The "dual-spot" Aethalometer: an improved measurement of aerosol black carbon with real-time loading compensation

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques - Tập 8 Số 5 - Trang 1965-1979
Luka Drinovec1, Griša Močnik1, Peter Zotter2,3, Andrê S. H. Prévôt2, Christian Ruckstuhl4, Esther Coz5, Maheswar Rupakheti6, Jean Sciare7, Thomas Müller8, Alfred Wiedensohler8, A. D. A. Hansen1
1Aerosol d.o.o, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
2Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
3now at: Lucerne School of Engineering and Architecture, Bioenergy Research, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Horw 6048, Switzerland
4inNET Monitoring AG, 6460 Altdorf, Switzerland
5Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain
6Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
7Laboratoire du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
8Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany

Tóm tắt

Abstract. Aerosol black carbon is a unique primary tracer for combustion emissions. It affects the optical properties of the atmosphere and is recognized as the second most important anthropogenic forcing agent for climate change. It is the primary tracer for adverse health effects caused by air pollution. For the accurate determination of mass equivalent black carbon concentrations in the air and for source apportionment of the concentrations, optical measurements by filter-based absorption photometers must take into account the "filter loading effect". We present a new real-time loading effect compensation algorithm based on a two parallel spot measurement of optical absorption. This algorithm has been incorporated into the new Aethalometer model AE33. Intercomparison studies show excellent reproducibility of the AE33 measurements and very good agreement with post-processed data obtained using earlier Aethalometer models and other filter-based absorption photometers. The real-time loading effect compensation algorithm provides the high-quality data necessary for real-time source apportionment and for determination of the temporal variation of the compensation parameter k.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

ACTRIS, ACTRIS Intercomparison Workshop for Integrating Nephelometer and Absorption Photometers, http://www.wmo-gaw-wcc-aerosol-physics.org/files/ ACTRIS-intercomparison-workshop-integrating-nephelometer- and-absorption-photometer-02-03-2013.pdf (last access: 1 May 2015), 2014a.

ACTRIS, ACTRIS Workshop on the Reference method for Multi-Wavelength Absorption, http://www.wmo-gaw-wcc-aerosol-physics.org/files/ ACTRIS-Reference-Method-Multi-wavelength-Absorption-03-2013.pdf (last access: 1 May 2015), 2014b.

Ångström, A.: On the atmospheric transmission of sun radiation and on dust in the air, Geogr. Ann., 11, 156–166, 1929.

Arnott, W. P., Moosmüller, H., Rogers, C. F., Jin, T., and Bruch, R.: Photoacoustic spectrometer for measuring light absorption by aerosols: instrument description, Atmos. Environ., 33, 2845–2852, 1999.

Arnott, W. P., Hamasha, K., Moosmuller, H., Sheridan, P. J., and Ogren, J. A.: Towards aerosol light-absorption measurements with a 7-wavelength Aethalometer: evaluation with a photoacoustic instrument and 3-wavelength nephelometer, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 39, 17–29, https://doi.org/10.1080/027868290901972, 2005.

Birch, M. E. and Cary, R. A.: Elemental carbon-based method for monitoring occupational exposures to particulate diesel exhaust, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 25, 221–241, 1996.

Bodhaine, B. A.: Aerosol absorption measurements at Barrow, Mauna Loa and the South Pole, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 100, 8967–8975, https://doi.org/10.1029/95jd00513, 1995.

Bond, T. C., Anderson, T. L., and Campbell, D.: Calibration and intercomparison of filter-based measurements of visible light absorption by aerosols, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 30, 582–600, https://doi.org/10.1080/027868299304435, 1999.

Bond, T. C., Doherty, S. J., Fahey, D. W., Forster, P. M., Berntsen, T., DeAngelo, B. J., Flanner, M. G., Ghan, S., Kärcher, B., Koch, D., Kinne, S., Kondo, Y., Quinn, P. K., Sarofim, M. C., Schultz, M. G., Schulz, M., Venkataraman, C., Zhang, H., Zhang, S., Bellouin, N., Guttikunda, S. K., Hopke, P. K., Jacobson, M. Z., Kaiser, J. W., Klimont, Z., Lohmann, U., Schwarz, J. P., Shindell, D., Storelvmo, T., Warren, S. G., and Zender, C. S.: Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: a scientific assessment, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 5380–5552, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50171, 2013.

