The association between COVID-19 deaths and short-term ambient air pollution/meteorological condition exposure: a retrospective study from Wuhan, China
Tóm tắt
The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a worldwide pandemic after its first outbreak in Wuhan, China. However, it remains unclear whether COVID-19 death is linked to ambient air pollutants or meteorological conditions. We collected the daily COVID-19 death number, air quality index (AQI), ambient air pollutant concentrations, and meteorological variables data of Wuhan between Jan 25 and April 7, 2020. The Pearson and Poisson regression models were used accordingly to understand the association between COVID-19 deaths and each risk factor. The daily COVID-19 deaths were positively correlated with AQI (slope = 0.4 ± 0.09, R2 = 0.24, p < 0.01). Detailedly, PM2.5 was the only pollutant exhibiting a positive association (relative risk (RR) = 1.079, 95%CI 1.071–1.086, p < 0.01) with COVID-19 deaths. The PM10, SO2, and CO were all also significantly associated with COVID-19 deaths, but in negative pattern (p < 0.01). Among them, PM10 and CO had the highest and lowest RR, which equaled to 0.952 (95%CI 0.945–0.959) and 0.177 (95%CI 0.131–0.24), respectively. Additionally, temperature was inversely associated with COVID-19 deaths (RR = 0.861, 95%CI 0.851–0.872, p < 0.01). Contrarily, diurnal temperature range was positively associated with COVID-19 deaths (RR = 1.014, 95%CI 1.003–1.025, p < 0.05). The data suggested that PM2.5 and diurnal temperature range are tightly associated with increased COVID-19 deaths.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Atkinson RW, Kang S, Anderson HR, Mills IC, Walton HA (2014) Epidemiological time series studies of PM2.5 and daily mortality and hospital admissions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax 69:660–665. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204492
Aztatzi-Aguilar OG, Uribe-Ramírez M, Arias-Montaño JA, Barbier O, De Vizcaya-Ruiz A (2015) Acute and subchronic exposure to air particulate matter induces expression of angiotensin and bradykinin-related genes in the lungs and heart: angiotensin-II type-I receptor as a molecular target of particulate matter exposure. Particle and Fibre Toxicology 12:17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-015-0094-4
Bashir MF et al (2020) Correlation between environmental pollution indicators and COVID-19 pandemic: a brief study in Californian context. Environ Res 187:109652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109652
Conticini E, Frediani B, Caro D (2020) Can atmospheric pollution be considered a co-factor in extremely high level of SARS-CoV-2 lethality in Northern Italy? Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987) 261 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114465, 114465
Croft D et al (2020) Associations between source-specific particulate matter and respiratory infections in New York State adults. Environ Sci Technol 54:975–984. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b04295
Cui Y, Zhang Z, Froines J, Zhao J, Wang H, Yu S, Detels R (2003) Air pollution and case fatality of SARS in the People’s Republic of China: an ecologic study. Environ Health 2:15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069x-2-15
Falcon-Rodriguez C, Osornio-Vargas A, Sada-Ovalle I, Segura-Medina P (2016) Aeroparticles, composition, and lung diseases. Front Immunol 7:3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00003
Fallah Ghalhari G, Mayvaneh F (2016) Effect of air temperature and universal thermal climate index on respiratory diseases mortality in Mashhad, Iran. Archives of Iranian medicine 19:618–624
Fareed Z, Iqbal N, Shahzad F, Shah SGM, Zulfiqar B, Shahzad K, Hashmi SH, Shahzad U (2020) Co-variance nexus between COVID-19 mortality, humidity, and air quality index in Wuhan, China: new insights from partial and multiple wavelet coherence. Air Qual Atmos Health 13:673–682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-020-00847-1
Frontera A, Cianfanelli L, Vlachos K, Landoni G, Cremona G (2020) Severe air pollution links to higher mortality in COVID-19 patients: the "double-hit" hypothesis. The Journal of infection https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.031
Health Commission of the Hubei Province (2020) The realtime coronovirus epidemiological situationof Hubei province. http://wjw.hubei.gov.cn/bmdt/ztzl/fkxxgzbdgrfyyq/index.shtml. Accessed 2020
Hinds W (1999) Aerosol technology, 2nd edn. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY
Istiuto Superiore di Sanità (2020) Characteristics of COVID-19 patients dying in Italy - Report based on available data on March 20th, 2020
