The "What" and "Why" of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior

Psychological Inquiry - Tập 11 Số 4 - Trang 227-268 - 2000
Edward L. Deci1, Richard M. Ryan
1U Rochester, Dept of Psychology, Rochester, NY, US

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

10.1037//0021-843X.87.1.49

Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E. & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

10.1037//0022-3514.43.5.997

10.1037//0022-3514.34.1.92

10.1037//0022-3514.34.5.915

Angyal, A. (1965). Neurosis and treatment: A holistic theory. New York: Wiley.

Assor, A., Roth, G. & Deci, E. L. (2000). Relations of the perceptions of parental conditional love to children's affects and motivation. Unpublished manuscript, Ben Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel.

Atkinson, J. W. (1958). Motives in fantasy, action and society. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.

Baard, P. P., Deci, E. L, & Ryan, R. M. (2000). Intrinsic need satisfaction as a motivational basis of performance and well-being at work: An application of cognitive evaluation theory. Unpublished manuscript, Fordham University, New York.

10.1037//0033-295X.84.2.191

Bandura A., 1989, American Psychologist, 44, 1175, 10.1037/0003-066X.44.9.1175

Bandura, A. (1996). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.

10.1037//1089-2680.1.2.145

10.1037//0033-2909.117.3.497

10.1037//0033-2909.104.1.3

Becker, E. (1973). Denial of death. New York: Free Press.

Benware C., 1984, American Educational Research Journal, 21, 755, 10.3102/00028312021004755

Berlyne, D. E. (1971). Aesthetics and psychobiology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

10.1002/1098-237X(200011)84:6<740::AID-SCE4>3.0.CO;2-3

10.1037//0022-3514.59.5.1021

Blos, P. (1979). The adolescent passage. New York: International Universities Press.

10.1037//0022-3514.74.6.1681

10.1037//0022-3514.37.9.1462

Bowlby J., 1958, International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 99, 265

Bowlby, J. (1979). The making and breaking of affectional bonds. London: Tavistock.

Bretherton, I. (1987). New perspectives on attachment relations: Security, communication and internal working models. In J. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development (pp. 1061-1100). New York: Wiley.

Bruch, H. (1973). Eating disorders. New York: Basic Books.

Buss D. M., 1989, Behavioral and Brain Science, 12, 39, 10.1017/S0140525X00024274

Buss, D. M. (1996). The evolutionary psychology of human social strategies. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles. New York: Guilford.

10.1111/1467-9280.00057

Carver, C. S. & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Carver, C. S. & Scheier, M. F. (1999a). A few more themes, a lot more issues: Commentary on the commentaries. In R. S. Wyer, Jr. (Ed.), Perspectives on behavioral self-regulation: Advances in social cognition (Vol. 12, pp. 261-302). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Carver, C. S. & Scheier, M. F. (1999b). Themes and issues in the self-regulation of behavior. In R. S. Wyer, Jr. (Ed.), Perspectives on behavioral self-regulation: Advances in social cognition (Vol. 12, pp. 1-105). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Chandler C. L., 1987, British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 5, 357, 10.1111/j.2044-835X.1987.tb01072.x

Cicchetti D., 1991, Developmental Review, 11, 271, 10.1016/0273-2297(91)90014-F

10.1016/0010-0277(89)90023-1

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow. New York: Harper & Row.

10.1016/0732-118X(85)90002-9

deCharms, R. (1968). Personal causation. New York: Academic.

Danner F. W., 1981, Child Development, 52, 1043, 10.2307/1129110

Deci E. L., 1971, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 18, 105, 10.1037/h0030644

Deci E. L., 1972, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 8, 217, 10.1016/0030-5073(72)90047-5

Deci E. L., 1972, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 22, 113, 10.1037/h0032355

Deci, E. L. (1975). Intrinsic motivation. New York: Plenum.

Deci, E. L. (1980). The psychology of self-determination. Lexington, MA: Heath.

