The Prevalence of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Student-Athletes and the Relationship With Resilience and Help-Seeking Behavior
Tóm tắt
The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms within student-athletes and to examine protective factors which may act as a buffer against mental ill-health. A cross-sectional design was employed. A sample of 185 student-athletes (M = 20.77; SD = .50; 35% female) agreed to take part. Participants completed measures of depression, anxiety, psychological resilience and formal and informal help-seeking behavior. Thirty one percent of student-athletes reported moderate to severe symptoms of depression and/or anxiety. Student-athletes who reported requiring professional help for problems were more likely to record moderate to severe symptoms of depression and anxiety. Student-athletes who did not seek informal support were more likely to report symptom levels for depression outside the normal range. Higher resilience scores were associated with lower symptom reporting for both depression and anxiety. Practical implications for supporting student-athletes’ mental health across institutional, interpersonal and intrapersonal levels are discussed.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
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Saunders, 1994, Formal help-seeking behavior of adolescents identifying themselves as having mental health problems, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,, 33, 718, 10.1097/00004583-199406000-00013
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Sudano, 2017, Reducing barriers to mental health care for student-athletes: An integrated care model, Families, Systems, & Health,, 35, 77, 10.1037/fsh0000242
Gulliver, 2015, The mental health of Australian elite athletes, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,, 18, 255, 10.1016/j.jsams.2014.04.006
Sallis, 2008, Health behavior and health education theory, research, and practice
Salzer, 2008, Familiarity with and use of accommodations and supports among postsecondary students with mental illnesses, Psychiatric Services,, 59, 370, 10.1176/ps.2008.59.4.370
Henry, 2005, The short-form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample, British Journal of Clinical Psychology,, 44, 227, 10.1348/014466505X29657
Lovibond, 1995, Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales
Osman, 2012, The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales – 21 (DASS-21): Further examination of dimensions, scale reliability, and correlates, Journal of Clinical Psychology,, 68, 1322, 10.1002/jclp.21908
Fletcher, 2016, Mental fortitude training: An evidence-based approach to developing psychological resilience for sustained success, Journal of Sport Psychology in Action,, 7, 135, 10.1080/21520704.2016.1255496
Sebbens, 2016, Mental Health in Sport (MHS): Improving the early intervention knowledge and confidence of elite sport staff, Frontiers in Psychology,, 7, 911, 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00911
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Armstrong, 2009, Social connectedness, self-esteem, and depression symptomatology among collegiate athletes versus non-athletes, Journal of American College Health,, 57, 521, 10.3200/JACH.57.5.521-526
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Patel, 2007, Mental health of young people: A global public-health challenge, The Lancet,, 369, 1302, 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60368-7
Hartley, 2011, Examining the relationships between resilience, mental health, and academic persistence in undergraduate college students, Journal of American College Health,, 59, 596, 10.1080/07448481.2010.515632
Notario-Pacheco, 2011, Reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (10-item CD-RISC) in young adults, Health Quality & Life Outcomes,, 9, 63, 10.1186/1477-7525-9-63
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Fletcher, 2003, Sources of organizational stress in elite sports performers, The Sport Psychologist,, 17, 175, 10.1123/tsp.17.2.175
Putukian, 2016, The psychological response to injury in student-athletes: A narrative review with a focus on mental health, British Journal of Sports Medicine,, 50, 145, 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095586
Boniwell, 2012, Personal well-being lessons for secondary schools: Positive psychology in action for 11 to 14 year-olds
Galli, 2015, Psychological resilience in sport: A review of the literature and implications for research and practice, International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,, 13, 243, 10.1080/1612197X.2014.946947
Jorm, 2012, Mental health literacy: Empowering the community to take action for better mental health, American Psychologist,, 67, 231, 10.1037/a0025957
Proctor, 2010, Prevalence of depressive symptoms in male intercollegiate student-athletes and nonathletes, Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology,, 4, 204, 10.1123/jcsp.4.3.204
