The Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis Pathway as a Target for Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals

1855, On the Constitutional and Local Effects of Disease of the Supra-renal Capsules

1996, Use of alternative promoters to express the aromatase cytochrome P450 (CYP19) gene in breast adipose tissues of cancer-free and breast cancer patients, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab, 81, 3843

2002, Effects of currently used pesticides in assays for estrogenicity, androgenicity, and aromatase activity in vitro, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol, 179, 1, 10.1006/taap.2001.9347

2005, Effects of two fungicides with multiple modes of action on reproductive endocrine function in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), Toxicol. Sci., 86, 300, 10.1093/toxsci/kfi202

2002, Evaluation of the aromatase inhibitor fadrozole in a short-term reproduction assay with the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), Toxicol. Sci., 67, 121, 10.1093/toxsci/67.1.121

1987, Inhibition of testicular 17 alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase but not 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase or 17 beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase by ketoconazole and other imidazole drugs, J. Steroid Biochem., 28, 521, 10.1016/0022-4731(87)90511-5

1988, Structure-activity relationships of the inhibition of human placental aromatase by imidazole drugs including ketoconazole, J. Steroid Biochem., 31, 65, 10.1016/0022-4731(88)90207-5

1989, Inhibition of human adrenal steroidogenic enzymes in vitro by imidazole drugs including ketoconazole, J. Steroid Biochem., 32, 515, 10.1016/0022-4731(89)90384-1

1990, The inhibition of human prostatic aromatase activity by imidazole drugs including ketoconazole and 4-hydroxyandrostenedione, Biochem. Pharmacol., 40, 1569, 10.1016/0006-2952(90)90456-U

1989, Testosterone metabolism in neuroendocrine organs in male rats under atrazine and deethylatrazine influence, J. Steroid Biochem., 33, 141, 10.1016/0022-4731(89)90369-5

2003, Multiple mechanisms control brain aromatase activity at the genomic and non-genomic level, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 86, 367, 10.1016/S0960-0760(03)00346-7

1975, Cytopathological effects of estradiol on the arcuate nucleus of the female rat. A possible mechanism for pituitary tumorigenesis, Am. J. Anat., 114, 57

1996, Inhibition of cytochrome P4501A by organotins in fish hepatoma cells PLHC-1, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 15, 728, 10.1002/etc.5620150518

1994, CYP19 (aromatase cytochrome P450) gene expression in human malignant endometrial tumors, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 79, 1831

2003, The human CYP19 (aromatase P450) gene: Update on physiologic roles and genomic organization of promoters, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 86, 219, 10.1016/S0960-0760(03)00359-5

1999, Gonadal development and growth of chickens and turkeys hatched from eggs injected with an aromatase inhibitor, Poult. Sci., 78, 1019, 10.1093/ps/78.7.1019

1995, Bovine adrenal cortex transformations of mitotane [1-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethane; o,p′-DDD] and its p,p′- and m,p′-isomers, Biochem. Pharmacol., 49, 1483, 10.1016/0006-2952(95)00028-X

2001, Differential tissue distribution, developmental programming, estrogen regulation and promoter characteristics of cyp19 genes in teleost fish, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 79, 305, 10.1016/S0960-0760(01)00147-9

2005, Inhibition and induction of aromatase (CYP19) activity by brominated flame retardants in H295R human adrenocortical carcinoma cells, Toxicol. Sci., 88, 447, 10.1093/toxsci/kfi325

2003, Aromatase expression and role of estrogens in male gonad: A review, Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol, 1, 35, 10.1186/1477-7827-1-35

1996, Antineoplastic agents, Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 1233

1996, Paradoxical effect of an aromatase inhibitor, CGS 20267, on aromatase activity in guinea pig brain, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 58, 411, 10.1016/0960-0760(96)00047-7

2003, Distribution of methyl sulfone metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls and p,p′-DDE in human tissues, Environ. Health Perspect, 111, 1222, 10.1289/ehp.6141

1999, Using reproductive and developmental effects data in ecological risk assessment for oviparous vertebrates exposed to contaminants, Reproductive and Development Effects of Contaminants in Oviparous Vertebrates, 363

1996, Failure of chloro-s-triazine-derived compounds to induce estrogen receptor-mediated responses in vivo and in vitro, Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 30, 93, 10.1006/faat.1996.0046