Deci, E. L, & Cascio, W. F. (1972, April). Changes in intrinsic motivation as a function of negative feedback and threats. Paper presented at the Eastern Psychological Association, Boston, MA.

10.1037//0021-9010.74.4.580

Deci E. L., 1994, Journal of Personality, 62, 119, 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00797.x

10.1037//0033-2909.125.6.627

10.1037//0033-2909.125.6.627

Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (1980). The empirical exploration of intrinsic motivational processes. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 13, pp. 39-80). New York: Academic.

10.1016/0092-6566(85)90023-6

Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (1985b). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum.

Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Vol. 38. Perspectives on motivation (pp. 237-288). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

10.1037//0022-0663.73.5.642

Dorrity, K. & Aron, A. (1999). Social logic: "Facilitation" and "biases" as successful adaptation. Unpublished manuscript, State University of New York, Stony Brook.

Dweck, C. S. (1985). Intrinsic motivation, perceived control, and self-evaluation maintenance: An achievement goal analysis. In C. Ames & R. E. Ames (Eds.), Research on motivation in education: The classroom milieu (pp. 289-305). New York: Academic.

10.1037//0003-066X.41.10.1040

Dweck, C. S. (1999). Self theories: Their role in motivation, personality, and development. Philadelphia: Psychology Press.

Dweck C. S., 1973, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 25, 109, 10.1037/h0034248

Dworkin, G. (1988). The theory and practice of autonomy. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Edelman, G. (1987). Neurodarwinism. New York: Basic Books.

10.1037//0003-066X.51.11.1153

Elkind, D. (1971). Cognitive growth cycles in mental development. In J. K. Cole (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation (Vol. 19, pp. 1-31). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

10.1037//0022-3514.72.1.218

10.1037//0022-3514.51.5.1058

Fisher C. D., 1978, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 21, 273, 10.1016/0030-5073(78)90054-5

Frodi A., 1985, Child Development, 56, 1291, 10.2307/1130244

Goffman E., 1955, Psychiatry, 18, 213, 10.1080/00332747.1955.11023008

Gray J. A., 1990, Cognition and Emotion, 4, 269, 10.1080/02699939008410799

Green-Demers I., 1997, Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 29, 157, 10.1037/0008-400X.29.3.157

Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T. & Solomon, S. (1995). Toward a dual motive depth psychology of self and social behavior. In M. Kernis (Ed.), Efficacy, agency and self-esteem (pp. 73-97). New York: Plenum.

Greenberg, J., Solomon, S. & Pyszczynski, T. (1997). Terror management theory of self-esteem and cultural worldviews: Empirical assessments and conceptual refinements. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 29, pp. 61-139). New York: Academic.

Greenough W. T., 1987, Child Development, 58, 539, 10.2307/1130197

Greenstein, A. & Koestner, R. (1996, August). Success in maintaining new year's resolutions: The value of self-determined reasons. Paper presented at the International Congress of Psychology, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

10.1037//0022-3514.52.5.890

10.1037//0022-0663.81.2.143

10.1037//0022-0663.83.4.508

10.1037//0022-3514.47.4.918

Harlow H. F., 1958, American Psychologist, 13, 673, 10.1037/h0047884

10.1111/1468-5884.00043

Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley.

Herjanic B., 1982, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 10, 307, 10.1007/BF00912324

10.1037//0033-295X.94.3.319

Higgins, E. T. (1996). Ideals, oughts, and regulatory focus: Affect and motivation from distinct pains and pleasures. In P. M. Gollwitzer & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior (pp. 91-114). New York: Guilford.

Hilgard, E. R. (1987). Psychology in America: A historical survey. Orlando, FL: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.

Hodgins H. S., 1996, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 227, 10.1177/0146167296223001

Hodgins, H. S. & Liebeskind, E. (1998). Apology versus defense: Antecedents and consequences. Unpublished manuscript, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY.

10.1037//0022-3514.71.2.300

Hull, C. L. (1943). Principles of behavior: An introduction to behavior theory. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Ikle, D. N., Lipp, D. O., Butters, E. A. & Ciarlo, J. (1983). Development and validation of the adolescent community mental health questionnaire. Denver, CO: Mental Systems Evaluation Project.