Cavalli, F., Viana, M., Yttri, K. E., Genberg, J., and Putaud, J.-P.: Toward a standardised thermal-optical protocol for measuring atmospheric organic and elemental carbon: the EUSAAR protocol, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 79–89, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-79-2010, 2010.

Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Pritchett, L. C., Pierson, W. R., Frazier, C. A., and Purcell, R. G.: The DRI thermal/optical reflectance carbon analysis system: description, evaluation and applications in US air quality studies, Atmos. Environ., 27, 1185–1201, 1993.

Collaud Coen, M., Weingartner, E., Schaub, D., Hueglin, C., Corrigan, C., Henning, S., Schwikowski, M., and Baltensperger, U.: Saharan dust events at the Jungfraujoch: detection by wavelength dependence of the single scattering albedo and first climatology analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 2465–2480, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-2465-2004, 2004.

Collaud Coen, M., Weingartner, E., Apituley, A., Ceburnis, D., Fierz-Schmidhauser, R., Flentje, H., Henzing, J. S., Jennings, S. G., Moerman, M., Petzold, A., Schmid, O., and Baltensperger, U.: Minimizing light absorption measurement artifacts of the Aethalometer: evaluation of five correction algorithms, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 457–474, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-457-2010, 2010.

Favez, O., El Haddad, I., Piot, C., Boréave, A., Abidi, E., Marchand, N., Jaffrezo, J.-L., Besombes, J.-L., Personnaz, M.-B., Sciare, J., Wortham, H., George, C., and D'Anna, B.: Inter-comparison of source apportionment models for the estimation of wood burning aerosols during wintertime in an Alpine city (Grenoble, France), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5295–5314, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5295-2010, 2010.

Fialho, P., Hansen, A. D. A., and Honrath, R. E., Absorption coefficients by aerosols in remote areas: a new approach to decouple dust and black carbon absorption coefficients using seven-wavelength Aethalometer data, J. Aerosol Sci., 36, 267–282, 2005.

Grahame, T. J., Klemm, R., and Schlesinger, R. B.: Public health and components of particulate matter: The changing assessment of black carbon, J. Air Waste Manage., 64, 620–660, https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2014.912692, 2014.

Gundel, L. A., Dod, R. L., Rosen, H., and Novakov, T.: The relationship between optical attenuation and black carbon concentration for ambient and source particles, Sci. Total Environ., 36, 197–202, https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(84)90266-3, 1984.

Hansen, A. D. A., Rosen, H., and Novakov, T.: Real-time measurement of the aerosol absoprtion-coefficient of aerosol particles, Appl. Opt., 21, 3060–3062, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.21.003060, 1982.

Hansen, A. D. A., Rosen, H., and Novakov, T.: The aethalometer – an instrument for the real-time measurement of optical absorption by aerosol particles, Sci. Total Environ., 36, 191–196, 1984.

Hansen, A. D. A., Conway, T. J., Steele, L. P. Bodhaine, B. A., Thoning, K. W., Tans, P., and Novakov, T.: Correlations among combustion effluent species at Barrow Alaska: aerosol black carbon, carbon dioxide, and methane, J. Atmos. Chem. 9, 283–299, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00052838, 1989.

Holanda, B. A., Brito, J. F., Barbosa, H. M. J., Andreae, M. O., Saturno, J., Pöhlker, C., Rizzo, L., and Artaxo, P.: Light Absorption of PM2.5 and PM10 Biogenic Aerosol Particles in Amazonia measured using several techniques, AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, California, USA, 15–19 December 2014, A23A-3197, 2014.