Jiang Y, Wu XJ, Guan YJ (2020) Effect of ambient air pollutants and meteorological variables on COVID-19 incidence. Infection control and hospital epidemiology:1-11 https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.222
Kim J et al (2016) Comprehensive approach to understand the association between diurnal temperature range and mortality in East Asia. Sci Total Environ 539:313–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.134
Lin CI, Tsai CH, Sun YL, Hsieh WY, Lin YC, Chen CY, Lin CS (2018) Instillation of particulate matter 2.5 induced acute lung injury and attenuated the injury recovery in ACE2 knockout mice. Int J Biol Sci 14:253–265. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.23489
Liu J et al (2020) Impact of meteorological factors on the COVID-19 transmission: a multi-city study in China. Sci Total Environ 726:138513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138513
Ma Y, Zhao Y, Liu J, He X, Wang B, Fu S, Yan J, Niu J, Zhou J, Luo B (2020) Effects of temperature variation and humidity on the death of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Sci Total Environ 724:138226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138226
Murtas R, Russo AG (2019) Effects of pollution, low temperature and influenza syndrome on the excess mortality risk in winter 2016-2017. BMC Public Health 19:1445. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7788-8
Ogen Y (2020) Assessing nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) levels as a contributing factor to coronavirus (COVID-19) fatality. The Science of the total environment 726 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138605
Park S, Allen R, Lim C (2020) A likely increase in fine particulate matter and premature mortality under future climate change. Air Qual Atmos Health 13:143–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-019-00785-7
Pinheiro Sde L, Saldiva PH, Schwartz J, Zanobetti A (2014) Isolated and synergistic effects of PM10 and average temperature on cardiovascular and respiratory mortality. Rev Saude Publica 48:881–888. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0034-8910.2014048005218
Tan J, Mu L, Huang J, Yu S, Chen B, Yin J (2005) An initial investigation of the association between the SARS outbreak and weather: with the view of the environmental temperature and its variation. J Epidemiol Community Health 59:186–192. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.020180
United States Enviromental Protection Agency (2020) AQI calculator. https://cfpub.epa.gov/airnow/index.cfm?action=airnow.calculator. Accessed 2020
United States Environmental Protection Agency (2019a) Particulate matter (PM2.5) trends. https://www.epa.gov/air-trends/particulate-matter-pm25-trends. Accessed 2019
United States Environmental Protection Agency (2019b) What are the air quality standards for PM? https://www3.epa.gov/region1/airquality/pm-aq-standards.html. Accessed 2019
US EPA (2012) Air quality index (AQI). San Salvador, El Salvador
Wallis P, Nerlich B (2005) Disease metaphors in new epidemics: the UK media framing of the 2003 SARS epidemic. Social science & medicine (1982) 60:2629-2639 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.11.031
Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric R, Li F (2020) Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS coronavirus. J Virol 94. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00127-20
World Health Organization (2020) Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak situation. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019. Accessed 2020
Wu Y et al (2020) Effects of temperature and humidity on the daily new cases and new deaths of COVID-19 in 166 countries. Sci Total Environ 729:139051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139051
Yao Y, Pan J, Liu Z, Meng X, Wang W, Kan H, Wang W (2020a) Temporal association between particulate matter pollution and case fatality rate of COVID-19 in Wuhan. Environ Res 189:109941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109941
Yao Y et al (2020b) Association of particulate matter pollution and case fatality rate of COVID-19 in 49 Chinese cities. Sci Total Environ 741:140396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140396
Zhou F, Yu T, du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, Xiang J, Wang Y, Song B, Gu X, Guan L, Wei Y, Li H, Wu X, Xu J, Tu S, Zhang Y, Chen H, Cao B (2020) Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 395:1054–1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30566-3
Zhu Y, Xie J, Huang F, Cao L (2020) Association between short-term exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 infection: evidence from China. Sci Total Environ 727:138704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138704