Ilardi B. C., 1993, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23, 1789, 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01066.x

Inghilleri, P. (1999). From subjective experience to cultural change (E. Bartoli, Trans.). New York: Cambridge University Press.

10.1037//0022-3514.76.3.349

Jacob, F. (1973). The logic of life: A history of heredity. New York: Pantheon

Jones A., 1986, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 12, 63, 10.1177/0146167286121007

Jordan, J. V., Kaplan, A. G., Miller, J. B., Stiver, I. P. & Surrey, J. L. (1991). Women's growth in connection: Writings from The Stone Center. New York: Guilford.

10.1037//0022-3514.65.2.410

Kasser T., 1996, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 80, 10.1177/0146167296223006

10.1037//0012-1649.31.6.907

Kasser V., 1999, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 935, 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb00133.x

Kelman H. C., 1958, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2, 51, 10.1177/002200275800200106

Koestner R., 1992, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 52, 10.1177/0146167292181008

10.1037//0022-3514.70.5.1025

Koestner, R. & McClelland, D. (1990). Perspectives on competence motivation. In L. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 527-548). New York: Guilford.

Koestner R., 1984, Journal of Personality, 52, 233, 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1984.tb00879.x

Kohut, H. (1977). The restoration of the self. New York: International Universities Press.

Kruglanski A. W., 1971, Journal of Personality, 39, 606, 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1971.tb00066.x

Kuhl, J. & Fuhrmann, A. (1998). Decomposing self-regulation and self-control: The theoretical and empirical basis of the Volitional Components Checklist. In J. Heckhausen & C. Dweck (Eds.), Motivation and self-regulation across the life-span (pp. 15-49). New York: Cambridge University Press.

10.1037//0022-3514.66.6.1103

10.1037//0022-3514.79.3.367

Lepper, M. R. (1983). Social control processes and the internalization of social values: An attributional perspective. In E. T. Higgins, D. N. Ruble, & W. W. Hartup (Eds.), Social cognition and social development. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Lepper M. R., 1975, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 479, 10.1037/h0076484

Lepper M. R., 1973, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28, 129, 10.1037/h0035519

Lewin, K. (1936). Principles of topological psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.

10.1037//0022-3514.52.4.663

Little B. R., 1983, Environment and Behavior, 15, 273, 10.1177/0013916583153002

Locke, E. A. & Latham, G. P. (1990). A theory of goal setting and task performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Markus, H. J. & Sentis, K. (1982). The self in social information processing. In J. Suls (Ed.), Psychological perspectives on the self (Vol. 1, pp. 41-70). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Maslow A. H., 1943, Psychological Review, 50, 370, 10.1037/h0054346

Maturana, H. R. & Varela, F. J. (1992). The tree of knowledge: The biological roots of human understanding (Rev. ed.). Boston: Shambhala.

Mayr, E. (1982). The growth of biological thought: Diversity, evolution, and inheritance. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

McAdams, D. P. (1989). Intimacy : The need to be close. New York: Doubleday.

McCall R. B., 1977, Child Development, 48, 333, 10.2307/1128626

McClelland D. C., 1965, American Psychologist, 20, 321, 10.1037/h0022225

McClelland, D. C. (1985). Human motivation. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.

McGraw K. O., 1979, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15, 285, 10.1016/0022-1031(79)90039-8

Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Meissner, W. W. (1988). Treatment of patients in the borderline spectrum. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.

Midgley, M. (1995). Beast and man. New York: Routledge.

Miller, G. A., Galanter, E. & Pribram, K. H. (1960). Plans and the structure of behavior. New York: Holt.

10.1037//0033-295X.102.2.246

10.1037//0022-0663.88.2.203

Murray, H. A. (1938). Explorations in personality. New York: Oxford University Press.

