The biochemistry of activation-induced deaminase and its physiological functions
Tài liệu tham khảo
Rajewsky, 1996, Clonal selection and learning in the antibody system, Nature, 381, 751, 10.1038/381751a0
Martin, 2002, AID and mismatch repair in antibody diversification, Nature Reviews Immunology, 2, 605, 10.1038/nri858
Chaudhuri, 2007, Evolution of the immunoglobulin heavy chain class switch recombination mechanism, Advances in Immunology, 94, 157, 10.1016/S0065-2776(06)94006-1
Muramatsu, 2000, Class switch recombination and hypermutation require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a potential RNA editing enzyme, Cell, 102, 553, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00078-7
Muramatsu, 1999, Specific expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a novel member of the RNA-editing deaminase family in germinal center B cells, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274, 18470, 10.1074/jbc.274.26.18470
Revy, 2000, Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) deficiency causes the autosomal recessive form of the Hyper-IgM syndrome (HIGM2), Cell, 102, 565, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00079-9
Durandy, 2003, Hyper-immunoglobulin-M syndromes caused by an intrinsic B cell defect, Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 3, 421, 10.1097/00130832-200312000-00002
Meyers, 2011, Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is required for B-cell tolerance in humans, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 11554, 10.1073/pnas.1102600108
Kuraoka, 2011, Activation-induced cytidine deaminase mediates central tolerance in B cells, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 11560, 10.1073/pnas.1102571108
Jiang, 2007, Abrogation of lupus nephritis in activation-induced deaminase-deficient MRL/lpr mice, Journal of Immunology, 178, 7422, 10.4049/jimmunol.178.11.7422
Zaheen, 2011, Activation-induced cytidine deaminase and aberrant germinal center selection in the development of humoral autoimmunities, The American Journal of Pathology, 178, 462, 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.09.044
Ramiro, 2004, AID is required for c-myc/IgH chromosome translocations in vivo, Cell, 118, 431, 10.1016/j.cell.2004.08.006
Robbiani, 2008, AID is required for the chromosomal breaks in c-myc that lead to c-myc/IgH translocations, Cell, 135, 1028, 10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.062
Pasqualucci, 2008, AID is required for germinal center-derived lymphomagenesis, Nature Genetics, 40, 108, 10.1038/ng.2007.35
Klemm, 2009, The B cell mutator AID promotes B lymphoid blast crisis and drug resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia, Cancer Cell, 16, 232, 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.07.030
Martin, 2002, Activation-induced cytidine deaminase turns on somatic hypermutation in hybridomas, Nature, 415, 802, 10.1038/nature714
Yoshikawa, 2002, AID enzyme-induced hypermutation in an actively transcribed gene in fibroblasts, Science, 296, 2033, 10.1126/science.1071556
Petersen-Mahrt, 2002, AID mutates E. coli suggesting a DNA deamination mechanism for antibody diversification, Nature, 418, 99, 10.1038/nature00862
Nowak, 2011, The splicing regulator PTBP2 interacts with the cytidine deaminase, Nature Immunology, 12, 160, 10.1038/ni.1977
Ranjit, 2011, AID binds cooperatively with UNG and Msh2-Msh6 to Ig switch regions dependent upon the AID C terminus, Journal of Immunology, 187, 2464, 10.4049/jimmunol.1101406
Bransteitter, 2003, Activation-induced cytidine deaminase deaminates deoxycytidine on single-stranded DNA but requires the action of RNase, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 4102, 10.1073/pnas.0730835100
Dickerson, 2003, AID mediates hypermutation by deaminating single stranded DNA, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 197, 1291, 10.1084/jem.20030481
Larijani, 2007, Single-stranded DNA structure and positional context of the target cytidine determine the enzymatic efficiency of AID, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 27, 8038, 10.1128/MCB.01046-07
Pham, 2003, Processive AID-catalysed cytosine deamination on single-stranded DNA simulates somatic hypermutation, Nature, 424, 103, 10.1038/nature01760
Di Noia, 2002, Altering the pathway of immunoglobulin hypermutation by inhibiting uracil-DNA glycosylase, Nature, 419, 43, 10.1038/nature00981
Rada, 2004, Mismatch recognition and uracil excision provide complementary paths to both Ig switching and the A/T-focused phase of somatic mutation, Molecular Cell, 16, 163, 10.1016/j.molcel.2004.10.011
