6

Gallo, 1997, The ins and outs of antiviral drug transport in the brain, J Neurovirol, 3, 385, 10.3109/13550289709031184

Dianzani, 1998, Resistance of HIV to antiretroviral agents. Basic concepts, J Biol Regul Homeost Agents, 12, 19

Patchell, 1994, Neurological complications of organ transplantation, Ann Neurol, 36, 688, 10.1002/ana.410360503

Wijdicks, 1995, Neurotoxicity in liver transplant recipients with cyclosporine immunosuppression, Neurology, 45, 1962, 10.1212/WNL.45.11.1962

Kahan, 1989, Cyclosporine, N Engl J Med, 321, 1725, 10.1056/NEJM198912213212507

Schwartz, 1995, Cyclosporine neurotoxicity and its relationship to hypertensive encephalopathy: CT and MR findings in 16 cases, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 165, 627, 10.2214/ajr.165.3.7645483

Welge-Lussen, 1994, Late onset of neurotoxicity with cyclosporin, Lancet, 343, 293, 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)91138-X

Marques-Santos, 1999, Cyclosporin A and trifluoperazine, two resistance-modulating agents, increase ivermectin neurotoxicity in mice, Pharmacol Toxicol, 84, 125, 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1999.tb00887.x

Burgio, 1998, Effects of P-glycoprotein modulators on etoposide elimination and central nervous system distribution, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 287, 911

Grant, 1994, Overexpression of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) increases resistance to natural product drugs, Cancer Res, 54, 357

Schinkel, 1996, P-glycoprotein in the blood-brain barrier of mice influences the brain penetration and pharmacological activity of many drugs, J Clin Invest, 97, 2517, 10.1172/JCI118699

Ling, 1997, Multidrug resistance: molecular mechanisms and clinical relevance, Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 40 (Suppl), S3, 10.1007/s002800051053

Henthorn, 1999, Active transport of fentanyl by the blood-brain barrier, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 289, 1084

Hauser, 1998, Therapeutic concentrations of cyclosporine A, but not FK506, increase P-glycoprotein expression in endothelial and renal tubule cells, Kidney Int, 54, 1139, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00095.x

Letrent, 1999, Effects of a potent and specific P-glycoprotein inhibitor on the blood-brain barrier distribution and antinociceptive effect of morphine in the rat, Drug Metab Dispos, 27, 827

Payen, 1999, Reversal of MRP-mediated multidrug resistance in human lung cancer cells by the antiprogestatin drug RU486, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 258, 513, 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0671

Horton, 1997, Characterization of a novel bisacridone and comparison with PSC 833 as a potent and poorly reversible modulator of P- glycoprotein, Mol Pharmacol, 52, 948, 10.1124/mol.52.6.948

Gutmann, 1999, Modulation of multidrug resistance protein expression in porcine brain capillary endothelial cells in vitro, Drug Metab Dispos, 27, 937

Chen, 1999, Effect of multidrug resistance-reversing agents on transporting activity of human canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter, Mol Pharmacol, 56, 1219, 10.1124/mol.56.6.1219

Cole, 1998, Multidrug resistance mediated by the ATP-binding cassette transporter protein MRP, Bioessays, 20, 931, 10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199811)20:11<931::AID-BIES8>3.0.CO;2-J