The Role of the Valence, Arousing Properties and Subjective Significance of Subliminally Presented Words in Affective Priming

Abrams, R. L., Klinger, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (2002). Subliminal words activate semantic categories (not automated motor responses). Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 9(1), 100–106. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196262 Albarracín, D., & Handley, I. M. (2011). The time for doing is not the time for change: Effects of general action and inaction goals on attitude retrieval and attitude change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(6), 983–998. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023245 Albarracín, D., Handley, I. M., Noguchi, K., McCulloch, K. C., Li, H., Leeper, J., Brown, R. D., Earl, A., & Hart, W. P. (2008). Increasing and decreasing motor and cognitive output: A model of general action and inaction goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(3), 510–523. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012833 Albarracin, D., & Hart, W. (2011). Positive mood + action = negative mood + inaction: Effects of general action and inaction concepts on decisions and performance as a function of affect. Emotion, 11(4), 951–957. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024130 Albarracin, D., Wang, W., & Leeper, J. (2009). Immediate increase in food intake following exercise messages. Obesity, 17(7), 1451–1452. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2009.16 Antosz, A., & Imbir, K. (2017). Effects of the emotional properties of words and a manipulation of mindset on performance of an ambiguous task. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 29(2), 151–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2016.1226313 Banse, R. (1999). Automatic evaluation of self and significant others: Affective priming in close relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407599166007 Bayer, M., & Schacht, A. (2014). Event-related brain responses to emotional words, pictures, and faces - a cross-domain comparison. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01106 Błaszczak, W., & Imbir, K. (2012). Use of affective priming to measure the implicit self-reference effect. Psychological Reports. https://doi.org/10.2466/07.21.24.PR0.111.4.107-114 Burt, J. S. (2002). Why do non-color words interfere with color naming? Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 28(5), 1019–1038. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.28.5.1019 Cacioppo, J. T. (2004). Asymmetries in affect laden information processing. In J. T. Jost, M. R. Banaji, & D. A. Prentice (Eds.), Perspectivism in social psychology: The yin and yang of scientific progress (pp. 85–95). American Psychological Association. Citron, F. M. M. (2012). Neural correlates of written emotion word processing: A review of recent electrophysiological and hemodynamic neuroimaging studies. Brain and Language, 122(3), 211–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2011.12.007 Citron, F. M., Gray, M. A., Critchley, H. D., Weekes, B. S., & Ferstl, E. C. (2014). Emotional valence and arousal affect reading in an interactive way: Neuroimaging evidence for an approach-withdrawal framework. Neuropsychologia, 56, 79–89. Cunningham, W. A., Raye, C. L., & Johnson, M. K. (2004). Implicit and explicit evaluation: FMRI correlates of valence, emotional intensity, and control in the processing of attitudes. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(10), 1717–1729. Damasio, A. (2010). Self comes to mind: constructing the conscious mind. New York, NY: Pantheon. DeCoster, J., & Claypool, H. M. (2004). A meta-analysis of priming effects on impression formation supporting a general model of informational biases. Personality and Social Psychology Review. SAGE PublicationsSage CA: Los Angeles, CA. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0801_1 Dijksterhuis, A. (2004). I like myself but i don’t know why: Enhancing implicit self-esteem by subliminal evaluative conditioning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 345–355. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.345 Donges, U. S., Kersting, A., & Suslow, T. (2012). Women’s greater ability to perceive happy facial emotion automatically: Gender differences in affective priming. PLoS ONE, 7(7), e41745. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041745 Dresler, T., Mériau, K., Heekeren, H. R., & Meer, E. (2009). Emotional Stroop task: Effect of word arousal and subject anxiety on emotional interference. Psychological Research Psychologische Forschung, 73(3), 364–371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-008-0154-6 Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6(3–4), 169–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939208411068 Epstein, S. (2003). Cognitive-experiential self-theory. In Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 165–192). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471264385.wei0507 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146 Ferguson, M., Bargh, J., & Nayak, D. A. (2005). After-affects: How automatic evaluations influence the interpretation of subsequent, unrelated stimuli. