The TNF-ligand and receptor superfamilies: Controllers of immunity and the Trojan horses of autoimmune disease?

Molecular Aspects of Medicine - Tập 17 - Trang 455-457 - 1996
Colin Mitchell Hill1, Joseph Lunec1
1Division of Chemical Pathology, University of Leicester, Centre for Mechanisms of Human Toxicity, Hodgkin Building, PO Box 136, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, U.K.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Abbas, 1991, Section III: Effector mechanisms of immune responses, 226 Abbas, 1991, Section I: General properties of immune responses, 226 Adachi, 1993, Aberrant transcription caused by the insertion of an early transposable element in an intron of the Fas antigen gene of lpr mice, 90, 1756 Adams, 1993, Genetic, immunologic and biotransformation studies of patients on procainamide, Lupus, 2, 89, 10.1177/096120339300200205 Adams, 1990, Effects of procainamide hydroxylamine on generation of reactive oxygen species by macrophages and production of cytokines, Int. J. Immunopharm., 12, 809, 10.1016/0192-0561(90)90045-O Adams, 1989, Immunomodulatory effects of procainamide metabolites: Their implications in drug-related lupus, J. Lab. Clin. Med., 113, 482 Aderka, 1991, Increased serum levels of soluble receptors for tumour necrosis factor in cancer patients, Cancer Res., 51, 5602 Aderka, 1992, Stabilization of the bioactivity of tumour necrosis factor by its soluble receptors, J. Exp. Med., 175, 323, 10.1084/jem.175.2.323 Aderka, 1993, Correlation between serum levels of soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus, Arthritis Rheum., 36, 1111, 10.1002/art.1780360812 Agematsu, 1994, Role of CD27 in T cell immune response. Analysis by recombinant soluble CD27, J. Immunol., 153, 1421, 10.4049/jimmunol.153.4.1421 Alderson, 1993, Fas transduces activation signals in normal human T lymphocytes, J. Exp. Med., 178, 2231, 10.1084/jem.178.6.2231 Alderson, 1994, Molecular and biological characterisation of human 4-1BB and its ligand, Eur. J. Immunol., 24, 2219, 10.1002/eji.1830240943 Allen, 1990, Differences defined by bone marrow transplantation suggests that the lpr and gld are mutations of genes encoding an interacting pair of molecules, J. Exp. Med., 172, 1367, 10.1084/jem.172.5.1367 Alzona, 1994, CD30 defines a subset of activated human T cells that produce IFN-γ and IL-5 and exhibit enhanced B cell helper activity, J. Immunol., 153, 2861, 10.4049/jimmunol.153.7.2861 Andreesen, 1989, Human macrophages can express the Hodgkin's cell associated antigen Ki-1 (CD30), Am. J. Pathol., 134, 187 Andrews, 1978, Spontaneous murine lupus-like syndromes. Clinical and immunopathological manifestations in several strains, J. Exp. Med., 148, 1198, 10.1084/jem.148.5.1198 Armitage, 1994, Tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily members and their ligands, Curr. Opin. Immunol., 6, 407, 10.1016/0952-7915(94)90119-8 Armitage, 1992, Molecular and biological characterisation of a murine ligand for CD40, Nature, 357, 80, 10.1038/357080a0 Armitage, 1993, CD40 ligand is a T cell growth factor, Eur. J. Immunol., 23, 2326, 10.1002/eji.1830230941 Aversa, 1993, The 26-kD transmembrane from tumour necrosis factor α on activated CD4+ T cell clones provides a costimulatory signal for human B cell activation, J. Exp. Med., 177, 1575, 10.1084/jem.177.6.1575 Baens, 1993, Construction and evaluation of a hncDNA library of human 12p transcribed sequences derived from a somatic cell hybrid, Genomics, 16, 214, 10.1006/geno.1993.1161 Banner, 1993, Crystal structure of the soluble human 55 kD TNF-receptor-human TNF-β complex: Implications for TNF receptor activation, Cell, 73, 431, 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90132-A Barrett, 1991, CD40 signalling activates CD11aCD18 (LFA-1)-mediated adhesion in B cells, J. Immunol., 146, 1722, 10.4049/jimmunol.146.6.1722 Baud, 1989, Production of tumour necrosis factor by rat mesengial cells in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide, Kidney Int., 35, 1111, 10.1038/ki.1989.98 Baum, 1994, Molecular characterisation of murine and human OX40OX40L systems: Identification of a human OX40 ligand as the HTLV-1 regulated protein gp34, EMBO J., 13, 3992, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06715.x Bertolini, 1988, Stimulation of bone resorption and inhibition of bone formation in vitro by human tumour necrosis factor, Nature, 319, 516, 10.1038/319516a0 Beutler, 1992 Beutler, 1988, Tumour necrosis, cachexia, shock and inflammation: A common mediator, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 57, 505, 10.1146/annurev.bi.57.070188.002445 