The Pathways Model as Harm Minimization for Youth Gamblers in Educational Settings
Tóm tắt
Prevalence studies have indicated that a significant percentage of school-age youth exhibit problem or pathological gambling behaviors. However, to date there are few guidelines to assist educators in identifying those at risk and incorporating harm-reduction strategies into school curricula. This paper proposes using the Pathways Model of pathological gambling (Blaszczynski, 1998; Blaszczynski & Nower, 2002) as a harm-minimization strategy to guide social workers and other educators in effectively assessing, discriminating, and managing discrete subgroups of youth problem gamblers in educational settings and referring them to appropriate services. The Pathways Model asserts that a multiple range of specific psychological, biological, and socio-ecological variables interact at differential levels to form three distinct routes leading to the manifestation of superficially similar phenomenological characteristics and symptoms. It is argued that an understanding of the relevance and psychological implications of each separate pathway will greatly assist in the application of early intervention and prevention strategies, designed to effectively minimize the potential harm associated with youth problem gambling behaviors.
Tài liệu tham khảo
citation_journal_title=Journal of Gambling Studies; citation_title=The New Zealand national survey of problem and pathological gambling; citation_author=M. W. Abbott, R. Volberg; citation_volume=12; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=43-160; citation_id=CR1
citation_title=Playing for keeps: Adolescent gambling high school presentation kit; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_id=CR2; citation_publisher=Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission
citation_title=Your best bet—when young people gamble; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_id=CR3; citation_publisher=Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission
citation_title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_id=CR4; citation_publisher=American Psychiatric Association
citation_title=Overcoming compulsive gambling; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_id=CR5; citation_author=A. Blaszczynski; citation_publisher=Robinson Publishing
citation_journal_title=Addiction; citation_title=A pathways model of pathological gambling; citation_author=A. Blaszczynski, L. Nower; citation_volume=97; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=487-500; citation_id=CR6
citation_title=The assessment of the impact of the reconfiguration on electronic gaming machines as harm minimisation strategies for problem gambling (Gaming Industry Operators Group report); citation_publication_date=2001; citation_id=CR7; citation_author=A. Blaszczynski; citation_author=L. Sharpe; citation_author=M. Walker; citation_publisher=University of Sydney
citation_journal_title=Addiction; citation_title=Impulsivity in pathological gambling: the antisocial impulsivist; citation_author=A. Blaszczynski, Z. Steel, N. McConaghy; citation_volume=92; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=75-87; citation_id=CR8
citation_journal_title=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs; citation_title=Reward deficiency syndrome: a biogenetic model for the diagnosis and treatment of impulsive, addictive, and compulsive behaviors; citation_author=K. Blum, E. R. Braverman, J. M. Holder, J. F. Lubar, V. J. Monastra, D. Miller, J. O. Lubar; citation_volume=32; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=1-112; citation_id=CR9
citation_title=Promoting Community Awareness of Problem Gambling, Resource Package; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_id=CR10; citation_publisher=Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
citation_journal_title=Canadian Medical Association Journal; citation_title=Substance abuse and developments in harm reduction; citation_author=Y. W. Cheung; citation_volume=162; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=1697-1700; citation_id=CR11
citation_journal_title=Pharmacogenetics; citation_title=A study of the dopamine D2 receptor gene in pathological gambling; citation_author=D. E. Comings, R. J. Rosenthal, H. R. Lesieur, L. Rugle; citation_volume=6; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=223-234; citation_id=CR12
citation_journal_title=Journal of Gambling Studies; citation_title=The experience of pervasive loss: Children and young people living in a family where parental gambling is a problem; citation_author=P. Darbyshire, C. Oster, H. Carrig; citation_volume=17; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=23-45; citation_id=CR13
citation_journal_title=International Journal of Addiction; citation_title=Personality and other factors associated with gambling addiction; citation_author=L. J. Dell, M. E. Ruzicka, A. T. Palisi; citation_volume=16; citation_publication_date=1981; citation_pages=149-156; citation_id=CR14
citation_journal_title=Journal of Gambling Studies; citation_title=A developmental perspective of gambling behaviors in children and adolescents; citation_author=J. L. Derevensky, R. Gupta, G. Della Cioppa; citation_volume=12; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=49-66; citation_id=CR15
citation_title=Prevention efforts toward minimizing gambling problems (National Council on Problem Gambling report); citation_publication_date=2001; citation_id=CR16; citation_author=J. L. Derevensky; citation_author=R. Gupta; citation_author=L. Dickson; citation_author=A.-E. Deguire; citation_publisher=McGill University
citation_journal_title=Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry; citation_title=The genetics of pathological gambling; citation_author=S. A. Eisen, W. S. Slutske, M. J. Lyons, J. Lassman, H. Xian, R. Toomey, S. Chantarujikapong, M. T. Tsuang; citation_volume=6; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=195-204; citation_id=CR17
citation_journal_title=Journal of Gambling Studies; citation_title=Measuring pathological gambling in children: The case of fruit machines in the U. K.; citation_author=S. Fisher; citation_volume=8; citation_publication_date=1992; citation_pages=263-285; citation_id=CR18
citation_journal_title=Journal of Gambling Studies; citation_title=Developing the DSM-IV-MR-J criteria to identify adolescent problem gambling in non-clinical populations; citation_author=S. Fisher; citation_volume=16; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=253-273; citation_id=CR19
