The Role of Immune Cells in Breast Tissue and Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Breast Cancer

Degnim, 2014, Immune cell quantitation in normal breast tissue lobules with and without lobulitis, Breast Cancer Res Treat, 144, 539, 10.1007/s10549-014-2896-8

Zumwalde, 2016, Analysis of immune cells from human mammary ductal epithelial organoids reveals Vdelta2+ T cells that efficiently target breast carcinoma cells in the presence of bisphosphonate, Cancer Prev Res (Phila), 9, 305, 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-15-0370-T

Azizi, 2018, Single-cell map of diverse immune phenotypes in the breast tumor microenvironment, Cell, 174, 1293, 10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.060

Hussein, 2006, Analysis of the mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrate in the normal breast, benign proliferative breast disease, in situ and infiltrating ductal breast carcinomas: preliminary observations, J Clin Pathol, 59, 972, 10.1136/jcp.2005.031252

Ruffell, 2012, Leukocyte composition of human breast cancer, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 109, 2796, 10.1073/pnas.1104303108

Salgado, 2015, The evaluation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in breast cancer: recommendations by an International TILs Working Group 2014, Ann Oncol, 26, 259, 10.1093/annonc/mdu450

Loi, 2013, Prognostic and predictive value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in a phase III randomized adjuvant breast cancer trial in node-positive breast cancer comparing the addition of docetaxel to doxorubicin with doxorubicin-based chemotherapy: BIG 02-98, J Clin Oncol, 31, 860, 10.1200/JCO.2011.41.0902

Adams, 2014, Prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in triple-negative breast cancers from two phase III randomized adjuvant breast cancer trials: ECOG 2197 and ECOG 1199, J Clin Oncol, 32, 2959, 10.1200/JCO.2013.55.0491

Denkert, 2010, Tumor-associated lymphocytes as an independent predictor of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer, J Clin Oncol, 28, 105, 10.1200/JCO.2009.23.7370

Zacharakis, 2018, Immune recognition of somatic mutations leading to complete durable regression in metastatic breast cancer, Nat Med, 24, 724, 10.1038/s41591-018-0040-8

Yang, 2016, Overexpressed genes associated with hormones in terminal ductal lobular units identified by global transcriptome analysis: an insight into the anatomic origin of breast cancer, Oncol Rep, 35, 1689, 10.3892/or.2015.4523

Ferguson, 1985, Intraepithelial lymphocytes and macrophages in the normal breast, Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol, 407, 369, 10.1007/BF00709984

Giorno, 1983, Mononuclear cells in malignant and benign human breast tissue, Arch Pathol Lab Med, 107, 415

Lwin, 1985, An immunohistological study of leukocyte localization in benign and malignant breast tissue, Int J Cancer, 36, 433, 10.1002/ijc.2910360404

Degnim, 2017, Alterations in the immune cell composition in premalignant breast tissue that precede breast cancer development, Clin Cancer Res, 23, 3945, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-2026

Holtmeier, 2005, gammadelta T cells link innate and adaptive immune responses, Chem Immunol Allergy, 86, 151, 10.1159/000086659

Kabelitz, 2003, Features and functions of gamma delta T lymphocytes: focus on chemokines and their receptors, Crit Rev Immunol, 23, 339, 10.1615/CritRevImmunol.v23.i56.10

Sallusto, 1999, Two subsets of memory T lymphocytes with distinct homing potentials and effector functions, Nature, 401, 708, 10.1038/44385

Roy, 1999, Estrogen, DNA damage and mutations, Mutat Res, 424, 107, 10.1016/S0027-5107(99)00012-3

Danforth, 2016, Genomic changes in normal breast tissue in women at normal risk or at high risk for breast cancer, Breast Cancer (Auckl), 10, 109

2012, Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours, Nature, 490, 61, 10.1038/nature11412

Karin, 2006, Innate immunity gone awry: linking microbial infections to chronic inflammation and cancer, Cell, 124, 823, 10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.016

Grivennikov, 2010, Immunity, inflammation, and cancer, Cell, 140, 883, 10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.025