Beutler, 1989, The biology of cachectin/TNF—A primary mediator of the host response, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 7, 625, 10.1146/annurev.iy.07.040189.003205 Bjorck, 1993, CD23 and CD21 function as adhesion molecules in homotypic aggregation of human B lymphocytes, Eur. J. Immunol., 23, 1771, 10.1002/eji.1830230806 Boussiotis, 1994, Tumour necrosis factor alpha is an autocrine growth factor for normal human B cells, 91, 7007 Bowman, 1994, The cloning of CD70 and its identification as the ligand for CD27, J. Immunol., 152, 1756, 10.4049/jimmunol.152.4.1756 Bradshaw, 1993, Nerve growth factor revisisted, Trends Biochem. Sci., 18, 48, 10.1016/0968-0004(93)90052-O Brennan, 1989, Tumour necrosis factor and IL-1 in New Zealand black/white mice: Enhanced gene expression and acceleration of renal injury, J. Immunol., 143, 3470, 10.4049/jimmunol.143.11.3470 Brennan, 1992, TNF-α: A pivotal role in rheumatoid arthritis?, Br. J. Rheumatol., 31, 293, 10.1093/rheumatology/31.5.293 Browning, 1993, Lymphotoxin β, a novel member of the TNF family that forms a heteromeric complex with lymphotoxin at the cell surface, Cell, 72, 847, 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90574-A Calderhead, 1993, Cloning of mouse OX40: A T cell activation marker that may mediate T-B cell interactions, J. Immunol., 151, 5261, 10.4049/jimmunol.151.10.5261 Camerini, 1991, The T cell activation antigen CD27 is a member of the nerve growth factor/tumour necrosis factor receptor gene family, J. Immunol., 147, 3165, 10.4049/jimmunol.147.9.3165 Casciola-Roosen, 1994, Autoantigens targeted in systemic lupus erythematosus are clustered in two populations of surface structures on apoptotic keratinocytes, J. Exp. Med., 179, 1317, 10.1084/jem.179.4.1317 Cayabyab, 1994, CD40 preferentially costimulates activation of CD4+ lymphocytes, J. Immunol., 152, 1523, 10.4049/jimmunol.152.4.1523 Cheng, 1994, Protection from Fas mediated apoptosis by a soluble form of the Fas molecule, Science, 263, 1759, 10.1126/science.7510905 Chow, 1995, Involvement of multiple proteases during Fas-mediated apoptosis in T lymphocytes, FEBS Lett., 364, 134, 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00370-O Chu, 1993, The defect in Fas mRNA expression in MRLlpr mice is associated with insertion of the retrotransposon ETn, J. Exp. Med., 178, 723, 10.1084/jem.178.2.723 Chung, 1990, Tumour necrosis factor-α production by astrocytes. Induction by lipopolysaccharide, IFN-γ, and IL-1β, J. Immunol., 144, 2999, 10.4049/jimmunol.144.8.2999 Clark, 1991, Regulation of human B cell activation and adhesion, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 9, 97, 10.1146/annurev.iy.09.040191.000525 Clark, 1994, How B and T cells talk to each other, Nature, 367, 425, 10.1038/367425a0 Cohen, 1992, Apoptosis and programmed cell death in immunity, Ann. Rev. Immunol., 10, 267, 10.1146/annurev.iy.10.040192.001411 Cohen, 1991, Lpr and Gld-Single gene models of systemic autoimmunity and lymphoproliferative disease, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 9, 243, 10.1146/annurev.iy.09.040191.001331 Cope, 1992, Soluble tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptors are increased in the sera and synovial fluids of patients with rheumatic diseases, Br. J. Rheumatol., 31, 211 Cosman, 1993, The haemopoietin receptor superfamily, Cytokine, 5, 95, 10.1016/1043-4666(93)90047-9 Crowe, 1994, A lymphotoxin-β specific receptor, Science, 264, 707, 10.1126/science.8171323 Dale, 1994 Daniel, 1994, Activation induces sensitivity toward APO-1 (CD95)-mediated apoptosis in human B cells, J. Immunol., 152, 5624, 10.4049/jimmunol.152.12.5624 Dealtry, 1987, DNA fragmentation and cytotoxicity caused by tumour necrosis factor is enhanced by interferon-γ, Eur. J. Immunol., 17, 689, 10.1002/eji.1830170517 Debatin, 1990, Monoclonal-antibody mediated apoptosis in adult T cell leukemia, Lancet, 335, 497, 10.1016/0140-6736(90)90735-N Deguchi, 1991, Tumour necrosis factor cachectin plays a key role in autoimmune pulmonary inflammation in lupus-prone mice, Clin. Exp. Immunol., 85, 392, 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1991.tb05737.x Del Prete, 1995, CD30, TH2 cytokines and HIV infection: A complex and fascinating link, Immunol. Today, 16, 76, 10.1016/0167-5699(95)80092-1 Del Prete, 1995, Preferential expression of CD30 by human CD4+ T cells producing Th2-type cytokines, FASEB J., 9, 81, 10.1096/fasebj.9.1.7821763 De Wit, 1993, Preferential activation of Th2 cells in chronic graftversus-host reaction, J. Immunol., 150, 361, 10.4049/jimmunol.150.2.361 