The VLF-induced ionospheric perturbations detected by DEMETER during solar minimum
Tóm tắt
The VLF-induced ionospheric heating events from the powerful transmitter NWC are collected at extremely low solar activity years of 2008–2009, and their spatial and temporal distribution features are investigated. The spatial distribution of heating signals exhibits clear north-direction inclination of 2–3°, and covering area within 300 km radius in longitude and latitude. Plasma parameters show the obvious negative correlations between decreasing Ne and increasing Te, and positive correlations of the increasing ion density and ion temperature during the VLF heating time. The ions move upwards to cause the perturbations in ULF electric field due to
$$\mathop{V}\limits^{\rightharpoonup} \times \mathop{B}\limits^{\rightharpoonup}$$
. The VLF heating events easily occur at seasons with low plasma density, which illustrates that low plasma environment plays an important role in VLF-induced ionospheric heating. Typical three enhanced VLF signals are obtained, one at 19.8 kHz with the largest amplitude, one at the broadened frequency band of 19.8 ± 300 Hz with one order of amplitude decreasing, and one between 19.5 kHz and lower hybrid frequency with at least two orders of amplitude reductions relative to that at 19.8 kHz but still one order increasing relative to non-heating region. These quasi electrostatic waves during VLF heating may not be from the VLF whistler conversion, but the lightning-whistler waves are enhanced when they pass through the plasma cavity formed during VLF heating process.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Bell TF, James HG, Inan US, Katsufrakis JP (1983) The apparent spectral broadening of VLF transmitter signals during transionospheric propagation. J Geophys Res 88:4813–4840
Bell TF, Graf K, Inan US, Piddyachiy D, Parrot M (2011) DEMETER observations of ionospheric heating by powerful VLF transmitters. Geophys Res Lett 38:L11103. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047503
Bell TF, Ngo HD (1990) Electrostatic lower hybrid waves excited by electromagnetic whistler mode waves scattering from planar magnetic field-aligned plasma density irregularities. J Geophys Res 95(1):149–172
Berthelier JJ, Godefroy M, Leblanc F, Seran E, Peschard D, Gilbert P, Artru J (2006a) IAP, the thermal plasma analyzer on DEMETER. Planet Space Sci 54(5):487–501
Berthelier JJ, Godefroy M, Leblanc F, Malingre M, Menvielle M, Lagoutte D, Brochot JY, Colin F, Legendre C, Zamora P, Benoist D, Chapuis Y, Artru J, Pfaff R (2006b) ICE, the electric field experiment on DEMETER. Planet Space Sci 54:456–471
Cussac T, Clair M, Ultre-Guerard P, Buisson F, Lassalle-Balier G, Ledu M, Elisabelar C, Passot X, Rey N (2006) The DEMETER microsatellite and ground segment. Planet Space Sci 54(5):413–427
Galejs J (1972) Inoospheric interaction of VLF radio waces. J Aomos Terr Phys 34:421–436
Galinsky VL, Shevchenko VI, Mishin EV, Starks MJ (2011) Numerical modeling of 3D weak turbulence driven by high-power VLF pump waves in the topside ionosphere. Geophys Res Lett 38:L16105. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048441
Graf KL, Inan US, Piddyachiy D, Kulkarni P, Parrot M, Sauvaud JA (2009) DEMETER observations of transmitter-induced precipitation of inner radiation belt electrons. J Geophys Res 114:A07205. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013949
Inan US (1990) VLF heating of the lower ionosphere. Geophys Res Lett 17:729–732
Kakinami Y, Watanabe S, Liu J-Y, Balan N (2011) Correlation between electron density and temperature in the topside ionosphere. J Geophys Res 116:A12331. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA016905
Lebreton J-P, Stverak S, Travnicek P, Maksimovic M, Klinge D, Merikallio S, Lagoutte D, Poirier B, Blelly P-L, Kozacek Z, Salaquarda M (2006) The ISL Langmuir probe experiment processing onboard DEMETER: scientific objectives, description and first results. Planet Space Sci 54:472–486
Lee MC, Kuo SP (1984) Excitation of magnetostatic fluctuations by filamentation of whistlers. J Geophys Res 89:2289–2294
Lehtinen NG, Inan US (2009) Full-wave modeling of transionospheric propagation of VLF waves. Geophys Res Lett 36:L03104. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036535
Mishin EV, Starks MJ, Ginet GP, Quinn RA (2010) Nonlinear VLF effects in the topside ionosphere. Geophys Res Lett 37:L04101. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL042010
Němec F, Pekař J, Parrot M (2020) NWC transmitter effects on the nightside upper ionosphere observed by a low-altitude satellite. J Geophys Res Space Phys 125:e2020JA028660. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA028660
Parrot M, Benoist D, Berthelier JJ, Blecki J, Chapuis Y, Colin F, Elie F, Fergeau P, Lagoutte D, Lefeuvre F, Legendre C, Leveque M, Pincon JL, Poirier B, Seran H-C, Zamora P (2006) The magnetic field experiment IMSC and its data processing onboard DEMETER: scientific objectives, description and first results. Planet Space Sci 54:441–455
Parrot M, Sauwaud JA, Berthelier JJ, Lebreton JP (2007) First in-situ observations of strong ionospheric perturbations generated by a powerful VLF ground-based transmitter. Geophys Res Lett 34:L11111. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029368
Parrot M, Inan US, Lehtinen NG, Pincon JL (2009) Penetration of lightning MF signals to the upper ionosphere over VLF ground-based transmitters. J Geophys Res 114:A12318. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA014598
Rodriguez JV, Inan US, Bell TF (1994) Heating of the nighttime D region by very low frequency transmitters. J Geophys Res 99:23329–23338
Sauvaud JA, Maggiolo R, Jacquey C, Parrot M, Berthelier JJ, Gamble RJ, Rodger CJ (2008) Radiation belt electron precipitation due to VLF transmitters: satellite observations. Geophys Res Lett 35:L09101. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033194
Starks MJ, Bell TF, Quinn RA, Inan US, Piddyachiy D, Parrot M (2009) Modeling of Doppler-shifted terrestrial VLF transmitter signals observed by DEMETER. Geophys Res Lett 36:L12103. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038511
Vartanyan A, Milikh GM, Mishin E, Parrot M, Galkin I, Reinisch B, Huba J, Joyce G, Papadopoulos K (2012) Artificial ducts caused by HF heating of the ionosphere by HAARP. J Geophys Res 117:A10307. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA017563
Vartanyan A, Milikh GM, Eliasson B, Najmi AC, Parrot M, Papadopoulos K (2016) Generation of whistler waves by continuous HF heating of the upper ionosphere. Radio Sci 51:1188–1198. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015RS005892
Xia Z, Chen L, Zhima Z, Parrot M (2020) Spectral broadening of NWC transmitter signals in the ionosphere. Geophys Res Lett 47:e2020GL088103. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088103
Zhang X, Qian J, Shen X (2014a) Solar cycle variation of the electron density in the topside ionosphere at local nighttime observed by DEMETER during 2006–2008. J Geophys Res Space Phys 119:3803–3814. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JA019463
Zhang X, Shen X, Liu J, Zeren Z, Yao L, Ouyang X, Zhao S, Yuan G, Qian J (2014b) The solar cycle variations of plasma parameters in equatorial and mid latitudinal areas during 2005–2010. Adv Space Res 54:306–319
Zhang X, Frolov V, Zhou C, Zhao S, Ruzhin Y, Shen X, Zhima Z, Liu J (2016) Plasma perturbations HF-induced in the topside ionosphere. J Geophys Res Space Phys. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA022484