10.1037//0033-295X.91.3.328

10.1006/jesp.1999.1382

Olds J., 1958, Journal of Comparative Physiological Psychology, 51, 675, 10.1037/h0039616

Pelletier L. G., 1999, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 2481, 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb00122.x

Pelletier L. G., 1997, Journal of Personality Assessment, 68, 414, 10.1207/s15327752jpa6802_11

Perls, F. S. (1973). The Gestalt approach and eyewitness to therapy. Ben Lomond, CA: Science and Behavior Books.

Plant R., 1985, Journal of Personality, 53, 435, 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1985.tb00375.x

Piaget, J. (1971). Biology and knowledge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Rank, O. (1989). Art and artist: Creative urge and personality development. New York: Norton.

Rawsthorne L. J., 1999, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 326, 10.1207/s15327957pspr0304_3

Reeve J., 1996, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 24, 10.1177/0146167296221003

Reeve, J., Nix, G. & Hamm, D. (1999). The experience of self-determination in intrinsic motivation. Unpublished manuscript, University of Iowa.

Reis, H. T. & Patrick, B. P. (1996). Attachment and intimacy: Component processes. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.) Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 523-563). New York; Guilford.

Reis H. T., 2000, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 419, 10.1177/0146167200266002

Ricoeur, P. (1966). Freedom and nature: The voluntary and the involuntary (E.V. Kohak, Trans.). Chicago: Northwestern University Press.

Rotter, J. (1954). Social learning and clinical psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Rotter, J. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80 (1, Whole No. 609). pp. 1-28.

Rusbult, C. E. & van Lange, R. A. M. (1996). Interdependence Processes. In E. T. Higgins, & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic processes (pp. 564-596). New York: Guilford.

10.1037//0022-3514.43.3.450

Ryan, R. M. (1993). Agency and organization: Intrinsic motivation, autonomy and the self in psychological development. In J. Jacobs (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Developmental perspectives on motivation (Vol. 40, pp. 1-56). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Ryan R. M., 1995, Journal of Personality, 63, 397, 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00501.x

Ryan, R. M., Chirkov, V. I., Little, T. D., Sheldon, K. M., Timoshina, E. & Deci, E. L. (1999). The American dream in Russia: Extrinsic aspirations and well-being in two cultures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25.

10.1037//0022-3514.57.5.749

Ryan, R. M., Connell, J. P. & Deci, E. L. (1985). A motivational analysis of self-determination and self-regulation in education. In C. Ames & R. E. Ames (Eds.), Research on motivation in education: The classroom milieu (pp. 13-51). New York: Academic.

10.1016/0732-118X(85)90020-0

Ryan, R. M. & Deci, E. L. (1999). Approaching and avoiding self-determination: Comparing cybernetic and organismic paradigms of motivation. In R. S. Wyer, Jr. (Ed.), Perspectives on behavioral self-regulation: Advances in social cognition (Vol. 12, pp. 193-215). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

10.1037//0003-066X.55.1.68

Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. & Grolnick, W. S. (1995). Autonomy, relatedness, and the self: Their relation to development and psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology Vol. 1 (pp. 618-655). New York: Wiley.

Ryan R. M., 1997, Journal of Personality, 65, 529, 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00326.x

10.1037//0022-3514.50.3.550

10.1017/S0954579497001405

Ryan, R. M. & La Guardia, J. G. (2000). What is being optimized over development? A self-determination theory perspective on basic psychological needs across the life span. In S. Qualls & R. Abeles (Eds.), Dialogues on Psychology and Aging (pp. 145-172). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Ryan R. M., 1989, Child Development, 60, 340, 10.2307/1130981

10.1016/0306-4603(94)00072-7

10.1037//0022-3514.65.2.410

Ryan, R. M., Sheldon, K. M., Kasser, T. & Deci, E. L. (1996). All goals are not created equal: An organismic perspective on the nature of goals and their regulation. In P. M. Gollwitzer & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior (pp. 7-26). New York: Guilford.