Dorner, 1995, Enhanced membrane expression of the human Ro (SS-A0) and La (SS-B) antigens by human keratinocytes induced by TNFα, Ann. Rheum. Dis., 54, 904, 10.1136/ard.54.11.904 Drappa, 1993, The Fas protein is expressed at high levels on CD4+CD8+ thymocytes and activated mature lymphocytes in normal mice, but not in the lupus-prone strain. MRL lprlpr, 90, 10340 Drexler, 1989, Is the Hodgkin cell a T- or B-lymphocyte? Recent evidence from geno- and immunophenotypic analysis and in vitro cell lines, Haematol. Oncol., 7, 95, 10.1002/hon.2900070202 Durkop, 1992, Molecular cloning and expression of a new member of the nerve growth factor receptor family that is characteristic for Hodgkin's disease, Cell, 68, 421, 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90180-K Eck, 1989, The structure of tumour necrosis factor-α at 2·6A resolution. Implications for receptor binding, J. Biol. Chem., 264, 17595, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)71533-0 Eck, 1992, The structure of human lymphotoxin (tumour necrosis factor-β) at 1·9A resolution, J. Biol. Chem., 267, 2119, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)45849-8 Elkon, 1994, Apoptosis in SLE-Too little or too much?, Clin. Exp. Rheum., 12, 553 Ellis, 1991, Mechanisms and functions of cell death, Ann. Rev. Cell Biol., 7, 663, 10.1146/annurev.cb.07.110191.003311 Ellis, 1993, CD30 is a signal-transducing molecule that defines a subset of human activated CD45RO+ T cells, J. Immunol., 151, 2380, 10.4049/jimmunol.151.5.2380 Engelmann, 1989, A tumour necrosis factor binding protein purified to homogeneity from human urine protects cells from tumour necrosis factor toxicity, J. Biol. Chem., 264, 11974, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)80162-4 Engelmann, 1990, Two tumour necrosis factor binding proteins purified from human urine. Evidence for immunological cross reactivity with cell surface tumour necrosis factor receptors, J. Biol. Chem., 265, 1531, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)40049-5 Falk, 1992, Expression of APO-1 antigen in Burkitt lymphoma cell lines correlates with a shift toward lymphoblastoid phenotype, Blood, 79, 3300, 10.1182/blood.V79.12.3300.bloodjournal79123300 Farrah, 1992, Emerging cytokine family, Nature, 358, 26, 10.1038/358026b0 Fehsel, 1991, Analysis of TNF-α-induced DNA strand breaks at the single cell level, Am. J. Pathol., 139, 251 Froese, 1987, Biochemical characterisation and biosynthesis of the Ki-1 antigen in Hodgkin-derived and virus transformed human B and T lymphoid cell lines, J. Immunol., 139, 2081, 10.4049/jimmunol.139.6.2081 Galy, 1992, CD40 is functionally expressed on human thymic epithelial cells, J. Immunol., 149, 775, 10.4049/jimmunol.149.3.775 Garrett, 1987, Production of lymphotoxin, a boneresorbing cytokine, by cultured human myeloma cells, N. Engl. J. Med., 317, 526, 10.1056/NEJM198708273170902 Gauchat, 1993, Induction of human IgE synthesis in B cells by mast cells and basophils, Nature, 365, 340, 10.1038/365340a0 Godding, 1992, Virus proteins that counteract host immune defences, Cell, 71, 5 Godfrey, 1994, Identification of a human OX-40 ligand, a costimulator of CD4+ T cells with homology to tumour necrosis factor, J. Exp. Med., 180, 757, 10.1084/jem.180.2.757 Goodwin, 1993, Molecular and biological characterisation of a ligand for CD27 defines a new family of cytokines with homology to tumour necrosis factor, Cell, 73, 447, 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90133-B Goodwin, 1993, Molecular cloning of a ligand for the inducible T-cell gene 4-1BB: A member of an emerging family of cytokines with homology to tumour necrosis factor, Eur. J. Immunol., 23, 2631, 10.1002/eji.1830231037 Gordon, 1989, Chronic therapy with recombinant tumour necrosis factor-α in autoimmune NZBNZW F1 mice, Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 52, 42, 10.1016/0090-1229(89)90157-8 Gordon, 1990, Effects of recombinant tumour necrosis factor-α on immune function, J. Immunol., 144, 1753, 10.4049/jimmunol.144.5.1753 Gordon, 1990, Mast cells as a source of both preformed and immunologically inducible TNF-α/cachectin, Nature, 346, 274, 10.1038/346274a0 Gruss, 1995, Tumour necrosis factor ligand superfamily: Involvement in the pathology of malignant lymphomas, Blood, 85, 3378, 10.1182/blood.V85.12.3378.bloodjournal85123378 Gruss, 1994, Pleitropic effects of the CD30 ligand on CD30-expressing cells and lymphoma cell lines, Blood, 83, 2045, 10.1182/blood.V83.8.2045.2045 Gruss, 1994, Expression and regulation of CD30 ligand and CD30 in human leukemic-lymphoma cell