Larijani, 2005, The mutation spectrum of purified AID is similar to the mutability index in Ramos cells and in ung(−/−)msh2(−/−) mice, Immunogenetics, 56, 840, 10.1007/s00251-004-0748-0
Xue, 2006, The in vivo pattern of AID targeting to immunoglobulin switch regions deduced from mutation spectra in msh2−/− ung−/− mice, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 203, 2085, 10.1084/jem.20061067
Sohail, 2003, Human activation-induced cytidine deaminase causes transcription-dependent, strand-biased C to U deaminations, Nucleic Acids Research, 31, 2990, 10.1093/nar/gkg464
Yu, 2004, DNA substrate length and surrounding sequence affect the activation-induced deaminase activity at cytidine, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279, 6496, 10.1074/jbc.M311616200
Conticello, 2007, DNA deamination in immunity: AID in the context of its APOBEC relatives, Advances in Immunology, 94, 37, 10.1016/S0065-2776(06)94002-4
Chiu, 2006, APOBEC3 cytidine deaminases: distinct antiviral actions along the retroviral life cycle, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281, 8309, 10.1074/jbc.R500021200
Conticello, 2008, The AID/APOBEC family of nucleic acid mutators, Genome Biology, 9, 229, 10.1186/gb-2008-9-6-229
Conticello, 2005, Evolution of the AID/APOBEC family of polynucleotide (deoxy)cytidine deaminases, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 22, 367, 10.1093/molbev/msi026
Jarmuz, 2002, An anthropoid-specific locus of orphan C to U RNA-editing enzymes on chromosome 22, Genomics, 79, 285, 10.1006/geno.2002.6718
Chiu, 2009, APOBEC3G: an intracellular centurion, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Series B, Biological Sciences, 364, 689, 10.1098/rstb.2008.0193
Harris, 2003, DNA deamination mediates innate immunity to retroviral infection, Cell, 113, 803, 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00423-9
Yu, 2004, Single-strand specificity of APOBEC3G accounts for minus-strand deamination of the HIV genome, Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, 11, 435, 10.1038/nsmb758
Albin, 2010, Interactions of host APOBEC3 restriction factors with HIV-1 in vivo: implications for therapeutics, Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine, 12, e4, 10.1017/S1462399409001343
Barreto, 2011, Activation-induced cytidine deaminase structure and functions: a species comparative view, Developmental and Compartive Immunology, 35, 991, 10.1016/j.dci.2011.02.005
Pancer, 2006, The evolution of adaptive immunity, Annual Review of Immunology, 24, 497, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.24.021605.090542
Flajnik, 2010, Origin and evolution of the adaptive immune system: genetic events and selective pressures, Nature Reviews: Genetics, 11, 47, 10.1038/nrg2703
Tasumi, 2009, High-affinity lamprey VLRA and VLRB monoclonal antibodies, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 12891, 10.1073/pnas.0904443106
Deng, 2010, A structural basis for antigen recognition by the T cell-like lymphocytes of sea lamprey, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 13408, 10.1073/pnas.1005475107
Rogozin, 2007, Evolution and diversification of lamprey antigen receptors: evidence for involvement of an AID-APOBEC family cytosine deaminase, Nature Immunology, 8, 647, 10.1038/ni1463
Ko, 2003, Crystal structure of yeast cytosine deaminase. Insights into enzyme mechanism and evolution, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278, 19111, 10.1074/jbc.M300874200
Losey, 2006, Crystal structure of Staphylococcus aureus tRNA adenosine deaminase TadA in complex with RNA, Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, 13, 153, 10.1038/nsmb1047
Prochnow, 2007, The APOBEC-2 crystal structure and functional implications for the deaminase AID, Nature, 445, 447, 10.1038/nature05492
Chen, 2008, Structure of the DNA deaminase domain of the HIV-1 restriction factor APOBEC3G, Nature, 452, 116, 10.1038/nature06638
Holden, 2008, Crystal structure of the anti-viral APOBEC3G catalytic domain and functional implications, Nature, 456, 121, 10.1038/nature07357
Xiang, 1997, The structure of the cytidine deaminase-product complex provides evidence for efficient proton transfer and ground-state destabilization, Biochemistry, 36, 4768, 10.1021/bi963091e
Durandy, 2006, Activation-induced cytidine deaminase: structure–function relationship as based on the study of mutants, Human Mutation, 27, 1185, 10.1002/humu.20414