2000, Atrazine disrupts the hypothalamic control of pituitary-ovarian function, Toxicol. Sci., 53, 297, 10.1093/toxsci/53.2.297

2001, Role of steroidogenic factor 1 and aromatase in temperature-dependent sex determination in the red-eared slider turtle, J. Exp. Zool, 290, 597, 10.1002/jez.1110

1996, Promotion of endometriosis by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats and mice: Time-dose dependence and species comparison, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 138, 131, 10.1006/taap.1996.0106

2004, Colocalization of P450c17 and cytochrome b5 in androgen-synthesizing tissues of the human, Biol. Reprod., 71, 83, 10.1095/biolreprod.103.026732

1986, Inhibition of ACTH action on cultured bovine adrenal cortical cells by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin through a redistribution of cholesterol, J. Biol. Chem., 261, 4432, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)38518-6

1989, Triazine herbicides and ovarian epithelial neoplasms, Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 15, 47, 10.5271/sjweh.1882

1998, Effects of some persistent halogenated environmental contaminants on aromatase (CYP19) activity in the human choriocarcinoma cell line JEG-3, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol, 148, 50, 10.1006/taap.1997.8307

1992, Aromatase enzyme activity and sex determination in chickens, Science, 255, 467, 10.1126/science.1734525

1994, Factors affecting mammary tumor incidence in chlorotriazine-treated female rats: Hormonal properties, dosage, and animal strain, Environ. Health Perspect, 102, 29, 10.1289/ehp.94102s1129

1996, Mechanism of toxic action of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in cultured human luteinized granulosa cells, Reprod. Toxicol., 10, 497, 10.1016/S0890-6238(96)00137-2

1995, Human adrenal CYP11B1: Localization by in situ-hybridization and functional expression in cell cultures, Endocr. Res., 21, 425, 10.3109/07435809509030458

1996, Ecotoxicology of organotin compounds, Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 26, 1

1991, Effects of tributyltin chloride in vitro on the hepatic microsomal monooxygenase system in the fish Stenotomus chrysops, Aquat. Toxicol., 20, 159, 10.1016/0166-445X(91)90014-Z

1993, Effects of tributyltin in vivo on hepatic cytochrome P450 forms in marine fish, Aquat. Toxicol., 24, 219, 10.1016/0166-445X(93)90073-A

1998, Effects of triphenyltin and other organotins on hepatic monooxygenase system in fish, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol, 121, 277, 10.1016/S0742-8413(98)10048-8

1997, Expression of aromatase in the ovary: Down-regulation of mRNA by the ovulatory luteinizing hormone surge, Steroids, 62, 197, 10.1016/S0039-128X(96)00181-X

2004, Testicular cytochrome P450scc and LHR as possible targets of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the mouse, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol, 221, 87, 10.1016/j.mce.2004.02.005

2005, A risk assessment of atrazine use in California: Human health and ecological aspects, Pest Manag. Sci., 61, 331, 10.1002/ps.1000

1999, Toxic equivalency factors of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in an ovulation model: Validation of the toxic equivalency concept for one aspect of endocrine disruption, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol, 157, 107, 10.1006/taap.1999.8649

1990, Establishment and characterization of a human adrenocortical carcinoma cell line that expresses multiple pathways of steroid biosynthesis, Cancer Res., 50, 5488

1942, Factors influencing the development and time of appearance of mammary cancer in the rat in response to estrogen, Arch. Pathol., 33, 334

2001, Multiple signal transduction pathways mediate interleukin-4-induced 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta5-Delta4 isomerase in normal and tumoral target tissues, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 76, 213, 10.1016/S0960-0760(00)00148-5

2001, Effects of environmental antiandrogens on reproductive development in experimental animals, Hum. Reprod. Update, 7, 248, 10.1093/humupd/7.3.248

1994, Developmental effects of an environmental antiandrogen: The fungicide vinclozolin alters sex differentiation of the male rat, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 129, 46, 10.1006/taap.1994.1227

1999, Administration of potentially antiandrogenic pesticides (procymidone, linuron, iprodione, chlozolinate, p,p′-DDE, and ketoconazole) and toxic substances (dibutyl- and diethylhexyl phthalate, PCB 169, and ethane dimethane sulphonate) during sexual differentiation produces diverse profiles of reproductive malformations in the male rat, Toxicol. Ind. Health, 15, 94, 10.1177/074823379901500109

1994, Follicular development and its control, The Physiology of Reproduction, 629