lines, Leukemia, 8, 2083 Gruss, 1995, Regulation of CD30 ligand expression on peripheral blood T cells: Functional involvement in T-T cell interaction, J. Immunol., 155 Handwerger, 1995, The role of cytokines in the immunopathogenesis of lupus, 23 Hecht, 1985, Production and characterisation of a monoclonal antibody that binds Reed-Sternberg cells, J. Immunol., 134, 4231, 10.4049/jimmunol.134.6.4231 Heilig, 1993, Evaluation of soluble tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptors and TNF receptor antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosis, progressive systemic sclerosis, and mixed connective tissue disease, J. Clin. Immunol., 13, 321, 10.1007/BF00920240 Heller, 1994, Tumour necrosis factor receptor mediated signalling pathways, J. Cell Biol., 126, 5, 10.1083/jcb.126.1.5 Herron, 1993, Selection of the T cell repertoire in Lpr mice, J. Immunol., 151, 3450, 10.4049/jimmunol.151.7.3450 Hill, 1995, Characterisation of tumour necrosis factor α release by human granulocytes in response to procainamide challenge, Biochem. Pharmacol., 49, 1837, 10.1016/0006-2952(94)00523-O Hintzen, 1991, A soluble form of the T cell differentiation antigen CD27 is released after triggering of the TCRCD3 complex, J. Immunol., 147, 29, 10.4049/jimmunol.147.1.29 Hintzen, 1994, CD27: Marker and mediator of T-cell activation?, Immunol. Today, 15, 307, 10.1016/0167-5699(94)90077-9 Hintzen, 1994, CD70 represents the human ligand for CD27, Int. Immunol., 6, 477, 10.1093/intimm/6.3.477 Hintzen, 1991, Elevated levels of a soluble form of the T cell activation antigen in cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients, J. Neuroimmunol., 35, 211, 10.1016/0165-5728(91)90175-7 Horwitz, 1995, The cytokine network in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus, and possible therapeutic applications, 51 Howard, 1993, Soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor: Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus activation, 90, 2335 Howard, 1991, Vaccinia virus homologues of the Shope fibroma virus inverted terminal repeat proteins and a discontinuous ORF related to the tumour necrosis factor receptor family, Virology, 180, 633, 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90077-O Hu, 1994, Cowpox contains two copies of an early encoding soluble secreted form of the type II TNF receptor, Virology, 204, 343, 10.1006/viro.1994.1539 Ishida, 1994, Continuous administration of anti-interleukin 10 antibodies delays onset of autoimmunity in NZBW F1 mice, J. Exp. Med., 179, 305, 10.1084/jem.179.1.305 Itoh, 1993, A novel protein domain required for apoptosis: Mutational analysis of human Fas antigen, J. Biol. Chem., 268, 932, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)82075-0 Itoh, 1991, The polypeptide encoded by the cDNA for human cell surface antigen Fas can mediate apoptosis, Cell, 66, 233, 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90614-5 Jacob, 1992, Studies on the role of tumour necrosis factor in murine and human autoimmunity, J. Immunol., 5, 133 Jacob, 1990, Heritable major histocompatibility complex class II-associated differences in production of tumour necrosis factor in mice and humans: Relevance to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, Immunol. Res., 10, 156, 10.1007/BF02918162 Jacob, 1992, Tumour necrosis factor-α in murine systemic lupus erythematosus disease models: Implications for genetic predisposition and immune regulation, Cytokine, 3, 551, 10.1016/1043-4666(91)90481-R Jacob, 1988, Tumour necrosis factor-α in murine autoimmune ‘lupus’ nephritis, Nature, 331, 356, 10.1038/331356a0 Johnson, 1986, Expression and structure of the human NGF receptor, Cell, 47, 545, 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90619-7 Jones, 1990, The three-dimensional structure of tumour necrosis factor, Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., 349, 321 Josimovic-Alasevic, 1989, Ki-1 (CD30) antigen is released by Ki-1-positive tumour cells in vitro and in vivo. I. Partial characterization of soluble Ki-1 antigen and detection of the antigen in cell culture supernatants and in serum by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Eur. J. Immunol., 19, 157, 10.1002/eji.1830190125 Kehrl, 1987, Lymphotoxin is an important T cell-derived growth factor for human B cells, Science, 238, 1144, 10.1126/science.3500512 Kennedy, 1994, Induction of B cell costimulatory function by recombinant murine CD40 ligand, Eur. J. Immunol., 24, 116, 10.1002/eji.1830240118 Keshav, 1990, Tumour necrosis factor messenger RNA localised to Paneth cells of normal murine