Chow, 2012, Inflammation and immune surveillance in cancer, Semin Cancer Biol, 22, 23, 10.1016/j.semcancer.2011.12.004

Troester, 2016, DNA defects, epigenetics, and gene expression in cancer-adjacent breast: a study from The Cancer Genome Atlas, NPJ Breast Cancer, 2, 10.1038/npjbcancer.2016.7

Frantz, 2010, The extracellular matrix at a glance, J Cell Sci, 123, 4195, 10.1242/jcs.023820

Ghajar, 2008, Extracellular matrix control of mammary gland morphogenesis and tumorigenesis: insights from imaging, Histochem Cell Biol, 130, 1105, 10.1007/s00418-008-0537-1

Ohlund, 2014, Fibroblast heterogeneity in the cancer wound, J Exp Med, 211, 1503, 10.1084/jem.20140692

Hoy, 2017, Adipocyte–tumor cell metabolic crosstalk in breast cancer, Trends Mol Med, 23, 381, 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.02.009

Delort, 2015, Leptin, adipocytes and breast cancer: focus on inflammation and anti-tumor immunity, Life Sci, 140, 37, 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.04.012

Cabia, 2016, A role for novel adipose tissue–secreted factors in obesity-related carcinogenesis, Obes Rev, 17, 361, 10.1111/obr.12377

Madeddu, 2014, Role of inflammation and oxidative stress in post-menopausal oestrogen-dependent breast cancer, J Cell Mol Med, 18, 2519, 10.1111/jcmm.12413

Segovia-Mendoza, 2019, Immune tumor microenvironment in breast cancer and the participation of estrogen and its receptors in cancer physiopathology, Front Immunol, 10, 348, 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00348

Kovats, 2015, Estrogen receptors regulate innate immune cells and signaling pathways, Cell Immunol, 294, 63, 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.01.018

Faas

Khan, 2015, The immune system is a natural target for estrogen action: opposing effects of estrogen in two prototypical autoimmune diseases, Front Immunol, 6, 635

Bereshchenko, 2018, Glucocorticoids, sex hormones, and immunity, Front Immunol, 9, 1332, 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01332

Bouman, 2005, Sex hormones and the immune response in humans, Hum Reprod Update, 11, 411, 10.1093/humupd/dmi008

Navarro, 2018, Estrogen regulation of T-cell function and its impact on the tumor microenvironment, Gender Genome, 2, 81, 10.1177/2470289718801379

Thompson, 2016, The immune microenvironment of breast ductal carcinoma in situ, Mod Pathol, 29, 249, 10.1038/modpathol.2015.158

Tower, 2019, The immune microenvironment of breast cancer progression, Cancers (Basel), 11, 1375, 10.3390/cancers11091375

Hendry, 2017, Relationship of the breast ductal carcinoma in situ immune microenvironment with clinicopathological and genetic features, Clin Cancer Res, 23, 5210, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-0743

Kim, 2020, Immune microenvironment in ductal carcinoma in situ: a comparison with invasive carcinoma of the breast, Breast Cancer Res, 22, 32, 10.1186/s13058-020-01267-w

Chen, 2019, Prognostic role of immune infiltrates in breast ductal carcinoma in situ, Breast Cancer Res Treat, 177, 17, 10.1007/s10549-019-05272-2

Gil Del Alcazar, 2017, Immune escape in breast cancer during in situ to invasive carcinoma transition, Cancer Discov, 7, 1098, 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-17-0222

Pruneri, 2017, The prevalence and clinical relevance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast, Ann Oncol, 28, 321, 10.1093/annonc/mdw623

Campbell, 2017, Characterizing the immune microenvironment in high-risk ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast, Breast Cancer Res Treat, 161, 17, 10.1007/s10549-016-4036-0

DeNardo, 2007, Inflammation and breast cancer. Balancing immune response: crosstalk between adaptive and innate immune cells during breast cancer progression, Breast Cancer Res, 9, 212, 10.1186/bcr1746

Coronella-Wood, 2003, Naturally occurring B-cell responses to breast cancer, Cancer Immunol Immunother, 52, 715, 10.1007/s00262-003-0409-4

