The Role of the Listener on the Emotional Valence of Personal Memories in Emerging Adulthood
Tóm tắt
Many scholars stressed the role of social interactions in the construction of autobiographical memories, especially in late adolescence and emerging adulthood. This paper aims to assess the impact of the listener attitude on narrator’s emotional valence of past life events concerning the end of a close relationship. 157 emerging adults have been asked to recall a memory and to randomly narrate it to a listener previously trained to be distracted and detached (DL group) versus attentive and empathic (AL group). A control group (CG) had only to reflect internally on the recalled memory. Participants had to allocate one or more emotions to their memory from a 12-item list in a recall task, a narrative/reflection task and a 15-day recall follow-up. The percentages of negative, positive and neutral emotions were assessed and changes among the three emotional allocations were measured. Results showed that participants of the AL group after the narrative task increased the positive emotional engagement of memories and decreased the negative emotions in comparison to DL participants and the CG ones. The authors interpret the results suggesting that narrating autobiographical memories to attentive peers is a way to co-construct their emotional meaning and discuss findings in the light of the knowledge on the lifespan period of emerging adulthood.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469–480. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469.
Arnett, J. J. (2001). Conceptions of the transition to adulthood: Perspectives from adolescence through midlife. Journal of Adult Development, 8(2), 133–143.
Belsky, J. (2009). Experiencing the lifespan. New York: Macmillan.
Brans, K., Van Mechelen, I., Rimé, B., & Verduyn, P. (2013). The relation between social sharing and the duration of emotional experience. Cognition & Emotion, 27(6), 1023–1041.
Brans, K., Van Mechelen, I., Rimé, B., & Verduyn, P. (2014). To share, or not to share? Examining the emotional consequences of social sharing in the case of anger and sadness. Emotion (Washington, D. C.), 14(6), 1062.
Bruner, J. M. (1991). The narrative construction of reality. Critical Inquiry, 18(1), 1–21.
Burke, K. (1945). A grammar of motives. New York: Prentice-Hall.
Christianson, S. Å. (1992). The handbook of emotion and memory: Research and theory. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Conway, M. A. (1997). Recovered memories and false memories. New York: Oxford University Press.
Conway, M. A., & Holmes, A. (2004). Psychosocial stages and the accessibility of autobiographical memories across the life cycle. Journal of Personality, 72(3), 461–480. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00269.x.
Conway, M. A., & Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000). The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system. Psychological Review, 107(2), 261–288.
Farrar, M. J., Fasig, L. G., & Welch-Ross, M. K. (1997). Attachment and emotion in autobiographical memory development. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 67(3), 389–408. doi:10.1006/jecp.1997.2414.
Fioretti, C., & Smorti, A. (2014). Improving doctor-patient communication through an autobiographical narrative theory. Communication & Medicine, 11(3), 275–284. doi:10.1558/cam.v11i3.20369.
Fioretti, C., & Smorti, A. (2015). How emotional content of memories changes in narrative. Narrative Inquire, 25(1), 37–56. doi:10.1075/ni.25.1.03fio.
Fioretti, C., & Smorti, A. (2016). Narrating positive versus negative memories of illness: Does narrating influence the availability and the emotional involvement of memories of illness? European Journal of Cancer Care, 1–7. doi:10.1111/ECC.12524.
Fivush, R. (1998). Interest, gender and personal narrative: How children construct self-understanding. In A. Karp, A. Renninger, J. Baumesteir & L. Hoffman (Eds.), Interest and gender in education (pp. 58–73). Kiel: Institute for Science Education.
Fivush, R. (2011). The development of autobiographical memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 559–582. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131702.
Fivush, R., & Baker-Ward, L. (2005). The search for meaning: Developmental Perspectives on internal state language in autobiographical memory. Journal of Cognition and Development, 6(4), 455–462. doi:10.1207/s15327647jcd0604_1.
Fivush, R., & Nelson, K. (2004). Culture and language in the emergence of autobiographical memory. Psychological Science, 15(9), 573–577. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00722.x.
Frattaroli, J. (2006). Experimental disclosure and its moderators: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132(6), 823.
Habermas, T., & Bluck, S. (2000). Getting a life: The emergence of the life story in adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 126(5), 748–769.
Habermas, T., Ehlert-Lerche, S., & De Silveira, C. (2009). The development of the temporal macrostructure of life narratives across adolescence: Beginnings, linear narrative form, and endings. Journal of Personality, 77(2), 527–560.
McAdams, D. P. (1996). Personality, modernity and the storied self: A contemporary framework for study persons. Psychological Inquiry, 7, 295–321.
McAdams, D. P., Diamond, A., De St Aubin, E., & Mansfield, E. (1997). Stories of commitment: The psychosocial construction of generative lives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 678–694.
McAdams, D. P., Reynolds, J., Lewis, M., Patten, A. H., & Bowman, P. J. (2001). When bad things turn good and good things turn bad: Sequences of redemption and contamination in life narrative and their relation to psychosocial adaptation in midlife adults and in students. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 474–485.
McAdams, D. P. (2008). Personal narratives and the life story. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (3rd edn.). New York: Guilford Press, pp. 242–262.