intestinal epithelium by in situ hybridization, J. Exp. Med., 164, 1350 Kimura, 1990, Serological and histological characterisation of the new mutant strain of lpr mice. CBAK1Jms-lprcglprcg, Clin. Exp. Immunol., 79, 123, 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1990.tb05138.x Kishimoto, 1994, Cytokine signal transduction, Cell, 76, 253, 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90333-6 Klimas, 1992, Case report: Distinctive immune abnormalities in a patient with procainamide-induced lupus and serositis, Am. J. Med. Sci., 303, 99, 10.1097/00000441-199202000-00007 Knapp, 1989 Kobayashi, 1990, Anti-Fas monoclonal antibody is cytocidal to human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells without augmenting viral replication, 87, 9620 Kock, 1990, Human keratinocytes are a source of tumour necrosis factor α: evidence for synthesis and release upon stimulation with endotoxin or ultraviolet light, J. Exp. Med., 172, 1609, 10.1084/jem.172.6.1609 Kohno, 1990, A second tumor necrosis factor receptor gene product can shed a naturally occurring tumour necrosis factor inhibitor, 87, 8331 Kriegler, 1988, A novel form of TNF/cachectin is a cell surface cytotoxic transmembrane protein: Ramifications for the complex physiology of TNF, Cell, 53, 45, 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90486-2 Kwon, 1989, cDNA sequences of two inducible T-cell genes, 86, 1963 Kwon, 1987, Isolation and initial characterisation of multiple species of T-lymphocyte subset cDNA clones, 84, 2896 1987 Lane, 1993, Soluble CD40 can replace the normal T cell-derived CD40 ligand signal to B cells in T cell-dependent activation, J. Exp. Med., 177, 1209, 10.1084/jem.177.4.1209 Lantz, 1990, Characterisation in vitro of human tumour necrosis factor-binding protein. A soluble form of a tumour necrosis factor receptor, J. Clin. Invest., 86, 1396, 10.1172/JCI114853 Laskov, 1990, Production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) and lymphotoxic (TNF-β) by murine pre-B and B cell lymphomas, J. Immunol., 144, 3424, 10.4049/jimmunol.144.9.3424 Latza, 1994, The human OX40 homolog: cDNA structure, expression and chromosomal assignment of the ACT35 antigen, Eur. J. Immunol., 24, 677, 10.1002/eji.1830240329 Loenen, 1992, The CD27 membrane receptor, a lymphocyte-specific member of the nerve growth factor receptor family, gives rise to a soluble form by protein processing that does not involve receptor endocytosis, Eur. J. Immunol., 22, 447, 10.1002/eji.1830220224 Loetscher, 1990, Molecular cloning and expression of the human 55 kD tumour necrosis factor receptor, Cell, 61, 351, 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90815-V Lynch, 1995, Biology of Fas, Circ. Shock, 44, 163 Magilavy, 1988, Spontaneous production of tumour necrosis factor-α by Kuppfer cells of MRLlpr mice, J. Exp. Med., 168, 789, 10.1084/jem.168.2.789 Maini, 1995, Immunological intervention reveals reciprocal roles for tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10 in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, 197 Malide, 1995, Presence of tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 in renal mesangial cells of lupus nephritis patients, Hum. Pathol., 26, 558, 10.1016/0046-8177(95)90253-8 Mallet, 1990, Characterisation of the MRC OX40 antigen of activated CD4 positive T lymphocytes — A molecule related to nerve growth factor receptor, EMBO J., 9, 1063, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08211.x Mallett, 1991, A new superfamily of cell surface proteins related to the nerve growth factor receptor, Immunol. Today, 12, 95, 10.1016/0167-5699(91)90033-P Manetti, 1994, CD30 expression by CD8+ T cells producting type 2 helper cytokines. Evidence for large numbers of CD8+CD30+ T cell clones in human immunodeficiency virus infection, J. Exp. Med., 180, 2407, 10.1084/jem.180.6.2407 Marsters, 1992, Identification of cysteine-rich domains of the type-I tumour necrosis factor receptor involved in ligand binding, J. Biol. Chem., 267, 5747, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)42615-4 Maurer, 1992, IgM and IgG but not cytokine secretion is restricted to the CD27+ B lymphocyte subset, J. Immunol., 148, 3700, 10.4049/jimmunol.148.12.3700 Maurer, 1990, CD27 expression by a distinct subpopulation of human B lymphocytes, Eur. J. Immunol., 20, 2679, 10.1002/eji.1830201223 McMichael, 1986 Meijer, 1993, Profiles of cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and acute phase proteins (CRP and α1 AG) related to the disease course in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, Lupus, 2, 359, 