The Role of “Problematic” and “Improved” Indicators of Risky Lifestyles in the Self-Control/Lifestyle Framework of Victimization Among Filipino Adolescents
Tóm tắt
Pratt and Turanovic (European Journal of Criminology, 13(1):129–146, 2016) argue that previous studies operationalizing risky lifestyles as mere “going out” (problematic indicators of risky lifestyles) were misspecified and that “improved” indicators of risky lifestyle (risky behaviors) would perform better than “problematic” indicators in models that explain victimization. This study examines these propositions by testing the self-control/lifestyle framework of victimization using the data from a random sample of Filipino high school students at a state university in Dumaguete City, Philippines. Results show strong support to Pratt and Turanovic’s claims. Self-control has stronger effects on improved indicators than on problematic ones. And, improved indicators have stronger effects than problematic indicators on property, violent, peer/sibling and sexual victimization. Moreover, the findings provide partial support for the self-control/lifestyle framework of victimization.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Burt, C. H., Simons, R. L., & Simons, L. G. (2006). A longitudinal test of the effects of parenting and the stability of self-control: Negative evidence for the general theory of crime. Criminology, 44(2), 353–396.
Cho, S. (2017). Self-control and risky lifestyles in context: Cross-level integration between opportunity and collective efficacy in the study of peer victimization among South Korean youth. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(1), 67–79.
Cohen, L., & Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: a routine activity approach. American Sociological Review, 44, 588–608.
Coxe, S., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2009). The analysis of count data: a gentle introduction to Poisson regression and its alternatives. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(2), 121–136.
Engel, C. (2012). Low self-control as a source of crime: a meta-study. Bonn: Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods.
Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics and sex and drugs and rock ‘n’ roll (4th ed.). London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Finkelhor, D., Hamby, S., Turner, H., & Ormrod, R. (2011). The juvenile victimization questionnaire: 2nd revision (JVQ-R2). Durham: Crimes Against Children Research Center.
Forde, D. R., & Kennedy, L. W. (1997). Risky lifestyles, routine activities, and the general theory of crime. Justice Quarterly, 14(2), 265–294.
Franklin, C. A. (2011). An investigation of the relationship between self-control and alcohol-induced sexual assault victimization. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38, 263–285.
Gardner, W., Mulvey, E., & Shaw, E. (1995). Regression analyses of counts and rates: Poisson, overdispersed Poisson, and negative binomial models. Psychological Bulletin, 118(3), 392–404.
Gottfredson, M. R. (1981). On the etiology of criminal victimization. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 72(2), 714–726.
Gottfredson, M., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Grasmick, H., Tittle, C., Bursick, R., & Arneklev, B. (1993). Testing the core empirical implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30(1), 5–29.
Hindelang, M., Gottfredson, M., & Garofalo, J. (1978). Victims of personal crime: an empirical foundation for a theory of personal victimization. Cambridge: Ballinger.
Holtfreter, K., Reisig, M. D., & Pratt, T. C. (2008). Low self-control, routine activities, and fraud victimization. Criminology, 46, 189–220.
Kirby, S., Francis, B., & O’Flaherty, R. (2014). Can the FIFA World Cup football (soccer) tournament be associated with an increase in domestic abuse? Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 51, 259–276.
Kline, P. (1999). The handbook of psychological testing. London: Routledge.
Lance, C. E., Butts, M. M., & Michels, L. C. (2006). The sources of four commonly reported cutoff criteria: what did they really say? Organizational Research Methods, 9(2), 202–220.
Messner, S. F., Lu, Z., Zhang, L., & Liu, J. (2007). Risks of criminal victimization in contemporary urban China: an application of lifestyle/routine activities theory. Justice Quarterly, 24(3), 496–522.
Mustaine, E. E., & Tewksbury, R. (1998). Predicting risks of larceny theft victimization: a routine activity analysis using refined lifestyle measures. Criminology, 36(4), 829–858.
Nisbett, R. E., Peng, K., Choi, I., & Norenzayan, A. (2001). Culture and systems of thought: holistic versus analytic cognition. Psychological Review, 108, 291–310.
Nunnally, J. C. (1967). Psychometric theory (1st ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Pauwels, L. J. R., & Svensson, R. (2011). Exploring the relationship between offending and victimization: what is the role of risky lifestyles and low self-control? A test of two urban samples. Eur J Crim Pol Res, 17, 163–177.
Piquero, A. R., Jennings, W. G., & Farrington, D. P. (2010). On the malleability of self-control: theoretical and policy implications regarding a general theory of crime. Justice Quarterly, 27(6), 803–834.
Pratt, T. C. (2016). A self-control/life-course theory of criminal behavior. European Journal of Criminology, 13(1), 129–146.
Pratt, T. C., & Cullen, F. T. (2000). The empirical status of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime: a meta-analysis. Criminology, 38(3), 931–964.
Pratt, T. C., & Turanovic, J. J. (2016). Lifestyle and routine activity theories revisited: the importance of “risk” to the study of victimization. Vict Offenders, 11(3), 335–354.
Pratt, T. C., Turanovic, J. J., Fox, K. A., & Wright, K. A. (2014). Self-control and victimization: a meta-analysis. Criminology, 52(1), 87–116.
Ren, L., He, N. P., Zhao, R., & Zhang, H. (2017). Self-control, risky lifestyles, and victimization: a study with a sample of Chinese school youth. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 44(5), 695–716.
Reyes, J. (2015). Loób and Kapwa: an introduction to a Filipino virtue ethics. Asian Philos, 25(2), 148–171.
Schreck, C. (1999). Criminal victimization and low self-control: an extension and test of a general theory of crime. Justice Quarterly, 16(3), 633–654.
Schreck, C. J., Wright, R. A., & Miller, J. M. (2002). A study of individual and situational antecedents of violent victimization. Justice Quarterly, 19(1), 159–180.
Schreck, C., Stewart, E., & Fisher, B. (2006). Self-control, vicitmization, and their influence on risky lifestyles: a longitudinal analysis using panel data. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 22, 319–340.
Spano, R., & Freilich, J. D. (2009). An assessment of the empirical validity and conceptualization of individual level multivariate studies of lifestyle/routine activities theory published from 1995 to 2005. Journal of Criminal Justice, 37, 305–314.
Stewart, E. A., Elifson, K. W., & Sterk, C. E. (2004). Integrating the general theory of crime into an explanation of violent victimization among female offenders. Justice Quarterly, 21(1), 159–181.
Tewksbury, R., & Mustaine, E. (2010). Cohen, Lawrence E., and Marcus K. Felson: Routine activity theory. In F. Cullen & P. Wilcox (Eds.), Encyclopedia of criminological theory (Vol. 1). Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
Tiangco, J. A. N. Z. (2005). Understanding the Filipino philosophy of resiliency: katatagang-loob [emotional strength/resiliency] and its phenomenological considerations. In R. M. Gripaldo (Ed.), Filipino cultural traits. Washington, DC: The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy.
Turanovic, J. J., & Pratt, T. C. (2014). “Can’t stop, won’t stop”: self-control, risky lifestyles, and repeat victimization. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 30, 29–56.
Turanovic, J. J., Reisig, M. D., & Pratt, T. C. (2015). Risky lifestyles, low self-control, and violent victimization across gendered pathways to crime. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 31, 183–206.