Brar, 2004, Activation-induced cytosine deaminase (AID) is actively exported out of the nucleus but retained by the induction of DNA breaks, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279, 26395, 10.1074/jbc.M403503200
McBride, 2004, Somatic hypermutation is limited by CRM1-dependent nuclear export of activation-induced deaminase, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 199, 1235, 10.1084/jem.20040373
Patenaude, 2009, Active nuclear import and cytoplasmic retention of activation-induced deaminase, Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, 16, 517, 10.1038/nsmb.1598
Ireton, 2003, The 1.14Å crystal structure of yeast cytosine deaminase: evolution of nucleotide salvage enzymes and implications for genetic chemotherapy, Structure, 11, 961, 10.1016/S0969-2126(03)00153-9
Carter, 1995, The nucleoside deaminases for cytidine and adenosine: structure, transition state stabilization, mechanism, and evolution, Biochimie, 77, 92, 10.1016/0300-9084(96)88110-7
Larijani, 2007, AID associates with single-stranded DNA with high affinity and a long complex half-life in a sequence-independent manner, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 27, 20, 10.1128/MCB.00824-06
Wang, 2009, AID upmutants isolated using a high-throughput screen highlight the immunity/cancer balance limiting DNA deaminase activity, Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, 16, 769, 10.1038/nsmb.1623
Ta, 2003, AID mutant analyses indicate requirement for class-switch-specific cofactors, Nature Immunology, 4, 843, 10.1038/ni964
Brar, 2008, Activation-induced deaminase, AID, is catalytically active as a monomer on single-stranded DNA, DNA Repair (Amsterdam), 7, 77, 10.1016/j.dnarep.2007.08.002
Stephens, 2000, Analysis of the RNA-editing reaction of ADAR2 with structural and fluorescent analogues of the GluR-B R/G editing site, Biochemistry, 39, 12243, 10.1021/bi0011577
Holz, 1998, 2-Aminopurine as a fluorescent probe for DNA base flipping by methyltransferases, Nucleic Acids Research, 26, 1076, 10.1093/nar/26.4.1076
Slupphaug, 1996, A nucleotide-flipping mechanism from the structure of human uracil-DNA glycosylase bound to DNA, Nature, 384, 87, 10.1038/384087a0
Jiang, 2002, Base-flipping mutations of uracil DNA glycosylase: substrate rescue using a pyrene nucleotide wedge, Biochemistry, 41, 11248, 10.1021/bi026227j
Jiang, 2001, Turning on uracil-DNA glycosylase using a pyrene nucleotide switch, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276, 42347, 10.1074/jbc.M106594200
Rogozin, 1992, Somatic hypermutagenesis in immunoglobulin genes. II. Influence of neighbouring base sequences on mutagenesis, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1171, 11, 10.1016/0167-4781(92)90134-L
Beale, 2004, Comparison of the differential context-dependence of DNA deamination by APOBEC enzymes: correlation with mutation spectra in vivo, Journal of Molecular Biology, 337, 585, 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.01.046
Larijani, 2005, Methylation protects cytidines from AID-mediated deamination, Molecular Immunology, 42, 599, 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.09.007
Morgan, 2004, Activation-induced cytidine deaminase deaminates 5-methylcytosine in DNA and is expressed in pluripotent tissues: implications for epigenetic reprogramming, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279, 52353, 10.1074/jbc.M407695200
Rai, 2008, DNA demethylation in zebrafish involves the coupling of a deaminase, a glycosylase, and gadd45, Cell, 135, 1201, 10.1016/j.cell.2008.11.042
Bhutani, 2010, Reprogramming towards pluripotency requires AID-dependent DNA demethylation, Nature, 463, 1042, 10.1038/nature08752
Kohli, 2009, A portable hot spot recognition loop transfers sequence preferences from APOBEC family members to activation-induced cytidine deaminase, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 284, 22898, 10.1074/jbc.M109.025536
Carpenter, 2010, Determinants of sequence-specificity within human AID and APOBEC3G, DNA Repair (Amsterdam), 9, 579, 10.1016/j.dnarep.2010.02.010
Wang, 2010, Altering the spectrum of immunoglobulin V gene somatic hypermutation by modifying the active site of AID, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 207, 141, 10.1084/jem.20092238
Yi-Brunozzi, 2001, Conformational changes that occur during an RNA-editing adenosine deamination reaction, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276, 37827, 10.1074/jbc.M106299200
Coker, 2006, Genetic and in vitro assays of DNA deamination, Methods in Enzymology, 408, 156, 10.1016/S0076-6879(06)08010-4