10.1177/096120339300200605 Miura, 1993, Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by IL-1β converting enzyme, a mammalian homologue of the, C. elegans cell death gene ced-3, Cell, 75, 650, 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90486-A Mohler, 1994, Protection against lethal endotoxin by an inhibitor of tumour necrosis factor processing, Nature, 370, 218, 10.1038/370218a0 Moller, 1993, Co-regulation of the APO-1 antigen with ICAM-1 (CD54) in tonsillar B cells and coordinate expression in follicular center B cells and in follicle centre and mediastinal B cell lymphomas, Blood, 81, 2067, 10.1182/blood.V81.8.2067.2067 Mountz, 1994, Autoimmune disease: A problem of defective apoptosis, Arthritis Rheum., 10, 1415, 10.1002/art.1780371002 Murphy, 1990, Induction of intrathymic apopotsis of CD4+CD8+TCRlo thymocytes in vivo, Science, 250, 1720, 10.1126/science.2125367 Mysler, 1994, The APO-1Fas protein in human systemic lupus erythematosus, J. Clin. Invest., 93, 1029, 10.1172/JCI117051 Nagata, 1994, Fas and Fas ligand: A death factor and its receptor, Adv. Immunol., 57, 129, 10.1016/S0065-2776(08)60672-0 Nagata, 1995, The Fas death factor, Science, 267, 1449, 10.1126/science.7533326 Nagata, 1995, Fas and Fas Ligand: lpr and gld mutations, Immunol. Today, 16, 39, 10.1016/0167-5699(95)80069-7 Naume, 1991, Involvement of the 55- and 75-kDa tumour necrosis factor receptors in the generation of lymphokine-activated killer cell activity and proliferation of natural killer cells, J. Immunol., 146, 3045, 10.4049/jimmunol.146.9.3045 Ochonisky, 1994, Thalidomide use in dermatology, Eur. J. Dermatol., 4, 9 Ogasawara, 1993, Lethal effect of anti-Fas antibody in mice, Nature, 364, 806, 10.1038/364806a0 Owen-Schaub, 1993, FasAPO-1: A cell surface protein mediating apoptosis, Canc. Bull., 46, 141 Parker, 1993, T cell-dependent B cell activation, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 11, 331, 10.1146/annurev.iy.11.040193.001555 Paterson, 1987, Antigens of activated rat T lymphocytes including a molecule of 50,000 M detected only on CD4 positive blasts, Mol. Immunol., 24, 1281, 10.1016/0161-5890(87)90122-2 Pennica, 1984, Human tumour necrosis factor: Precursor structure, expression and homology to lymphotoxin, Nature, 312, 724, 10.1038/312724a0 Pollok, 1993, Inducible T cell antigen 4-1BB binds. Analysis of expression and function, J. Immunol., 150, 771, 10.4049/jimmunol.150.3.771 Pollok, 1994, 4-1BB T cell antigen binds to mature B cells and macrophages, and costimulates anti-μ-primed splenic B cells, Eur. J. Immunol., 24, 367, 10.1002/eji.1830240215 Porteu, 1990, Shedding of tumour necrosis factor receptors by activated human neutrophils, J. Exp. Med., 172, 599, 10.1084/jem.172.2.599 Raff, 1992, Social control on cell survival and cell death, Nature, 356, 397, 10.1038/356397a0 Ranheim, 1993, Activated T cells induce expression of B7BB1 on normal or leukemic B cells through a CD40-dependent signal, J. Exp. Med., 177, 925, 10.1084/jem.177.4.925 Rose, 1994, BCL-2 and FAS, molecules which influence apoptosis. A possible role in systemic lupus erythematosus?, Autoimmunity, 17, 271, 10.3109/08916939409010667 Roths, 1984, A new mutation, gld that produces lymphoproliferation and autoimmunity in C3HHeJ mice, J. Exp. Med., 159, 1, 10.1084/jem.159.1.1 Rouvier, 1993, Fas involvement in Ca2+-independent T cell-mediated cytotoxicity, J. Exp. Med., 177, 195, 10.1084/jem.177.1.195 Rubin, 1986, Nonhematopoietic cells selected for resistance to tumour necrosis factor produce tumour necrosis factor, J. Exp. Med., 164, 1350, 10.1084/jem.164.4.1350 Russell, 1993, Mature T cells of autoimmune lprlpr mice have a defect in antigen stimulated suicide, 90, 4409 Savill, 1995, Apoptosis and renal injury, Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens., 4, 263, 10.1097/00041552-199505000-00012 Sawada, 1989, Marunouchi, T., Production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha by microglial astrocytes in culture, Brain. Res., 491, 394, 10.1016/0006-8993(89)90078-4 Schall, 1990, Molecular cloning and expression of a receptor for human tumour necrosis factor, Cell, 61, 361, 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90816-W Schlegel, 1995, Isolation and partial characterisation of a protease involved in Fas-induced apoptosis, FEBS Lett., 364, 139, 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00374-I Schulze-Osthoff, 1994, The FasAPO-1 receptor and its deadly ligand, Trends Cell Biol., 4, 421, 10.1016/0962-8924(94)90102-3 Schwab, 1982, Production of monoclonal antibody specific for Hodgkin and Sternberg-Reed