Hyvärinen, A.-P., Vakkari, V., Laakso, L., Hooda, R. K., Sharma, V. P., Panwar, T. S., Beukes, J. P., van Zyl, P. G., Josipovic, M., Garland, R. M., Andreae, M. O., Pöschl, U., and Petzold, A.: Correction for a measurement artifact of the Multi-Angle Absorption Photometer (MAAP) at high black carbon mass concentration levels, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 81–90, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-81-2013, 2013.

IPCC, Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T., Dahe, Q., and Plattner, G.-K., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 2013.

Janssen, N. A. H., Hoek, G., Simic-Lawson, M., Fischer, P., van Bree, L., Ten Brink, H., Keuken, M., Atkinson, R. W., Anderson, H. R., Brunekreef, B., and Cassee, F. R.: Black carbon as an additional indicator of the adverse health effects of airborne particles compared with PM10 and PM2.5, Environ. Health Persp., 119, 1691–1699, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1003369, 2011.

Janssen, N. A. H., Gerlofs-Nijland, M. E., Lanki, T., Salonen, R. O., Cassee, F., Hoek, G., Fischer, P., Brunekreef, B., Krzyzanowski, M.: Health effects of black carbon, The WHO European Centre for Environment and Health, Bonn, Germany, World Health Organisation Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2012.

Kirchstetter, T. W., Novakov, T., and Hobbs, P. V.: Evidence that the spectral dependence of light absorption by aerosols is affected by organic carbon, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D21208, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004999, 2004.

Maetz, P. and Peters, O.: Comparing Black Carbon monitors as employed by the different measuring networks in Belgium, Monitoring Ambient Air 2013, 10–11 December 2013, London, UK, 2013.

Müller, T., Henzing, J. S., de Leeuw, G., Wiedensohler, A., Alastuey, A., Angelov, H., Bizjak, M., Collaud Coen, M., Engström, J. E., Gruening, C., Hillamo, R., Hoffer, A., Imre, K., Ivanow, P., Jennings, G., Sun, J. Y., Kalivitis, N., Karlsson, H., Komppula, M., Laj, P., Li, S.-M., Lunder, C., Marinoni, A., Martins dos Santos, S., Moerman, M., Nowak, A., Ogren, J. A., Petzold, A., Pichon, J. M., Rodriquez, S., Sharma, S., Sheridan, P. J., Teinilä, K., Tuch, T., Viana, M., Virkkula, A., Weingartner, E., Wilhelm, R., and Wang, Y. Q.: Characterization and intercomparison of aerosol absorption photometers: result of two intercomparison workshops, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 245–268, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-245-2011, 2011a.

Müller, T., Laborde, M., Kassell, G., and Wiedensohler, A.: Design and performance of a three-wavelength LED-based total scatter and backscatter integrating nephelometer, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 1291–1303, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-1291-2011, 2011b.

Nakayama, T., Kondo, Y., Moteki, N., Sahu, L. K., Kinase, T., Kita, K., and Matsumi, Y.: Size-dependent correction factors for absorption measurements using filter-based photometers: PSAP and COSMOS, J. Aerosol Sci., 41, 333–343, 2010.

Park, S. S., Hansen, A. D. A., and Cho, Y.: Measurement of real time black carbon for investigating spot loading effects of Aethalometer data, Atmos. Environ., 11, 1449–1455, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.01.025, 2010.

Petzold, A. and Schönlinner, M.: Multi-angle absorption photometry – A new method for the measurement of aerosol light absorption and atmospheric black carbon, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 421–441, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2003.09.005, 2004.

Petzold, A., Schloesser, M., Sheridan, P. J., Arnott, W. P., Ogren, J. A., and Virkkula, A.: Evaluation of multi-angle absorption photometry for measuring aerosol light absorption, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 39, 40–51, https://doi.org/10.1080/027868290901945, 2005.

Petzold, A., Ogren, J. A., Fiebig, M., Laj, P., Li, S.-M., Baltensperger, U., Holzer-Popp, T., Kinne, S., Pappalardo, G., Sugimoto, N., Wehrli, C., Wiedensohler, A., and Zhang, X.-Y.: Recommendations for reporting "black carbon" measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8365–8379, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013, 2013.