Storch, 2005, Self-reported psychopathology in athletes: A comparison of intercollegiate student-athletes and non-athletes, Journal of Sport Behavior,, 28, 86
Steinfeldt, 2012, Profile of masculine norms and help-seeking stigma in college football, Sport, Exercise & Performance Psychology,, 1, 58, 10.1037/a0024919
Gucciardi, 2011, The Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC): Dimensionality and age-related measurement invariance with Australian cricketers, Psychology of Sport and Exercise,, 12, 423, 10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.02.005
Gross, 2017, Socially desirable responding by student-athletes in the context of depressive symptom evaluation, Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology,, 11, 148, 10.1123/jcsp.2017-0020
Gorczynski, 2017, Depressive symptoms in high-performance athletes and non-athletes: A comparative meta-analysis, British Journal of Sports Medicine,, 51, 1348, 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096455
Rao, 2016, Understanding depression and suicide in college athletes: Emerging concepts and future directions, British Journal of Sports Medicine,, 50, 136, 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095658
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Steinfeldt, 2012, Profile of masculine norms and help-seeking stigma in college football, Sport, Exercise & Performance Psychology,, 1, 58, 10.1037/a0024919
Cannon, 2013, The mental health of young people in Ireland: A report of the Psychiatric Epidemiology Research across the Lifespan (PERL) group Dublin
Purvis, 2010, Physiological and psychological fatigue in extreme conditions: Overtraining and elite athletes, Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation,, 2, 442
Rice, 2016, The mental health of elite athletes: A narrative systematic review, Sports Medicine,, 46, 1333, 10.1007/s40279-016-0492-2
Matta Mello Portugal, 2013, Neuroscience of exercise: From neurobiology mechanisms to mental health, Neuropsychobiology,, 68, 1, 10.1159/000350946
Hosseini, 2010, Relation of resilience whit sport achievement and mental health in a sample of athletes, Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences,, 5, 633, 10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.156
Wong, 2006, Web-based survey of depression, anxiety and stress in first-year tertiary education students in Hong Kong, The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,, 40, 777, 10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01883.x
Reivich, 2011, Master resilience training in the US Army, American Psychologist,, 66, 25, 10.1037/a0021897
Fletcher, 2013, Psychological resilience: A review and critique of definitions, concepts and theory, European Psychologist,, 18, 12, 10.1027/1016-9040/a000124
Wolanin, 2016, Prevalence of clinically elevated depressive symptoms in college athletes and differences by gender and sport, British Journal of Sports Medicine,, 50, 167, 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095756
Larcombe, 2016, Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of psychological distress among students at an Australian university, Studies in Higher Education,, 41, 1074, 10.1080/03075079.2014.966072
Sebbens, 2016, Mental Health in Sport (MHS): Improving the early intervention knowledge and confidence of elite sport staff, Frontiers in Psychology,, 7, 911, 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00911
Li, 2017, Preseason anxiety and depressive symptoms and prospective injury risk in collegiate athletes, The American Journal of Sports Medicine,, 45, 2148, 10.1177/0363546517702847
Watson, 2005, College student-athletes’ attitudes toward help-seeking behavior and expectations of counseling services, Journal of College Student Development,, 46, 442, 10.1353/csd.2005.0044
Patel, 2011, A renewed agenda for global mental health, The Lancet,, 378, 1441, 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61385-8
Fletcher, 2003, Sources of organizational stress in elite sports performers, The Sport Psychologist,, 17, 175, 10.1123/tsp.17.2.175
Goodman, 2014, A brief mindfulness and yoga intervention with an entire NCAA division I athletic team: An initial investigation, Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice,, 1, 339
Hjemdal, 2011, The relationship between resilience and levels of anxiety, depression, and obsessive compulsive symptoms in adolescents, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy,, 18, 314, 10.1002/cpp.719
Yang, 2007, Prevalence of and risk factors associated with symptoms of depression in competitive collegiate student-athletess, Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine,, 17, 481, 10.1097/JSM.0b013e31815aed6b
Gulliver, 2012, Internet-based interventions to promote mental health help-seeking in elite athletes: An exploratory randomized controlled trial, Journal of Medical Internet Research,, 14, e69, 10.2196/jmir.1864
Campbell-Sills, 2007, Psychometric analysis and refinement of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC): Validation of a 10-item measure of resilience, Journal of Traumatic Stress,, 20, 1019, 10.1002/jts.20271