cells of Hodgkin's disease and a subset of normal lymphoid cells, Nature, 299, 65, 10.1038/299065a0 Schwarting, 1989, A new anti-Ki-1 (CD30) monoclonal antibody directed at a formol-resistant epitope, Blood, 74, 1678, 10.1182/blood.V74.5.1678.1678 Schwarz, 1993, A receptor induced by lymphocyte activation (IIa)—A new member of the human nerve-growth factor receptor family, Gene, 134, 295, 10.1016/0378-1119(93)90110-O Seldin, 1988, Genetic analysis of autoimmune gld mice. I. Idntification of a restriction fragment length polymorphism closely linked to the gld mutation within a conserved linkage group, J. Exp. Med., 167, 688, 10.1084/jem.167.2.688 Shallaby, 1990, Binding and regulation of cellular functions by monoclonal antibodies against human tumour necrosis factor receptors, J. Exp. Med., 172, 1517, 10.1084/jem.172.5.1517 Singer, 1994, The fas antigen is involved in peripheral but not thymic deletion of T lymphocytes in T cell receptor transgenic mice, Immunity, 1, 365, 10.1016/1074-7613(94)90067-1 Smith, 1990, A receptor for tumour necrosis factor defines an unusual family of cellular and viral proteins, Science, 248, 1019, 10.1126/science.2160731 Smith, 1991, T2 open reading frame from the Shope fibroma virus encodes a soluble form of the TNF receptor, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 176, 335, 10.1016/0006-291X(91)90929-2 Smith, 1994, The TNF receptor superfamily of cellular and viral proteins: Activation, costimulation and death, Cell, 76, 959, 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90372-7 Smith, 1993, CD30 antigen, a marker for Hodgkin's lymphoma, is a receptor whose ligand defines an emerging family of cytokines with homology to TNF, Cell, 73, 1349, 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90361-S Smith, 1993, Vaccinia virus glycoproteins and immune evasion, J. Gen. Virol., 74, 1725, 10.1099/0022-1317-74-9-1725 Smith, 1987, The active form of tumour necrosis factor is a trimer, J. Biol. Chem., 262, 6951, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)48183-5 Sobel, 1993, Correlation of gld autoimmunity by coinfusion of normal bone marrow suggests that gld is a mutation of the Fas ligand gene, Int. Immunol., 5, 1275, 10.1093/intimm/5.10.1275 Spriggs, 1988, Tumour necrosis factor expression in human epithelial tumour cell lines, J. Clin. Invest., 81, 455, 10.1172/JCI113341 Spriggs, 1993, The biology of the human ligand for CD40, J Clin. Immunol., 13, 373, 10.1007/BF00920012 Stall, 1988, Ly-1 B cell clones similar to human chronic lymphocytic leukemias routinely develop in older mice and young autoimmune (New Zealand Black related) animals, 85, 7312 Stamenkovic, 1989, A B-lymphocyte activation molecule related to the nerve growth factor receptor and induced by cytokines in carcinomas, EMBO J., 8, 1403, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03521.x Steffen, 1988, Simultaneous release of tumour necrosis factor-α and lymphotoxin by normal T cells after induction with IL-2 and anti-T3, J. Immunol., 140, 2621, 10.4049/jimmunol.140.8.2621 Stein, 1985, The expression of the Hodgkin's disease associated antigen Ki-1 in reactive and neoplastic lymphoid tissue: Evidence that Reed-Sternberg cells and histiocytic malignancies are derived from activated lymphoid cells, Blood, 66, 848, 10.1182/blood.V66.4.848.bloodjournal664848 Steller, 1995, Mechanisms and genes of cellular suicide, Science, 267, 1445, 10.1126/science.7878463 Strasser, 1995, Life and death during lymphocyte development and function: Evidence for two distinct killing mechanisms, Curr. Opin. Immunol., 7, 228, 10.1016/0952-7915(95)80007-7 Suda, 1994, Purification and characteristion of the fas-ligand that induces apoptosis, J. Exp. Med., 179, 873, 10.1084/jem.179.3.873 Suda, 1993, Molecular cloning and expression of the Fas ligand, a novel member of the tumour necrosis factor family, Cell, 75, 1169, 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90326-L Sugita, 1992, Participation of the CD27 antigen in the regulation of IL-2-activated human natural killer cells, J. Immunol., 149, 1199, 10.4049/jimmunol.149.4.1199 Sung, 1988, Production of tumour necrosis factor/cachectin by human T cell lines and peripheral blood T lymphocytes stimulated by phorbol mistate acetate and anti-CD3 antibody, J. Exp. Med., 167, 937, 10.1084/jem.167.3.937 Sung, 1988, Production of tumour necrosis factor/cachectin by human B cell lines and tonsillar B cells, J. Exp. Med., 168, 1539, 10.1084/jem.168.5.1539 Takahashi, 1994, Generalized lymphoproliferative disease in mice caused by a point mutation in the Fas ligand, Cell, 76, 969, 