Pham, 2011, Analysis of a single-stranded DNA-scanning process in which activation-induced deoxycytidine deaminase (AID) deaminates C to U haphazardly and inefficiently to ensure mutational diversity, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 286, 24931, 10.1074/jbc.M111.241208
Coker, 2007, The nuclear DNA deaminase AID functions distributively whereas cytoplasmic APOBEC3G has a processive mode of action, DNA Repair (Amsterdam), 6, 235, 10.1016/j.dnarep.2006.10.001
Martin, 2003, Msh2 ATPase activity is essential for somatic hypermutation at A-T basepairs and for efficient class switch recombination, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 198, 1171, 10.1084/jem.20030880
Vallur, 2007, AID in antibody perfection, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 64, 555, 10.1007/s00018-007-6434-2
Dancyger, 2012, Differences in the enzymatic efficiency of human and bony fish AID are mediated by a single residue in the C terminus modulating single-stranded DNA binding, The FASEB Journal, 26, 1517, 10.1096/fj.11-198135
Di Noia, 2004, Immunoglobulin gene conversion in chicken DT40 cells largely proceeds through an abasic site intermediate generated by excision of the uracil produced by AID-mediated deoxycytidine deamination, European Journal of Immunology, 34, 504, 10.1002/eji.200324631
Imai, 2003, Human uracil-DNA glycosylase deficiency associated with profoundly impaired immunoglobulin class-switch recombination, Nature Immunology, 4, 1023, 10.1038/ni974
Saribasak, 2006, Uracil DNA glycosylase disruption blocks Ig gene conversion and induces transition mutations, Journal of Immunology, 176, 365, 10.4049/jimmunol.176.1.365
Wiesendanger, 2000, Somatic hypermutation in MutS homologue (MSH)3-, MSH6-, and MSH3/MSH6-deficient mice reveals a role for the MSH2-MSH6 heterodimer in modulating the base substitution pattern, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 191, 579, 10.1084/jem.191.3.579
Rada, 1998, Hot spot focusing of somatic hypermutation in MSH2-deficient mice suggests two stages of mutational targeting, Immunity, 9, 135, 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80595-6
Cascalho, 1998, Mismatch repair co-opted by hypermutation, Science, 279, 1207, 10.1126/science.279.5354.1207
Phung, 1998, Increased hypermutation at G and C nucleotides in immunoglobulin variable genes from mice deficient in the MSH2 mismatch repair protein, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 187, 1745, 10.1084/jem.187.11.1745
Kim, 1999, Different mismatch repair deficiencies all have the same effects on somatic hypermutation: intact primary mechanism accompanied by secondary modifications, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 190, 21, 10.1084/jem.190.1.21
Rada, 2002, Immunoglobulin isotype switching is inhibited and somatic hypermutation perturbed in UNG-deficient mice, Current Biology, 12, 1748, 10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01215-0
Green, 2011, The mismatch repair pathway functions normally at a non-AID target in germinal center B cells, Blood, 118, 3013, 10.1182/blood-2011-03-345991
Poltoratsky, 2001, Expression of error-prone polymerases in BL2 cells activated for Ig somatic hypermutation, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98, 7976, 10.1073/pnas.141222198
Zeng, 2001, DNA polymerase eta is an A-T mutator in somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin variable genes, Nature Immunology, 2, 537, 10.1038/88740
Zeng, 2004, Absence of DNA polymerase eta reveals targeting of C mutations on the nontranscribed strand in immunoglobulin switch regions, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 199, 917, 10.1084/jem.20032022
Zan, 2001, The translesion DNA polymerase zeta plays a major role in Ig and bcl-6 somatic hypermutation, Immunity, 14, 643, 10.1016/S1074-7613(01)00142-X
Zan, 2005, The translesion DNA polymerase theta plays a dominant role in immunoglobulin gene somatic hypermutation, The EMBO Journal, 24, 3757, 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600833
Faili, 2004, DNA polymerase eta is involved in hypermutation occurring during immunoglobulin class switch recombination, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 199, 265, 10.1084/jem.20031831
Masuda, 2007, DNA polymerases eta and theta function in the same genetic pathway to generate mutations at A/T during somatic hypermutation of Ig genes, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 282, 17387, 10.1074/jbc.M611849200
Frieder, 2009, The concerted action of Msh2 and UNG stimulates somatic hypermutation at A·T base pairs, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 29, 5148, 10.1128/MCB.00647-09