1994, Developmental abnormalities of the gonad and abnormal sex hormone concentrations in juvenile alligators from contaminated and control lakes in Florida, Environ. Health Perspect, 102, 680, 10.1289/ehp.94102680

1999, In vitro metabolism of chlorotriazines: Characterization of simazine, atrazine and propazine metabolism using liver microsomes from rats treated with various cytochrome P450 inducers, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol, 156, 195, 10.1006/taap.1999.8648

2002, Herbicides: Feminization of male frogs in the wild, Nature, 419, 895, 10.1038/419895a

2003, Atrazine-induced hermaphroditism at 0.1 ppb in American leopard frogs (Rana pipiens): Laboratory and field evidence, Environ. Health Perspect, 111, 568, 10.1289/ehp.5932

2002, Hermaphroditic, demasculinized frogs after exposure to the herbicide atrazine at low ecologically relevant doses, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 99, 5476, 10.1073/pnas.082121499

2005, Plasma concentrations of estradiol and testosterone, gonadal aromatase activity and ultrastructure of the testis in Xenopus laevis exposed to estradiol or atrazine, Aquat. Toxicol., 72, 383, 10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.01.008

1998, Dioxin perturbs, in a dose- and time-dependent fashion, steroid secretion, and induces apoptosis of human luteinized granulosa cells, Endocrinology, 139, 4373, 10.1210/endo.139.10.6264

2005, Co-culture of primary human mammary fibroblasts and MCF-7 cells as an in vitro breast cancer model, Toxicol. Sci., 83, 257

2005, Inhibition of aromatase activity by methyl sulfonyl PCB metabolites in primary culture of human mammary fibroblasts, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol, 202, 50, 10.1016/j.taap.2004.06.006

2004, A comparison of human H295R and rat R2C cell lines as in vitro screening tools for effects on aromatase, Toxicol. Lett., 146, 183, 10.1016/j.toxlet.2003.10.002

2004, Assessment of the effects of chemicals on the expression of ten steroidogenic genes in the H295R cell line using real-time PCR, Toxicol. Sci., 81, 78, 10.1093/toxsci/kfh191

2000, Quantitative evidence for global amphibian population declines, Nature, 404, 752, 10.1038/35008052

1992, Comparison of the effects of the 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor finasteride and the antiandrogen flutamide on prostate and genital differentiation: Dose-response studies, Endocrinology, 131, 1149, 10.1210/endo.131.3.1324152

IPCS, 2002, The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS): Global Assessment of the State-of-the-Science of Endocrine Disruptors

1987, ACTH regulation of cholesterol movement in isolated adrenal cells, J. Steroid Biochem., 27, 721, 10.1016/0022-4731(87)90142-7

1998, Structure-activity relationship for inhibition of CYP11B1-dependent glucocorticoid synthesis in Y1 cells by aryl methyl sulfones, Pharmacol. Toxicol., 83, 225, 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1998.tb01473.x

2002, Effects of 3-MeSO2-DDE and some CYP inhibitors on glucocorticoid steroidogenesis in the H295R human adrenocortical carcinoma cell line, Toxicol. In Vitro, 16, 113, 10.1016/S0887-2333(01)00111-4

1994, 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin reduces the number, size, and organelle content of Leydig cells in adult rat testes, Toxicology, 89, 49, 10.1016/0300-483X(94)90132-5

1994, In vitro bioactivation of the environmental pollutant 3-methylsulphonyl-2, 2-bis (4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethene in the human adrenal gland, Toxicol. Lett., 71, 169, 10.1016/0378-4274(94)90177-5

1983, Genetic and hormonal factors in sex differentiation of the brain, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 8, 183, 10.1016/0306-4530(83)90055-0

2002, Mechanisms in tissue-specific regulation of estrogen biosynthesis in humans, Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 13, 122, 10.1016/S1043-2760(02)00567-2

1998, Antiandrogens as environmental endocrine disruptors, Reprod. Fertil. Dev., 10, 105, 10.1071/R98051

1997, Vinclozolin and p,p′-DDE alter androgen-dependent gene expression: In vivo confirmation of an androgen receptor-mediated mechanism, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 142, 192, 10.1006/taap.1996.7966

1994, Environmental hormone disruptors: Evidence that vinclozolin developmental toxicity is mediated by antiandrogenic metabolites, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 126, 276, 10.1006/taap.1994.1117