Ryan R. M., 1994, Journal of Early Adolescence, 14, 226, 10.1177/027243169401400207

10.1111/1467-8721.ep10772395

Sackett, D. L. & Snow, J. C. (1979). The magnitude of compliance and noncompliance. In R. B. Haynes, D. W. Taylor, & D. L. Sackett (Eds.), Compliance in health care (pp. 11-22). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Schafer, R. (1968). Aspects of internalization. New York: International Universities Press.

10.1023/A:1007084005278

Sedikides C., 1997, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1, 80, 10.1207/s15327957pspr0101_6

Seguin C., 1998, Environment and Behavior, 30, 628, 10.1177/001391659803000503

Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness. San Francisco: Freeman.

Shaffer D., 1983, Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 1228, 10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790100074010

Shaver, P., Hazan, C. & Bradshaw, D. (1988). Love as attachment: The integration of three behavioral systems. In R. J. Sternberg & M. L. Barns (Eds.) The psychology of love (pp. 68-99). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Sheldon K. M., 1998, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 546, 10.1177/0146167298245010

Sheldon K. M., 1999, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 546, 10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.482

10.1037//0022-3514.68.3.531

Sheldon K. M., 1998, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1319, 10.1177/01461672982412006

10.1037//0022-3514.73.1.171

Sheldon K. M., 1996, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 1270, 10.1177/01461672962212007

Sheldon, K. M., Sheldon, M. S. & Osbaldiston, R. (1999). Prosocial values, assortation, and group selection in an n-person prisoner's dilemma. Unpublished manuscript, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: Macmillan.

Skinner, E. A. (1995). Perceived control, motivation, and coping. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Spence, K. (1956). Behavior theory and conditioning. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Stevens L. E., 1995, Social Cognition, 13, 189, 10.1521/soco.1995.13.3.189

Strahan, B. J. & Craig, B. (1995). Marriage, Family and Religion. Sydney, Australia: Adventist Institute of Family Relations.

10.1037//0021-843X.96.3.254

Tafarodi R. W., 1999, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 1405, 10.1177/0146167299259006

Tolman, E. C. (1932). Purposive behavior in animals and men. New York: Century.

Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. (1992). The psychological foundations of culture. In J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, & J. Tooby (Eds.), The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture (pp. 19-136). New York: Oxford University Press.

Utman C. H., 1997, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1, 170, 10.1207/s15327957pspr0102_4

10.1016/0959-4752(93)90020-Z

Vallerand, R. J. (1997). Toward a hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 29, pp. 271-360). San Diego: Academic.

Vallerand R. J., 1992, Journal of Personality, 60, 599, 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00922.x

10.1037//0022-3514.72.5.1161

Vallerand R. J., 1989, Canadian Psychology, 30, 538, 10.1037/h0079828

Vallerand R. J., 1984, Journal of Sport Psychology, 6, 94, 10.1123/jsp.6.1.94

Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York: Wiley.

10.1037//0022-0663.91.1.76

White R. W., 1959, Psychological Review, 66, 297, 10.1037/h0040934

Williams G. C., 2000, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 1756, 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02466.x

10.1037//0022-3514.70.4.767

Williams G. C., 1998, Diabetes Care, 21, 1644, 10.2337/diacare.21.10.1644

Williams, G. C., Gagne, M., Ryan, R. M. & Deci, E. L. (2000). Supporting autonomy to motivate smoking cessation: A test of self-determination theory. Unpublished manuscript, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY.

10.1037//0022-3514.70.1.115

10.1037//0278-6133.17.3.269

Wilson, J. Q. (1993). The moral sense. New York: Free Press.

Winter, D. G. (1973). The power motive. New York: Free Press.

Yamauchi H., 1998, Psychological Reports, 82, 803, 10.2466/pr0.1998.82.3.803

Zeldman, A., Ryan, R. M. & Fiscella, K. (1999). Attitudes, beliefs and motives in addiction recovery. Unpublished manuscript, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY.

Zuckerman M., 1978, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4, 443, 10.1177/014616727800400317