Krijger, 2009, Dependence of nucleotide substitutions on Ung2, Msh2, and PCNA-Ub during somatic hypermutation, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 206, 2603, 10.1084/jem.20091707
Martin, 2002, Somatic hypermutation of the AID transgene in B and non-B cells, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99, 12304, 10.1073/pnas.192442899
Parsa, 2007, AID mutates a non-immunoglobulin transgene independent of chromosomal position, Molecular Immunology, 44, 567, 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.02.003
Wang, 2004, Genome-wide somatic hypermutation, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 7352, 10.1073/pnas.0402009101
Liu, 2008, Two levels of protection for the B cell genome during somatic hypermutation, Nature, 451, 841, 10.1038/nature06547
Yamane, 2010, Deep-sequencing identification of the genomic targets of the cytidine deaminase AID and its cofactor RPA in B lymphocytes, Nature Immunology, 12, 62, 10.1038/ni.1964
Upton, 2011, AID: a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma, Immunologic Research, 49, 14, 10.1007/s12026-010-8190-x
Delker, 2009, A coming-of-age story: activation-induced cytidine deaminase turns 10, Nature Immunology, 10, 1147, 10.1038/ni.1799
Orthwein, 2011, Optimal functional levels of activation-induced deaminase specifically require the Hsp40 DnaJa1, The EMBO Journal, 31, 679, 10.1038/emboj.2011.417
Conticello, 2010, Regulation of activation-induced deaminase stability and antibody gene diversification by Hsp90, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 207, 2751, 10.1084/jem.20101321
Han, 2010, CTNNBL1 is dispensable for Ig class switch recombination, Journal of Immunology, 185, 1379, 10.4049/jimmunol.1001643
Conticello, 2008, Interaction between antibody-diversification enzyme AID and spliceosome-associated factor CTNNBL1, Molecular Cell, 31, 474, 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.07.009
Uchimura, 2011, REG-gamma associates with and modulates the abundance of nuclear activation-induced deaminase, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 208, 2385, 10.1084/jem.20110856
Hasler, 2011, Cytoplasmic activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) exists in stoichiometric complex with translation elongation factor 1alpha (eEF1A), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 18366, 10.1073/pnas.1106729108
Pavri, 2010, Activation-induced cytidine deaminase targets DNA at sites of RNA polymerase II stalling by interaction with Spt5, Cell, 143, 122, 10.1016/j.cell.2010.09.017
Basu, 2011, The RNA exosome targets the AID cytidine deaminase to both strands of transcribed duplex DNA substrates, Cell, 144, 353, 10.1016/j.cell.2011.01.001
Chaudhuri, 2004, Replication protein A interacts with AID to promote deamination of somatic hypermutation targets, Nature, 430, 992, 10.1038/nature02821
Jeevan-Raj, 2011, Epigenetic tethering of AID to the donor switch region during immunoglobulin class switch recombination, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 208, 1649, 10.1084/jem.20110118
Okazaki, 2011, Histone chaperone Spt6 is required for class switch recombination but not somatic hypermutation, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 7920, 10.1073/pnas.1104423108
Basu, 2005, The AID antibody diversification enzyme is regulated by protein kinase A phosphorylation, Nature, 438, 508, 10.1038/nature04255
Pasqualucci, 2006, PKA-mediated phosphorylation regulates the function of activation-induced deaminase (AID) in B cells, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 395, 10.1073/pnas.0509969103
Demorest, 2010, The interaction between AID and CIB1 is nonessential for antibody gene diversification by gene conversion or class switch recombination, PLoS One, 5, e11660, 10.1371/journal.pone.0011660
MacDuff, 2006, MDM2 can interact with the C-terminus of AID but it is inessential for antibody diversification in DT40 B cells, Molecular Immunology, 43, 1099, 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.07.024
Peters, 1996, Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes is linked to transcription initiation, Immunity, 4, 57, 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80298-8
Storb, 1998, Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes is linked to transcription, Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 229, 11, 10.1007/978-3-642-71984-4_2
Fukita, 1998, Somatic hypermutation in the heavy chain locus correlates with transcription, Immunity, 9, 105, 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80592-0