1995, Persistent DDT metabolite p,p′-DDE is a potent androgen receptor antagonist, Nature, 375, 581, 10.1038/375581a0

1997, Environmental antiandrogens: Developmental effects, molecular mechanisms, and clinical implications, J. Mol. Med., 75, 198, 10.1007/s001090050104

2004, Effects of organochlorine compounds on cytochrome P450 aromatase activity in an immortal sea turtle cell line, Mar. Environ. Res., 58, 347, 10.1016/j.marenvres.2004.03.080

1997, Triazine herbicide exposure and breast cancer incidence: An ecological study of Kentucky counties, Environ. Health Perspect, 105, 1222, 10.1289/ehp.971051222

1976, Residues of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) and its metabolites in chicken tissues, J. Agric. Food Chem., 24, 768, 10.1021/jf60206a029

1990, Inhibition of testicular steroidogenesis in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-treated rats: Evidence that the key lesion occurs prior to or during pregnenolone formation, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 106, 112, 10.1016/0041-008X(90)90111-7

2005, Brain aromatase in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes): Molecular characterization and role in xenoestrogen-induced sex reversal, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 96, 67, 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.01.029

2004, Cerebral and gonadal aromatase expressions are differently affected during sex differentiation of Pleurodeles waltl, J. Mol. Endocrinol, 33, 717, 10.1677/jme.1.01588

2005, Developmental exposure to low dose PBDE 99: Effects on male fertility and neurobehavior in rat offspring, Environ. Health Perspect, 113, 149, 10.1289/ehp.7421

1996, In vitro metabolism of atrazine, terbuthylazine, ametryne and terbutryne in rats, pigs and humans, Drug Metab. Dispos, 24, 859

1997, Identification of enzymes involved in the metabolism of atrazine, terbuthylazine, amethryne and terbutryne in human liver microsomes, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 10, 1037, 10.1021/tx970081l

2004, Enantiomeric specificity of methylsulfonyl-PCBs and distribution of bis (4-chlorophenyl) sulfone, PCB, and DDE methyl sulfones in grey seal tissues, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 4950, 10.1021/es049361v

2003, Pubertal development in female Wistar rats following exposure to propazine and atrazine biotransformation by-products, diamino-S-chlorotriazine and hydroxyatrazine, Toxicol. Sci., 76, 190, 10.1093/toxsci/kfg223

2000, The effects of atrazine on female wistar rats: An evaluation of the protocol for assessing pubertal development and thyroid function, Toxicol. Sci., 58, 366, 10.1093/toxsci/58.2.366

1997, Synergistic activation of the human type II 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/delta5-delta4 isomerase promoter by the transcription factor steroidogenic factor-1/adrenal 4-binding protein and phorbol ester, J. Biol. Chem., 272, 7960, 10.1074/jbc.272.12.7960

2005, Effects of bisphenol A-related diphenylalkanes on vitellogenin production in male carp (Cyprinus carpio) hepatocytes and aromatase (CYP19) activity in human H295R adrenocortical carcinoma cells, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 209, 95, 10.1016/j.taap.2005.03.013

1999, Cytotoxicity and aromatase (CYP19) activity modulation by organochlorines in human placental JEG-3 and JAR choriocarcinoma cells, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 160, 10, 10.1006/taap.1999.8746

2004, Polychlorinated biphenyl 126 stimulates basal and inducible aldosterone biosynthesis of human adrenocortical H295R cells, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 195, 92, 10.1016/j.taap.2003.11.007

1995, Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on estrous cyclicity and ovulation in female Sprague-Dawley rats, Toxicol. Lett., 78, 219, 10.1016/0378-4274(95)03252-G

1995, Reproductive effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in female rats: Ovulation, hormonal regulation, and possible mechanism(s), Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 133, 321, 10.1006/taap.1995.1157

2006, Effects of developmental exposure to 2,2, 4,4, 5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) on sex steroids, sexual development, and sexually dimorphic behavior in rats, Environ. Health Perspect, 114, 194, 10.1289/ehp.8391

2002, Cytochrome P450-catalyzed binding of 3-methylsulfonyl-DDE and o,p′-DDD in human adrenal zona fasciculata/reticularis, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 87, 1319

1994, In vitro adrenal bioactivation and effects on steroid metabolism of DDT, PCBs and their metabolites in the gray seal (Halichoerus grypus), Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 13, 911, 10.1002/etc.5620130609