Martin, 2010, Human FOXP3 and cancer, Oncogene, 29, 4121, 10.1038/onc.2010.174

Bates, 2006, Quantification of regulatory T cells enables the identification of high-risk breast cancer patients and those at risk of late relapse, J Clin Oncol, 24, 5373, 10.1200/JCO.2006.05.9584

Miligy, 2017, Prognostic significance of tumour infiltrating B lymphocytes in breast ductal carcinoma in situ, Histopathology, 71, 258, 10.1111/his.13217

Stanton, 2016, Variation in the incidence and magnitude of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer subtypes: a systematic review, JAMA Oncol, 2, 1354, 10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.1061

Ben-Hur, 2002, The role of lymphocytes and macrophages in human breast tumorigenesis: an immunohistochemical and morphometric study, Anticancer Res, 22, 1231

Beausang, 2017, T cell receptor sequencing of early-stage breast cancer tumors identifies altered clonal structure of the T cell repertoire, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 114, E10409, 10.1073/pnas.1713863114

Park, 2016, Clonal expansion of antitumor T cells in breast cancer correlates with response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, Int J Oncol, 49, 471, 10.3892/ijo.2016.3540

Sica, 2008, Cancer related inflammation: the macrophage connection, Cancer Lett, 267, 204, 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.028

Solinas, 2017, Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer according to tumor subtype: current state of the art, Breast, 35, 142, 10.1016/j.breast.2017.07.005

Liu, 2011, CD8+ cytotoxic T cell and FOXP3+ regulatory T cell infiltration in relation to breast cancer survival and molecular subtypes, Breast Cancer Res Treat, 130, 645, 10.1007/s10549-011-1647-3

Denkert, 2018, Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and prognosis in different subtypes of breast cancer: a pooled analysis of 3771 patients treated with neoadjuvant therapy, Lancet Oncol, 19, 40, 10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30904-X

Mohamed, 2016, CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes strongly correlate with molecular subtype and clinico-pathological characteristics in breast cancer patients from Sudan, Transl Med Commun, 1, 4, 10.1186/s41231-016-0005-1

Sautes-Fridman, 2019, Tertiary lymphoid structures in the era of cancer immunotherapy, Nat Rev Cancer, 19, 307, 10.1038/s41568-019-0144-6

Engelhard, 2018, Immune cell infiltration and tertiary lymphoid structures as determinants of antitumor immunity, J Immunol, 200, 432, 10.4049/jimmunol.1701269

Liu, 2017, Distinct tertiary lymphoid structure associations and their prognostic relevance in HER2 positive and negative breast cancers, Oncologist, 22, 1316, 10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0029

Lee, 2016, Tertiary lymphoid structures: prognostic significance and relationship with tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in triple-negative breast cancer, J Clin Pathol, 69, 422, 10.1136/jclinpath-2015-203089

Martinet, 2011, Human solid tumors contain high endothelial venules: association with T- and B-lymphocyte infiltration and favorable prognosis in breast cancer, Cancer Res, 71, 5678, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-0431

Martinet, 2013, High endothelial venule blood vessels for tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are associated with lymphotoxin beta-producing dendritic cells in human breast cancer, J Immunol, 191, 2001, 10.4049/jimmunol.1300872

Sofopoulos, 2019, The prognostic significance of peritumoral tertiary lymphoid structures in breast cancer, Cancer Immunol Immunother, 68, 1733, 10.1007/s00262-019-02407-8

Song, 2017, Predictive value of tertiary lymphoid structures assessed by high endothelial venule counts in the neoadjuvant setting of triple-negative breast cancer, Cancer Res Treat, 49, 399, 10.4143/crt.2016.215

Lin, 2019, Tertiary lymphoid organs in cancer immunology: mechanisms and the new strategy for immunotherapy, Front Immunol, 10, 1398, 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01398

Girard, 1995, High endothelial venules (HEVs): specialized endothelium for lymphocyte migration, Immunol Today, 16, 449, 10.1016/0167-5699(95)80023-9