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41(2), 182–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2004.05.008 Fitzsimons, G. M., & Bargh, J. A. (2003). Thinking of you: Nonconscious pursuit of interpersonal goals associated with relationship partners. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(1), 148–164. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.84.1.148 Flexas, A., Rosselló, J., Christensen, J. F., Nadal, M., Olivera La Rosa, A., & Munar, E. (2013). Affective priming using facial expressions modulates liking for abstract art. PLoS ONE, 8(11), e80154. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080154 Gawronski, B., & Creighton, L. A. (2013). Dual Process Theories. In D. E. Carlston (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of social cognition (pp. 282–308). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199730018.013.0014 Gelman, A., & Carlin, J. (2014). Beyond power calculations. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9(6), 641–651. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614551642 Ginsberg, F., Rohmer, O., & Louvet, E. (2012). Priming of disability and elderly stereotype in motor performance: Similar or specific effects? Perceptual and Motor Skills, 114(2), 397–406. https://doi.org/10.2466/07.17.PMS.114.2.397-406 Heathcote, A., Popiel, S. J., & Mewhort, D. J. (1991). Analysis of response time distributions: An example using the Stroop task. Psychological Bulletin, 109(2), 340–347. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.340 Hermans, D., Spruyt, A., De Houwer, J., & Eelen, P. (2003). Affective priming with subliminally presented pictures. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/revue Canadienne De Psychologie Expérimentale, 57(2), 97–114. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087416 Hinojosa, J. A., Carretié, L., Méndez-Bértolo, C., Míguez, A., & Pozo, M. A. (2009). Arousal contributions to affective priming: Electrophysiological correlates. Emotion, 9(2), 164–171. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014680 Imbir, K. (2015). Affective norms for 1,586 polish words (ANPW): Duality-of-mind approach. Behavior Research Methods, 47(3), 860–870. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-014-0509-4 Imbir, K. (2016a). Affective Norms for 4900 Polish Words Reload (ANPW_R): Assessments for valence, arousal, dominance, origin, significance, concreteness, imageability and age of acquisition. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1081. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01081 Imbir, K. (2016b). From heart to mind and back again. A duality of emotion overview on emotion-cognition interactions. New Ideas in Psychology, 43, 39–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2016.04.001 Imbir, K. (2016c). Subjective significance shapes arousal effects on modified stroop task performance: A duality of activation mechanisms account. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 75. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00075 Imbir, K. (2017a). Arousal and Subjective Significance Shapes Stimuli Interpretation across Warmth Vs. Competence Dimensions: Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9553-9 Imbir, K. (2017b). Words’ origin of an affective state, but not valence, shape the reaction latencies in a word-sign choosing ambiguous task. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9669-6 Imbir, K. (2018). Origin of emotion represented in word meaning influences complex visual search effectiveness. Polish Psychological Bulletin. Imbir, K., & Jarymowicz, M. (2013). Dyfuzyjny wpływ emocji (automatycznych vs. refleksyjnych) na formułowanie sądów. Psychologia Społeczna, 8(26), 251–261. Imbir, K. K., Jarymowicz, M. T., Spustek, T., Kuś, R., & Żygierewicz, J. (2015). Origin of emotion effects on ERP correlates of emotional word processing: the emotion duality approach. PLoS ONE, 10(5), e0126129. Imbir, K. K., Spustek, T., & Żygierewicz, J. (2016). Effects of valence and origin of emotions in word processing evidenced by event related potential correlates in a lexical decision task. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 271. Imbir, K., Spustek, T., Bernatowicz, G., Duda, J., & Żygierewicz, J. (2017a). Two aspects of activation: Arousal and subjective significance - Behavioral and event-related potential correlates investigated by means of a modified emotional stroop task. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00608 Imbir, K. K., Spustek, T., Duda, J., Bernatowicz, G., & Żygierewicz, J. (2017b). N450 and LPC event-related potential correlates of an Emotional Stroop Task with words differing in valence and emotional origin. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 880. Imbir, K. K., Bernatowicz, G., Duda-Goławska, J., & Żygierewicz, J. (2018a). The role of activation charge in an emotional categorisation task for words: Insight from the perspective of a dual process theory of the activation mechanisms. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 30(5–6), 588–608. Imbir, K. K., Jurkiewicz, G., Duda-Goławska, J., Pastwa, M., & Żygierewicz, J. (2018b). The N400/FN400 and lateralized readiness potential neural correlates of valence and origin of words’ affective connotations in ambiguous task processing. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1981. Imbir, K. K., Jurkiewicz, G., Duda-Goławska, J., & Żygierewicz, J. (2019). The role of valence and origin of emotions in emotional categorization task for words. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 52, 100854. Imbir, K. K., Duda-Goławska, J., Pastwa, M., Jankowska, M., Modzelewska, A., Sobieszek, A., & Żygierewicz, J. (2020). Electrophysiological and behavioral correlates of valence, arousal and subjective significance in the lexical decision task. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 14. Imbir, K. K., Duda-Goławska, J., Pastwa, M., Jankowska, M., & Żygierewicz, J. (2021). Event-related potential correlates of valence, arousal, and subjective significance in processing of an emotional stroop task. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 15, 68. Imbir, K. K., & Pastwa, M. (2021). Can valence and origin of emotional words influence the assessments of ambiguous stimuli in terms of warmth or competence? Peer J, 9, e10488. Jarymowicz, M. (2012). Understanding human emotions. Journal of Russian and East European Psychology, 50(3), 9–25. https://doi.org/10.2753/RPO1061-0405500301 Jarymowicz, M., & Imbir, K. (2015). Toward a human emotions taxonomy (Based on Their Automatic vs. Reflective Origin). Emotion Review, 7(2), 183–188. Kagan, J. (2007). What Is Emotion? History, measures, and meanings. Yale University Press. Kahneman, D. K. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Kazojć, J. (2011). Słownik frekwencyjny języka polskiego[Polish language dictionary of attendance]. Retrieved February 10, 2017, from http://www.slowniki.org.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=775&catid=18&Itemid=109 Klauer, K. C., Eder, A. B., Greenwald, A. G., & Abrams, R. L. (2007). Priming of semantic classifications by novel subliminal prime words. Consciousness and Cognition, 16(1), 63–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2005.12.002 Kobylińska, D., & Karwowska, D. (2014). Assimilation and contrast effects in suboptimal affective priming paradigm. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 498. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00498 Koole, S., & Coenen, L. (2007). Implicit self and affect regulation: Effects of action orientation and subliminal self priming in an affective priming task. Self and Identity, 6(3–4), 118–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860601118835 Kousta, S. T., Vinson, D. P., & Vigliocco, G. (2009). Emotion words, regardless of polarity, have a processing advantage over neutral words. Cognition, 112(3), 473–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2009.06.007 Lang, P. J. (1980). Behavioral Treatment and bio-behavioral assessment: Computer aplications. In J. B. Sidowski, J. H.Johnson, & T. A. Williams (Eds.), Technology in mental health care delivery systems (pp. 119–137). Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Retrieved from http://ps.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleid=67156 Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1997). International affective picture system (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual. Technical Report A-8. Gainesville, Fl: The Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida. Li, W., Zinbarg, R. E., Boehm, S. G., & Paller, K. A. (2008). Neural and behavioral evidence for affective priming from unconsciously perceived emotional facial expressions and the influence of trait anxiety. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20(1), 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20006 Luo, Q., Peng, D., Jin, Z., Xu, D., Xiao, L., & Ding, G. (2004). Emotional valence of words modulates the subliminal repetition priming effect in the left fusiform gyrus: An event-related fMRI study. NeuroImage, 21(1), 414–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.09.048 McDonald, K., Newby-Clark, I. R., Walker, J., & Henselwood, K. (2018). It is written all over your face: Socially rejected people display microexpressions that are detectable after training in the Micro Expression Training Tool (METT). European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(2), O175–O181. Monahan, J. L., Murphy, S. T., & Zajonc, R. B. (2000). Subliminal mere exposure: specific, general, and diffuse effects. Psychological Science, 11(6), 462–466. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00289 Moors, A., De Houwer, J., Hermans, D., Wanmaker, S., van Schie, K., Van Harmelen, A.-L., De Schryver, M., De Winne, J., & Brysbaert, M. (2013). Norms of valence, arousal, dominance, and age of acquisition for 4,300 Dutch words. Behavior Research Methods, 45(1), 169–177. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-012-0243-8 Murphy, S. T., & Zajonc, R. B. (1993). Affect, cognition, and awareness: Affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(5), 723–739. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.5.723 Nava, E., & Turati, C. (2020). Subliminal affective priming changes the ‘feeling’towards neutral objects in infancy. Social Neuroscience, 15(4), 447–457. Ortigue, S., Michel, C. M., Murray, M. M., Mohr, C., Carbonnel, S., & Landis, T. (2004). Electrical neuroimaging reveals early generator modulation to emotional words. NeuroImage, 21(4), 1242–1251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.11.007 Osgood, C. E., Suci, G. J., & Tannenbaum, P. H. (1957). The Measurement of Meaning. University of Illinois Press. Pavlenko, A. (2008). Emotion and emotion-laden words in the bilingual lexicon. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 11(2), 147–164. Payne, B. K., Cheng, C. M., Govorun, O., & Stewart, B. D. (2005). An inkblot for attitudes: Affect misattribution as implicit measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(3), 277–293. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.3.277 Payne, B. K., Hall, D. L., Cameron, C. D., & Bishara, A. J. (2010). A process model of affect misattribution. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(10), 1397–1408. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167210383440 Payne, B. K., & Lundberg, K. (2014). The affect misattribution procedure: Ten years of evidence on reliability, validity, and mechanisms. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8(12), 672–686. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12148 Pessoa, L. (2008). On the relationship between emotion and cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9(2), 148–158. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2317 Recio, G., Conrad, M., Hansen, L. B., & Jacobs, A. M. (2014). On pleasure and thrill: The interplay between arousal and valence during visual word recognition. Brain and Language, 134, 34–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2014.03.009 Reykowski, J. (1989). Dimensions of development of moral values. In N. Eisenberg, J. Reykowski, & E. Staub (Eds.), Social and Moral Values (pp. 23–44). Erlbaum. Russell, J. A. (2003). Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Review, 110(1), 145–172. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.145 Russell, J. A. (2009). Emotion, core affect, and psychological construction. Cognition & Emotion, 23(7), 1259–1283. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930902809375 Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8(3), 220–247. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_1 Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2014). The Reflective–impulsive Model. In W. Sherman, B. Gawronski, & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-Process Theories of the Social Mind (pp. 92–104). Guilford Press. Svetieva, E., & Frank, M. G. (2016). Empathy, emotion dysregulation, and enhanced microexpression recognition ability. Motivation and Emotion, 40(2), 309–320. Sweeny, T. D., Grabowecky, M., Suzuki, S., & Paller, K. A. (2009). Long-lasting effects of subliminal affective priming from facial expressions. Consciousness and Cognition, 18(4), 929–938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2009.07.011 Teigen, K. H. (1994). Yerkes-Dodson: A law for all seasons. Theory & Psychology, 4(4), 525–547. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354394044004 Thomas, L. A., & LaBar, K. S. (2005). Emotional arousal enhances word repetition priming. Cognition and Emotion, 19(7), 1027–1047. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930500172440 Van den Bussche, E., Van den Noortgate, W., & Reynvoet, B. (2009). Mechanisms of masked priming: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 135(3), 452–477. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015329 Võ, M. L. H., Conrad, M., Kuchinke, L., Urton, K., Hofmann, M. J., & Jacobs, A. M. (2009). The berlin affective word list reloaded (BAWL-R). Behavior Research Methods, 41(2), 534–538. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.2.534 Wang, Y., Chen, J., & Ku, Y. (2021). Subliminal affective priming effect: Dissociated processes for intense versus normal facial expressions. Brain and Cognition, 148, 105674. Warriner, A. B., Kuperman, V., & Brysbaert, M. (2013). Norms of valence, arousal, and dominance for 13,915 English lemmas. Behavior Research Methods, 45(4), 1191–1207. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-012-0314-x Weingarten, E., Chen, Q., Mcadams, M., Yi, J., Facebook, J. H., & Albarracín, D. (2016). From primed concepts to action: A meta-analysis of the behavioral effects of incidentally presented words. Psychological Bulletin, 142(5), 472–497. Wentura, D., Rohr, M., & Degner, J. (2017). Masked emotional priming: A double dissociation between direct and indirect effects reveals non-conscious processing of emotional information beyond valence. Consciousness and Cognition, 49, 203–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2017.01.016 Winkielman, P., Berridge, K. C., & Wilbarger, J. L. (2005). Unconscious affective reactions to masked happy versus angry faces influence consumption behavior and judgments of value. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(1), 121–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204271309 Winkielman, P., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2001). Mind at ease puts a smile on the face: Psychophysiological evidence that processing facilitation elicits positive affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(6), 989–1000. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.81.6.989 Zhang, Q., Kong, L., & Jiang, Y. (2012). The interaction of arousal and valence in affective priming: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Brain Research, 1474, 60–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2012.07.023