1995, Novel involvement of a mitochondrial steroid hydroxylase (P450c11) in xenobiotic metabolism, J. Biol. Chem., 270, 20895, 10.1074/jbc.270.36.20895

2001, Analysis and characteristics of multiple types of human 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 76, 143, 10.1016/S0960-0760(00)00155-2

1993, Tissue-specific and hormonally controlled alternative promoters regulate aromatase cytochrome P450 gene expression in human adipose tissue, J. Biol. Chem., 268, 19463, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)36538-X

1980, Metabolism and covalent binding of 1-(o-chlorophenyl)-1-(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethane (o,p,′-DDD). Correlation between adrenocorticolytic activity and metabolic activation by adrenocortical mitochondria, Drug Metab. Dispos., 8, 127

1987, Imidazole antimycotics: Selective inhibitors of steroid aromatization and progesterone hydroxylation, Steroids, 50, 179, 10.1016/0039-128X(83)90070-3

1997, The regulation of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase expression, Steroids, 62, 164, 10.1016/S0039-128X(96)00176-6

1993, Diverse mechanisms of control of aromatase gene expression, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 44, 341, 10.1016/0960-0760(93)90237-Q

1995, The adrenal cortex, Endocrinology and Metabolism, 555

1988, Molecular biology of steroid hormone synthesis, Endocr. Rev., 9, 295, 10.1210/edrv-9-3-295

2003, Effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on distinct expression patterns of estrogen receptor, cytochrome P450 aromatase and p53 genes in oryzias latipes liver, J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol., 17, 272, 10.1002/jbt.10089

2004, The role of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol, 218, 7, 10.1016/j.mce.2003.12.006

1993, Inhibition of ovarian microsomal aromatase and follicular oestradiol secretion by imidazole fungicides in rainbow trout, Mar. Environ. Res., 35, 153, 10.1016/0141-1136(93)90030-4

1991, 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin inhibits steroidogenesis in the rat testis by inhibiting the mobilization of cholesterol to cytochrome P450scc, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 109, 85, 10.1016/0041-008X(91)90193-I

2000, 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin decreases estradiol production without altering the enzyme activity of cytochrome P450 aromatase of human luteinized granulosa cells in vitro, Biol. Reprod., 62, 1102, 10.1095/biolreprod62.4.1102

2003, Molecular target of endocrine disruption in human luteinizing granulosa cells by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: Inhibition of estradiol secretion due to decreased 17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase cytochrome P450 expression, Endocrinology, 144, 467, 10.1210/en.2002-220813

1999, Evidence of endocrine disruption in the imposex-affected gastropod Bolinus brandaris, Environ. Res., 81, 349, 10.1006/enrs.1999.4002

1992, A common trans-acting factor, Ad4-binding protein, to the promoters of steroidogenic P-450s, J. Biol. Chem., 267, 17913, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)37129-7

1996, Ad4BP/SF-1, a transcription factor essential for the transcription of steroidogenic cytochrome P450 genes and for the establishment of the reproductive function, FASEB J, 10, 1569, 10.1096/fasebj.10.14.9002548

1997, Inhibition and inactivation of equine aromatase by steroidal and non- steroidal compounds. A comparison with human aromatase inhibition, J. Enzyme Inhib., 12, 241, 10.3109/14756369709035817

1949, Severe adrenal cortical atrophy produced by feeding DDD, Arch. Pathol., 48, 387

1985, Histopathology of the human adrenal cortex, Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 14, 791, 10.1016/S0300-595X(85)80078-5

2001, Peptide hormones versus steroid hormones: Case studies from snail and turtle populations, Ann N.Y. Acad. Sci., 948, 75, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03988.x

1992, Zone-specific expression of aldosterone synthase cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome P-45011 beta in rat adrenal cortex: Histochemical basis for the functional zonation, Endocrinology, 130, 2971, 10.1210/endo.130.5.1572304

2004, A novel nonradioactive method for measuring aromatase activity using a human ovarian granulosa-like tumor cell line and an estrone ELISA, Toxicol. Sci., 82, 443, 10.1093/toxsci/kfh292

2002, Effects of flavonoid phytochemicals on cortisol production and on activities of steroidogenic enzymes in human adrenocortical H295R cells, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 80, 355, 10.1016/S0960-0760(02)00021-3