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90375-1 Tartaglia, 1993, A novel domain within the 55 kD TNF receptor signals cell death, Cell, 74, 845, 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90464-2 Tartaglia, 1993, Tumour necrosis factor's cytotoxic activity is signalled by the p55 TNF receptor, Cell, 73, 213, 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90222-C Theofilopoulos, 1985, Murine models of systemic lupus erythematosus, Adv. Immunol., 37, 269, 10.1016/S0065-2776(08)60342-9 Trauth, 1989, Monoclonal antibody-mediated tumour regression by induction of apoptosis, Science, 245, 301, 10.1126/science.2787530 Tsai, 1995, Abnormal splenic and thymic IL-4 and TNF-alpha expression in MRL-lprlpr mice, Scand. J. Immunol., 41, 157, 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1995.tb03548.x Uckun, 1990, Temporal association of CD40 antigen expression with discrete stages of human B cell ontogeny and the efficacy of anti-CD40 immunotoxins against clonogenic B-lineage non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cells, Blood, 76, 2449, 10.1182/blood.V76.12.2449.2449 Upton, 1991, Myxoma virus expresses a secreted protein with homology to the tumour necrosis factor receptor gene family that contributes to viral virulence, Virology, 184, 370, 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90853-4 van Koeten, 1994, B cells regulate expression of CD40 ligand on activated T cells by lowering the mRNA level and through the release of soluble CD40, Eur. J. Immunol., 24, 787, 10.1002/eji.1830240402 van Lier, 1987, Tissue distribution and biochemical and functional properties of Tp55 (CD27), a novel T cell differentiation antigen, J. Immunol., 139, 1589, 10.4049/jimmunol.139.5.1589 van Lier, 1988, Anti-CD27 monoclonal antibodies identify two functionally distinct subpopulations within the CD4+ T cell subset, Eur. J. Immunol., 18, 811, 10.1002/eji.1830180523 Vassilli, 1992, The pathophysiology of tumour necrosis factors, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 10, 411, 10.1146/annurev.iy.10.040192.002211 Vaux, 1993, Toward an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of physiological cell death, 90, 786 Warner, 1989, Human vascular smooth muscle cells. Target for and source of tumour necrosis factor, J. Immunol., 42, 100, 10.4049/jimmunol.142.1.100 Watanabe, 1991, A molecular genetic linkage map of mouse chromosome-19, including lpr, Ly-44, and TdT genes, Biochem. Genet., 29, 325, 10.1007/BF00554140 Watanabe-Fukunaga, 1992, Lymphoproliferation disorder in mice explained by defects in Fas antigen that mediates apoptosis, Nature, 356, 314, 10.1038/356314a0 Watanabe-Fukunaga, 1992, The cDNA structure, expression, and chromosomal assignment of the mouse Fas antigen, J. Immunol., 148, 1274, 10.4049/jimmunol.148.4.1274 Williams, 1988, The immunoglobulin superfamily-domains for cell surface recognition, Ann. Rev. Immunol., 6, 381, 10.1146/annurev.iy.06.040188.002121 Wilson, 1994, A genetic association between systemic lupus erythematosus and tumour necrosis factor alpha, Eur. J. Immunol., 24, 191, 10.1002/eji.1830240130 Wong, 1994, Fas antigen and the p55 TNF receptor signal apoptosis through distinct pathways, J. Immunol., 152, 1751, 10.4049/jimmunol.152.4.1751 Wu, 1993, Autoimmune disease in mice due to integration of an endogenous retrovirus in an apoptosis gene, J. Exp. Med., 178, 461, 10.1084/jem.178.2.461 Wyllie, 1980, Glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis is associated with endogenous endonuclease activation, Nature, 284, 555, 10.1038/284555a0 Yellin, 1994, T lymphocyte T cell-B-cell-activating molecule/CD40-L molecules induce normal B cells or chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells to express CD80 (B7BB-1) and enhance their costimulatory activity, J. Immunol., 153, 666, 10.4049/jimmunol.153.2.666 Yokoyama, 1995, Biphasic increases in circulating and renal TNF-α in MRL-lpr mice with differing regulatory mechanisms, Kidney Int., 47, 122, 10.1038/ki.1995.14 Yonehara, 1989, A cell-killing monoclonal antibody (anti-Fas) to a cell surface antigen co-downregulated with the receptor of tumour necrosis factor, J. Exp. Med., 169, 1747, 10.1084/jem.169.5.1747 Zhou, 1991, Abnromal neonatal tolerance induction by SEB in Vβ8 TCR transgenic LPR mice, FASEB J., 5, A645 Zhou, 1992, Defective expression of the fas apoptosis antigen RNA in thymus and lymph-node of MRL-lprlpr mice leads to abnormal T cells, Arthritis Rheum., 35, S155 Zhou, 1993, Origin of CD4-CD8-B220+ T cells in MRL-lprlpr mice, J. Immunol., 150, 3651, 10.4049/jimmunol.150.8.3651