McGregor, I., & Holmes, J. G. (1999). How storytelling shapes memory and impressions of relationship events over time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(3), 403–419. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.76.3.403.
McLean, K. C., Pasupathi, M., & Pals, J. L. (2007). Selves creating stories creating selves: A process model of self-development. Personality and Social Psychology Review: An Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, 11(3), 262–278. doi:10.1177/1088868307301034.
McLean, K. C., & Pratt, M. W. (2006). Life’s little (and big) lessons: Identity statuses and meaning-making in the turning point narratives of emerging adults. Developmental Psychology, 42(4), 714–722. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.4.714.
Nelson, K., & Fivush, R. (2004). The emergence of autobiographical memory: A social cultural developmental theory. Psychological Review, 111(2), 486–511. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.111.2.486.
Niederhoffer, K. G., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2002). Linguistic style matching in social interaction. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 21(4), 337–360. doi:10.1177/026192702237953.
Nils, F., & Rimé, B. (2012). Beyond the myth of venting: Social sharing modes determine benefits from emotional disclosure. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 672–681.
Pascuzzi, D., & Smorti, A. (2016). Emotion regulation, autobiographical memories and life narratives. New Ideas in Psychology, 45(1), 28–37.
Pasupathi, M. (2001). The social construction of the personal past and its implications for adult development. Psychological Bulletin, 127(5), 651–672.
Pasupathi, M. (2003). Emotion regulation during social remembering: Differences between emotions elicited during an event and emotions elicited when talking about it. Memory (Hove, England), 11(2), 151–163.
Pasupathi, M., Alderman, K., & Shaw, D. (2007). Talking the talk: Collaborative remembering and self-perceived expertise. Discourse Processes, 43(1), 55–77. doi:10.1080/01638530709336893.
Pasupathi, M., & Hoyt, T. (2009). The development of narrative identity in late adolescence and emergent adulthood: The continued importance of listeners. Developmental Psychology, 45, 558–574.
Pasupathi, M., & Oldroyd, K. (2015). Telling and remembering: Complexities in long-term effects of listeners on autobiographical memory. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 29(6), 835–842.
Pasupathi, M., Stallworth, L. M., & Murdoch, K. (1998). How what we tell becomes what we know: Listener effects on speakers’ long-term memory for events. Discourse Processes, 26, 1–25.
Pennebaker, J. W., & Seagal, J. D. (1999). Forming a story: The health benefits of narrative. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(10), 1243–1254. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199910)55:10<1243::AID-JCLP6>3.0.CO;2-N.
Peterson, C., Bonechi, A., Smorti, A., & Tani, F. (2010). A distant mirror: Memories of parents and friends across childhood and adolescence. British Journal of Psychology (London, England: 1953), 101(4), 601–620. doi:10.1348/000712609X478835.
Pillemer, D. B. (1998). What is remembered about early childhood events? Clinical Psychology Review, 18(8), 895–913.
Rimé, B. (2009). Emotion elicits the social sharing of emotion: Theory and empirical review. Emotion Review, 1, 60–85.
Rubin, D. C., Rahhal, T. A., & Poon, L. W. (1998). Things learned in early adulthood are remembered best. Memory & Cognition, 26(1), 3–19.
Sales, J. M., Fivush, R., & Peterson, C. (2003). Parental reminiscing about positive and negative events. Journal of Cognition and Development, 4(2), 185–209. doi:10.1207/S15327647JCD0402_03.
Shulman, S. (1993). Close relationships and coping behavior in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 16, 267–283.
Singer, J. A. (2004). Narrative identity and meaning making across the adult lifespan: An introduction. Journal of Personality, 72(3), 437–460.
Singer, J. A., & Salovey, P. (1993). The remembered self: Emotion and memory in personality. New York: Free Press.
Skowronski, J. J., & Walker, W. R. (2004). How describing autobiographical events can affect autobiographical memories. Social Cognition, 22(5), 555.
Smorti, A., & Fioretti, C. (2016). Why narrating changes memory: A contribution to an integrative model of memory and narrative processes. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 50, 296–319. doi:10.1007/s12124-015-9330-6.
Smyth, J. M., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2008). Exploring the boundary conditions of expressive writing: In search of the right recipe. British Journal of Health Psychology, 13, 1–7.
Thoman, D. B., Sansone, C., & Pasupathi, M. (2006). Talking about interest: Exploring the role of social interaction for regulating motivation and the interest experience. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8(3), 335–370. doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9016-3.
Tulving, E. (2002). Episodic memory: From mind to brain. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 1–25. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135114.
Tulving, E., & Craik, F. I. (2000). The Oxford handbook of memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tversky, B., & Marsh, E. J. (2000). Biased retellings of events yield biased memories. Cognitive Psychology, 40, 1–38.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1965, En.Ed). Thought and language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Zimmer-Gembeck, M. (2002). The development of romantic relationships and adaptations in the system of peer relationships. Journal of Adolescent Health, 31, 216–225.
Zimmermann, P., & Iwanski, A. (2014). Emotion regulation from early adolescence to emerging adulthood and middle adulthood age differences, gender differences, and emotion-specific developmental variations. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 38(2), 182–194.