Lebecque, 1990, Boundaries of somatic mutation in rearranged immunoglobulin genes: 5′ boundary is near the promoter, and 3′ boundary is approximately 1kb from V(D)J gene, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 172, 1717, 10.1084/jem.172.6.1717
Rada, 2001, The intrinsic hypermutability of antibody heavy and light chain genes decays exponentially, The EMBO Journal, 20, 4570, 10.1093/emboj/20.16.4570
Rada, 1997, The 5′ hypermutation boundary of kappa chains is independent of local and neighbouring sequences and related to the distance from the initiation of transcription, European Journal of Immunology, 27, 3115, 10.1002/eji.1830271206
Bachl, 2001, Increased transcription levels induce higher mutation rates in a hypermutating cell line, Journal of Immunology, 166, 5051, 10.4049/jimmunol.166.8.5051
Yang, 2006, Control of gene conversion and somatic hypermutation by immunoglobulin promoter and enhancer sequences, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 203, 2919, 10.1084/jem.20061835
Dunnick, 2009, Switch recombination and somatic hypermutation are controlled by the heavy chain 3′ enhancer region, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 206, 2613, 10.1084/jem.20091280
Lin, 1998, The effects of E mu, 3′alpha (hs 1,2) and 3′kappa enhancers on mutation of an Ig-VDJ-Cgamma2a Ig heavy gene in cultured B cells, International Immunology, 10, 1121, 10.1093/intimm/10.8.1121
Michael, 2003, E Box motif CAGGTG enhances somatic hypermutation without enhancing transcription, Immunity, 19, 235, 10.1016/S1074-7613(03)00204-8
Bachl, 1998, The Ig mutator is dependent on the presence, position, and orientation of the large intron enhancer, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95, 2396, 10.1073/pnas.95.5.2396
Klix, 1998, Multiple sequences from downstream of the J kappa cluster can combine to recruit somatic hypermutation to a heterologous, upstream mutation domain, European Journal of Immunology, 28, 317, 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199801)28:01<317::AID-IMMU317>3.0.CO;2-S
Blagodatski, 2009, A cis-acting diversification activator both necessary and sufficient for AID-mediated hypermutation, PLoS Genetics, 5, e1000332, 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000332
Vincent-Fabert, 2010, Genomic deletion of the whole IgH 3′ regulatory region (hs3a, hs1,2, hs3b, and hs4) dramatically affects class switch recombination and Ig secretion to all isotypes, Blood, 116, 1895, 10.1182/blood-2010-01-264689
Duquette, 2005, AID binds to transcription-induced structures in c-MYC that map to regions associated with translocation and hypermutation, Oncogene, 24, 5791, 10.1038/sj.onc.1208746
Besmer, 2006, The transcription elongation complex directs activation-induced cytidine deaminase-mediated DNA deamination, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 26, 4378, 10.1128/MCB.02375-05
Shen, 2009, The activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) efficiently targets DNA in nucleosomes but only during transcription, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 206, 1057, 10.1084/jem.20082678
Shen, 2004, Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) can target both DNA strands when the DNA is supercoiled, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 12997, 10.1073/pnas.0404974101
Dayn, 1992, Transcriptionally driven cruciform formation in vivo, Nucleic Acids Research, 20, 5991, 10.1093/nar/20.22.5991
Yu, 2003, R-loops at immunoglobulin class switch regions in the chromosomes of stimulated B cells, Nature Immunology, 4, 442, 10.1038/ni919
Huang, 2007, Sequence dependence of chromosomal R-loops at the immunoglobulin heavy-chain Smu class switch region, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 27, 5921, 10.1128/MCB.00702-07
Yu, 2005, Fine-structure analysis of activation-induced deaminase accessibility to class switch region R-loops, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 25, 1730, 10.1128/MCB.25.5.1730-1736.2005
Ronai, 2007, Detection of chromatin-associated single-stranded DNA in regions targeted for somatic hypermutation, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 204, 181, 10.1084/jem.20062032
Parsa, 2012, Negative supercoiling creates single-stranded patches of DNA that are substrates for AID-mediated mutagenesis, PLoS Genetics, 8, 1, 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002518
Canugovi, 2009, Transcriptional pausing and stalling causes multiple clustered mutations by human activation-induced deaminase, The FASEB Journal, 23, 34, 10.1096/fj.08-115352