1999, The fungicide procymidone alters sexual differentiation in the male rat by acting as an androgen-receptor antagonist in vivo and in vitro, Toxicol. Ind. Health, 15, 80, 10.1191/074823399678846718

1995, Transcriptional regulation of the genes encoding the cytochrome P-450 steroid hydroxylases, Vitam. Horm., 51, 339, 10.1016/S0083-6729(08)61044-4

1995, Glucocorticoid-suppressible hyperaldosteronism and adrenal tumors occurring in a single French pedigree, J. Clin. Invest., 96, 2236, 10.1172/JCI118279

1990, Long-term carcinogenicity bioassay of the herbicide atrazine in F344 rats, Neoplasma, 37, 533

1999, Adrenal zonation: Clues from 11[beta]-hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol, 151, 151, 10.1016/S0303-7207(99)00051-9

1994, The NCI-H295 cell line: A pluripotent model for human adrenocortical studies, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol, 100, 45, 10.1016/0303-7207(94)90277-1

1993, Regulation of human adrenal carcinoma cell (NCI-H295) production of C19 steroids, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab, 77, 731

1998, Forms and prevalence of intersexuality and effects of environmental contaminants on sexuality in cricket frogs (Acris crepitans), Environ. Health Perspect, 106, 261, 10.1289/ehp.98106261

1998, Localization and expression of adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor mRNA in normal and neoplastic human adrenal cortex, J. Endocrinol, 156, 415, 10.1677/joe.0.1560415

2004, Atrazine is a competitive inhibitor of phosphodiesterase but does not affect the estrogen receptor, Toxicol. Lett., 154, 61, 10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.07.005

2000, Cellular and biochemical mechanisms by which environmental oestrogens influence reproductive function, Hum. Reprod. Update, 6, 332, 10.1093/humupd/6.4.332

2002, Induction and inhibition of aromatase (CYP19) activity by various classes of pesticides in H295R human adrenocortical carcinoma cells, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol, 182, 44, 10.1006/taap.2002.9420

2004, Induction and Inhibition of aromatase (CYP19) activity by natural and synthetic flavonoid compounds in H295R human adrenocortical carcinoma cells, Toxicol. Sci., 82, 70, 10.1093/toxsci/kfh257

2001, Effects of chloro-s-triazine herbicides and metabolites on aromatase activity in various human cell lines and on vitellogenin production in male carp hepatocytes, Environ. Health Perspect, 109, 1027, 10.1289/ehp.011091027

2000, 2-Chloro-s-triazine herbicides induce aromatase (CYP19) activity in H295R human adrenocortical carcinoma cells: A novel mechanism for estrogenicity?, Toxicol. Sci., 54, 121, 10.1093/toxsci/54.1.121

2001, 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and diindolylmethanes differentially induce cytochrome P450 1A1, 1B1, and 19 in H295R human adrenocortical carcinoma cells, Toxicol. Sci., 61, 40, 10.1093/toxsci/61.1.40

1989, Immunolocalization of aromatase, 17 alpha-hydroxylase and side-chain-cleavage cytochromes P-450 in the human ovary, J. Reprod. Fertil, 85, 163, 10.1530/jrf.0.0850163

1988, Immunohistochemical localization of cytochrome P-450C21 in human adrenal cortex and its relation to endocrine function, Hum. Pathol., 19, 181, 10.1016/S0046-8177(88)80346-0

1996, Adrenocorticotropic hormone; adrenocortical steroids and their synthetic analogs: Inhibitors of the synthesis and actions of adrenocortical hormones, Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 1459

2000, 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol affects reproduction, sexual differentiation and aromatase gene expression of the medaka (Oryzias latipes), Aquat. Toxicol., 50, 363, 10.1016/S0166-445X(00)00090-4

1997, Effect of estrogen deprivation on the reproductive physiology of male and female primates, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 61, 157, 10.1016/S0960-0760(97)80008-8

2005, Molecular biology of the 3{beta}-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/{Delta}5-{Delta}4 isomerase gene family, Endocr. Rev., 26, 525, 10.1210/er.2002-0050

2002, Aromatase—A brief overview, Annu. Rev. Physiol., 64, 93, 10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.081601.142703

1996, Ecological risk assessment of atrazine in North American surface waters, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 15, 31, 10.1002/etc.5620150105

