The attentional demands of negation in a memory-scanning task
Tóm tắt
Subjects were run in a Sternberg recognition memory task modified to occasionally require a transformation prior to response. The transformation was similar to logical negation since onplus or nontransformed trials subjects responded “yes” if the probe was from the current memory set and “no” otherwise, while onminus or transformed trials subjects responded “no” to memory set probes and “yes” to nonmemory set probes. Two models proposed to account for the effects of logical negation were compared: The encoding and comparison model predicts that logical negation requires an additional processing stage, while the capacity sharing model argues that negation adds a processing stage and also retards the rate of memory search. The results indicated that minus probes had 50% larger mean reaction time by set size slopes than the corresponding plus probes. This finding offers clear support for the capacity sharing model.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Anderson, C. M. B., & Crack, F. I. M. The effect of a concurrent task on recall from primary memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1974, 13, 107–113.
Briggs, G. E., & Blaha, J. Memory retrieval and central comparison times m information processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1969, 79, 395–402.
Cavanagh, J. P. Relation between the immediate memory span and the memory search rate. Psychological Review, 1972, 79, 525–530.
ba]Chase, W. G., & Clark, H. H. Mental operations in the comparison of sentences and pictures. In L. Gregg (Ed.),Cognition in learning and memory. New York: Wiley, 1972.
Clark, H. H. Linguistic processes in deductive reasoning. Psychological Review, 1969, 76, 387–404.
Edwards, A. L.Experimental design in psychological research. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968.
Greene, J. M. The semantic function of negatives and passives. Brutish Journal of Psychology, 1970, 61, 17–22.
Howard, J. H. A reaction time analysis of simple symbolic login. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Brown University, 1972.
Howard, J. H. Information processing demands ma short-term memory task. Technical ReportNo. 12, 1973. Studies in human leaxmng. Psychology Department, Brown University, Providence, R.I.
Keele, S. W.Atlention and human performance. Pacific Pahsades: Goodyear, 1973.
Kerr, B. Processing demands during mental operations Memory & Cognition, 1973, 1, 401–412.
Krueger, L. E. Sentence-picture comparison: A test of additivity of processing time for feature matching and negation coding. Journal of Experiment Psychology, 1972, 95, 275–284.
Meyer, D. E. On the representation and retrieval of stored semantic information. Cognitive Psychology, 1970, 1, 242–300.
Meyer, D. E. Verifying affirmative and negative propositions Effects of negation on memory retrieval. In S. Kornblum (Ed.),Attention and performance IV. New York: Academic Press, 1973.
Moray, N. Where ts capacity limited? A survey and a model. Acta Psychologica, 1967, 27, 84–92
Myers, J. L.Fundamentals of experimental design Boston Allyn and Bacon, 1967.
Posner, M. I., & Bores, S. J. Components of attention. Psychological Review, 1971, 78, 391–408.
Ross, J. Extended practice with a single-character classification task. Perception & Psvchophysics, 1970, 8, 276–278.
Sternberg, S. Hi-speed scanning in human memory Science, 1966, 153, 652–654.
Sternberg, S. The discovery of processing stages: Extensions of Donder’s method. Acta Psychologica, 1969, 30, 276–278.
Swanson, J. M., Johnsen, A. M., & Briggs, G. E. Recording in a memory search task. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1972, 93, 1–9.
Trabasso, T. Reasoning and the processing of negative information. Invited address, Division 3, American Psychological Association, 1970.
Trabasso, T. Mental operations m language comprehension. In J. B. Caroll and R. Freedle (Eds.),Language comprehension and the acquistion of knowledge Washington, D.C: Winston, 1972.
Wason, P. C. The processing of positive and negative information. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1969, 11, 92–107.
Wickens, T. D., Howard, J. H., Rice, G. A., & Millward, R. B. GASPS: A general asynchronous processing system for the PDP-8. Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation, 1972, 4, 108–109.