The Placenta in Toxicology. Part II

Toxicologic Pathology - Tập 42 Số 2 - Trang 327-338 - 2014
Judit Svensson‐Arvelund1, Jan Ernerudh1, Eberhard Buse2, J. Mark Cline3, Jan-Dirk Häeger4, Darlene Dixon5, Udo R. Markert6, Christiane Pfarrer4, Paul De Vos7,8, Marijke M. Faas7,9
1Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden
22Covance Laboratories, Muenster, Germany
33Department of Pathology/Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
4#N# 4Department of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
5#N# 5National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Toxicology Program (NTP), Molecular Pathogenesis, NTP Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
6#N# 6Placenta-Labor, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
7Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
8Man, Biomaterials and Microbes (MBM)
9Reproductive Origins of Adult Health and Disease (ROAHD)

Tóm tắt

During pregnancy, the maternal immune system is challenged by the semiallogeneic fetus, which must be tolerated without compromising fetal or maternal health. This review updates the systemic and local immune changes taking place during human pregnancy, including some examples in rodents. Systemic changes are induced by contact of maternal blood with placental factors and include enhanced innate immunity with increased activation of granulocytes and nonclassical monocytes. Although a bias toward T helper (Th2) and regulatory T cell (Treg) immunity has been associated with healthy pregnancy, the relationship between different circulating Th cell subsets is not straightforward. Instead, these adaptations appear most evidently at the fetal–maternal interface, where for instance Tregs are enriched and promote fetal tolerance. Also innate immune cells, that is, natural killer cells and macrophages, are enriched, constituting the majority of decidual leukocytes. These cells not only contribute to immune regulation but also aid in establishing the placenta by promoting trophoblast recruitment and angiogenesis. Thus, proper interaction between leukocytes and placental trophoblasts is necessary for normal placentation and immune adaptation. Consequently, spontaneous maladaptation or interference of the immune system with toxic substances may be important contributing factors for the development of pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia, preterm labor, and recurrent miscarriages.

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Toxicologic Pathology

Tập 42 Số 2

327-338

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