1999, 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) blocks ovulation by a direct action on the ovary without alteration of ovarian steroidogenesis: Lack of a direct effect on ovarian granulosa and thecal-interstitial cell steroidogenesis in vitro, Reprod. Toxicol., 13, 521, 10.1016/S0890-6238(99)00048-9

1998, An updated review of environmental estrogen and androgen mimics and antagonists, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 65, 143, 10.1016/S0960-0760(98)00027-2

1993, Regulation of steroidogenesis in NCI-H295 cells: A cellular model of the human fetal adrenal, Mol. Endocrinol, 7, 423

2001, StAR protein and the regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis, Annu. Rev. Physiol., 63, 193, 10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.193

2005, In vivo and in vitro anti-androgenic effects of DE-71, a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixture, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 207, 78, 10.1016/j.taap.2005.05.010

2002, The effects of atrazine metabolites on puberty and thyroid function in the male Wistar rat, Toxicol. Sci., 67, 198, 10.1093/toxsci/67.2.198

2004, Assessment of DE-71, a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixture, in the EDSP male and female pubertal protocols, Toxicol. Sci., 78, 144, 10.1093/toxsci/kfh029

2000, The effect of atrazine on puberty in male wistar rats: An evaluation in the protocol for the assessment of pubertal development and thyroid function, Toxicol. Sci., 58, 50, 10.1093/toxsci/58.1.50

1999, Maternal exposure to atrazine during lactation suppresses suckling-induced prolactin release and results in prostatitis in the adult offspring, Toxicol. Sci., 52, 68, 10.1093/toxsci/52.1.68

1993, Prolactin mediates estradiol-induced inflammation in the lateral prostate of Wistar rats, Endocrinology, 132, 2407, 10.1210/endo.132.6.8504745

2002, Response of the amphibian tadpole (Xenopus laevis) to atrazine during sexual differentiation of the testis, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 21, 527, 10.1002/etc.5620210309

2002, Response of the amphibian tadpole Xenopus laevis to atrazine during sexual differentiation of the ovary, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 21, 1264, 10.1002/etc.5620210621

1994, Chloro-s-triazine antagonism of estrogen action: Limited interaction with estrogen receptor binding, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 43, 197, 10.1080/15287399409531915

1994, Possible antiestrogenic properties of chloro-s-triazines in rat uterus, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 43, 183, 10.1080/15287399409531914

USEPA, 1994, Pesticides Industrial Sales and Usage

2005, Perinatal exposure to the fungicide prochloraz feminizes the male rat offspring, Toxicol. Sci., 85, 886, 10.1093/toxsci/kfi150

2000, Screening of selected pesticides for inhibition of CYP19 aromatase activity in vitro, Toxicol. In Vitro, 14, 227, 10.1016/S0887-2333(00)00018-7

2002, Antiandrogenic effects in vitro and in vivo of the fungicide prochloraz, Toxicol. Sci., 69, 344, 10.1093/toxsci/69.2.344

1986, Developmental expression of genes for the stereoidogenic enzymes P450scc (20,22-desmolase), P450c17 (17 alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase), and P450c21 (21-hydroxylase) in the human fetus, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab, 63, 1145, 10.1210/jcem-63-5-1145

2004, Forskolin up-regulates aromatase (CYP19) activity and gene transcripts in the human adrenocortical carcinoma cell line H295R, J. Endocrinol, 180, 125, 10.1677/joe.0.1800125

2006, Effect of epidermal growth factor and prostaglandin on the expression of aromatase (CYP19) in human adrenocortical carcinoma cell line NCI-H295R cells, J. Endocrinol, 188, 59, 10.1677/joe.1.06214

1994, Chronic effects of atrazine on estrus and mammary tumor formation in female Sprague-Dawley and Fischer 344 rats, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 43, 169, 10.1080/15287399409531913

2000, Characterization of the period of sensitivity of fetal male sexual development to vinclozolin, Toxicol. Sci., 55, 152, 10.1093/toxsci/55.1.152

2002, Inhibition of cytochromes P450 by antifungal imidazole derivatives, Drug Metab. Dispos, 30, 314, 10.1124/dmd.30.3.314

2005, Quantitative RT-PCR methods for evaluating toxicant-induced effects on steroidogenesis using the H295R cell line, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 2777, 10.1021/es048679k

1997, Transcriptional regulation of CYP19 gene (aromatase) expression in adipose stromal cells in primary culture, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 61, 203, 10.1016/S0960-0760(97)80013-1