Ramanathan, V. and Carmichael, G.: Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon, Nat. Geosci., 1, 221–227, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo156, 2008.

Rosen, H. and Novakov, T. : Optical transmission through aerosol deposits on diffusely reflective filters: a method for measuring the absorbing component of aerosol particles, Appl. Opt., 22, 1265–1267, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.22.001265, 1983.

Rosen, H., Hansen, A. D. A., Gundel, L., and Novakov, T.: Identification of the optically absorbing component in urban aerosols, Appl. Opt., 17, 3859–3861, 1978.

Sandradewi, J., Prévôt, A. S. H., Weingartner, E., Schmidhauser, R., Gysel, M., and Baltensperger, U.: A study of wood burning and traffic aerosols in an Alpine valley using a multi-wavelength aethalometer, Atmos. Environ., 42, 101–112, 2008a.

Sandradewi, J., Prévôt, A. S. H., Szidat, S., Perron, N., Alfarra, M. R., Lanz, V. A., Weingartner, E., and Baltensperger, U.: Using aerosol light absorption measurements for the quantitative determination of wood burning and traffic emission contributions to particulate matter, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 3316–3323, https://doi.org/10.1021/es702253m, 2008b.

Sciare, J., Favez, O., Oikonomou, K., Sarda-Estève, R., Cachier, R., and Kazan V., Long-term observation of carbonaceous aerosols in the Austral Ocean: Evidence of a marine biogenic origin, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D15302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD011998, 2009.

Segura, S., Estellés, V., Titos, G., Lyamani, H., Utrillas, M. P., Zotter, P., Prévôt, A. S. H., Močnik, G., Alados-Arboledas, L., and Martínez-Lozano, J. A.: Determination and analysis of in situ spectral aerosol optical properties by a multi-instrumental approach, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 2373–2387, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2373-2014, 2014.

Stephens, M. , Turner, N., and Sandberg, J.: Particle Identification by Laser-Induced Incandescence in a Solid-State Laser Cavity, Appl. Opt., 42, 3726–3736, 2003.

USEPA – U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Battelle Memorial Institute, Environmental Technology Verification Report, Magee Scientific Model AE33 Aethalometer, Battelle, Columbus, Ohio, USA, February 2014, http://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=520219 (last access: 1 May 2015), 2014.

Virkkula, A.: Correction of the Calibration of the 3-wavelength Particle Soot Absorption Photometer (3 PSAP), Aerosol Sci. Tech., 44, 706–712, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2010.482110, 2010.

Virkkula, A., Ahlquist, N. C., Covert, D. S., Arnott, W. P., Sheridan, P. J., Quinn, P. K., and Coffman, D. J.: Modification, calibration and a field test of an instrument for measuring light absorption by particles, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 39, 68–83, https://doi.org/10.1080/027868290901963, 2005.

Virkkula, A., Mäkelä, T., Hillamo, R., Yli-Tuomi, T., Hirsikko, A., Hämeri, K., and Koponen, I. K.: A simple procedure for correcting loading effects of aethalometer data, J. Air Waste Manage., 57, 1214–1222, https://doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.57.10.1214, 2007.

Wehner, B. and Wiedensohler, A.: Long term measurements of submicrometer urban aerosols: statistical analysis for correlations with meteorological conditions and trace gases, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 867–879, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-867-2003, 2003.

Weingartner, E., Saathoff, H., Schnaiter, M., Streit, N., Bitnar, B., and Baltensperger, U.: Absorption of light by soot particles: determination of the absorption coefficient by means of aethalometers, J. Aerosol Sci., 34, 1445–1463, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-8502(03)00359-8, 2003.

WMO/GAW Aerosol Measurement Procedures: Guidelines and Recommendations. TD No. 1178, September 2003.

Yang, M., Howell, S. G., Zhuang, J., and Huebert, B. J.: Attribution of aerosol light absorption to black carbon, brown carbon, and dust in China – interpretations of atmospheric measurements during EAST-AIRE, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2035–2050, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-2035-2009, 2009.