Egelston, 2019, Resident memory CD8+ T cells within cancer islands mediate survival in breast cancer patients, JCI Insight, 4, 10.1172/jci.insight.130000

Malik, 2017, Resident memory T cells in the skin mediate durable immunity to melanoma, Sci Immunol, 2, 10.1126/sciimmunol.aam6346

Ganesan, 2017, Tissue-resident memory features are linked to the magnitude of cytotoxic T cell responses in human lung cancer, Nat Immunol, 18, 940, 10.1038/ni.3775

Savas, 2018, Single-cell profiling of breast cancer T cells reveals a tissue-resident memory subset associated with improved prognosis, Nat Med, 24, 986, 10.1038/s41591-018-0078-7

García-Martínez, 2014, Tumor-infiltrating immune cell profiles and their change after neoadjuvant chemotherapy predict response and prognosis of breast cancer, Breast Cancer Res, 16, 488, 10.1186/s13058-014-0488-5

Schmidt, 2018, Prognostic impact of CD4-positive T cell subsets in early breast cancer: a study based on the FinHer trial patient population, Breast Cancer Res, 20, 15, 10.1186/s13058-018-0942-x

Park, 2017, Expression of the MHC class II in triple-negative breast cancer is associated with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and interferon signaling, PLoS One, 12

Pelekanou, 2018, Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and PD-L1 expression in pre- and posttreatment breast cancers in the SWOG S0800 phase II neoadjuvant chemotherapy trial, Mol Cancer Ther, 17, 1324, 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-17-1005

Zerdes, 2020, Programmed death-ligand 1 gene expression is a prognostic marker in early breast cancer and provides additional prognostic value to 21-gene and 70-gene signatures in estrogen receptor–positive disease, Mol Oncol, 14, 951, 10.1002/1878-0261.12654

Nanda, 2016, Pembrolizumab in patients with advanced triple-negative breast cancer: phase Ib KEYNOTE-012 study, J Clin Oncol, 34, 2460, 10.1200/JCO.2015.64.8931

Rugo, 2018, Safety and antitumor activity of pembrolizumab in patients with estrogen receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative advanced breast cancer, Clin Cancer Res, 24, 2804, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-3452

Schmid, 2018, Atezolizumab and nab-paclitaxel in advanced triple-negative breast cancer, N Engl J Med, 379, 2108, 10.1056/NEJMoa1809615

Schmid, 2020, Pembrolizumab for early triple-negative breast cancer, N Engl J Med, 382, 810, 10.1056/NEJMoa1910549

Adams, 2019, Current landscape of immunotherapy in breast cancer: a review, JAMA Oncol, 10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.7147

Benedetti, 2017, Breast cancer vaccines: new insights, Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 8, 270, 10.3389/fendo.2017.00270

Hickey, 2017, Immuno-oncology and its opportunities for interventional radiologists: immune checkpoint inhibition and potential synergies with interventional oncology procedures, J Vasc Interv Radiol, 28, 1487, 10.1016/j.jvir.2017.07.018

Hwang, 2018, Safety of combining radiotherapy with immune-checkpoint inhibition, Nat Rev Clin Oncol, 15, 477, 10.1038/s41571-018-0046-7

Gatti-Mays, 2019, If we build it they will come: targeting the immune response to breast cancer, NPJ Breast Cancer, 5, 37, 10.1038/s41523-019-0133-7

Goff, 2017, Recognition of autologous neoantigens by tumor infiltrating lymphocytes derived from breast cancer metastases

Goff, 2016, Randomized, prospective evaluation comparing intensity of lymphodepletion before adoptive transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes for patients with metastatic melanoma, J Clin Oncol, 34, 2389, 10.1200/JCO.2016.66.7220

Assadipour, 2017, Characterization of an immunogenic mutation in a patient with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer, Clin Cancer Res, 23, 4347, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-1423

Harao, 2017, 4-1BB–enhanced expansion of CD8+ TIL from triple-negative breast cancer unveils mutation-specific CD8+ T cells, Cancer Immunol Res, 5, 439, 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-16-0364