citation_journal_title=Journal of Gambling Studies; citation_title=The cognitive psychology of gambling; citation_author=M. Griffiths; citation_volume=6; citation_publication_date=1990; citation_pages=31-42; citation_id=CR20
citation_title=Adolescent gambling; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_id=CR21; citation_author=M. Griffiths; citation_publisher=Routledge
citation_journal_title=Addiction; citation_title=Prevalence of excessive gambling before and after introduction of a national lottery in the United Kingdom: Another example of the single distribution theory; citation_author=L. Grun, P. McKeigue; citation_volume=95; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=959-966; citation_id=CR22
citation_journal_title=Journal of Gambling Studies; citation_title=The relationship between gambling and video game playing behavior in children and adolescents; citation_author=R. Gupta, J. L. Derevensky; citation_volume=12; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=375-394; citation_id=CR23
citation_journal_title=Journal of Gambling Studies; citation_title=Familial and social influences in juvenile gambling; citation_author=R. Gupta, J. L. Derevensky; citation_volume=13; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=179-192; citation_id=CR24
citation_journal_title=Journal of Gambling Studies; citation_title=An empirical examination of Jacob's General Theory of Addictions: Do adolescent gamblers fit the theory?; citation_author=R. Gupta, J. L. Derevensky; citation_volume=14; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=17-49; citation_id=CR25
citation_journal_title=Journal of Gambling Studies; citation_title=Adolescent gambling behavior: a prevalence study and examination of the correlates associated with problem gambling; citation_author=R. Gupta, J. L. Derevensky; citation_volume=14; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=319-345; citation_id=CR26
citation_journal_title=Journal of Gambling Studies; citation_title=Adolescents with gambling problems: From research to treatment; citation_author=R. Gupta, J. L. Derevensky; citation_volume=16; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=315-342; citation_id=CR27
citation_journal_title=Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry; citation_title=Child and adolescent gambling behavior: current knowledge; citation_author=K. K. Hardoon, J. L. Derevensky; citation_volume=7; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=263-281; citation_id=CR28
citation_title=Facing the odds: The mathematics of gambling and other risks; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_id=CR29; citation_publisher=Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts Council on Compulsive Gambling
citation_journal_title=Journal of Gambling Behavior; citation_title=A general theory of addictions: A new theoretical model; citation_author=D. F. Jacobs; citation_volume=2; citation_publication_date=1986; citation_pages=15-31; citation_id=CR30
citation_journal_title=Journal of Gambling Behavior; citation_title=Evidence for a common dissociative like reaction among addicts; citation_author=D. F. Jacobs; citation_volume=4; citation_publication_date=1988; citation_pages=27-37; citation_id=CR31
citation_journal_title=Journal of Gambling Studies; citation_title=Juvenile gambling in North America: An analysis of long-term trends and future prospects; citation_author=D. F. Jacobs; citation_volume=16; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=119-152; citation_id=CR32
citation_journal_title=Canadian Medical Association Journal; citation_title=Expansion of gambling in Canada: Implications for health and social policy; citation_author=D. A. Korn; citation_volume=163; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=61-64; citation_id=CR33
citation_journal_title=Journal of Gambling Studies; citation_title=Gambling and the health of the public: Adopting a public health perspective; citation_author=D. A. Korn, H. J. Shaffer; citation_volume=15; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=289-365; citation_id=CR34
citation_title=Gambling expansion in Canada: An emerging public health issue; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_id=CR35; citation_author=D. A. Korn; citation_author=H. Skinner; citation_publisher=Canadian Public Health Association
citation_journal_title=Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse; citation_title=Pathological gambling and related problems among adolescents; citation_author=R. Ladouceur, N. Boudreault, C. Jacques, F. Vitaro; citation_volume=8; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=55-68; citation_id=CR36
citation_journal_title=Journal of Gambling Studies; citation_title=Gambling among primary school students; citation_author=R. Ladouceur, D. Dube, A. Bujold; citation_volume=10; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=363-370; citation_id=CR37
citation_journal_title=Journal of Gambling Studies; citation_title=Parents' attitudes, knowledge, and behavior toward youth gambling: A five-year follow-up; citation_author=R. Ladouceur, F. Vitaro, M-A Cote; citation_volume=17; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=101-116; citation_id=CR38
citation_title=A cognitive perspective on gambling; citation_inbook_title=Trends in Cognitive and Behavioural Therapies; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=89-120; citation_id=CR39; citation_author=R. Ladouceur; citation_author=M. Walker; citation_publisher=John Wiley and Sons
citation_title=Count me out: Awareness program for the prevention of gambling dependency; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_id=CR40; citation_publisher=Le Groupe Jeunesse
citation_journal_title=Drug and Alcohol Review; citation_title=The definition of harm reduction; citation_author=S. Lenton, E. Single; citation_volume=17; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=213-220; citation_id=CR41
citation_journal_title=Canadian Medical Association Journal; citation_title=Harm reduction or reducing harm?; citation_author=C. Mangham; citation_volume=164; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=173; citation_id=CR42
citation_title=Improving your odds: A curriculum about winning, losing, and staying out of trouble with gambling; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_id=CR43; citation_publisher=Minnesota Institute of Public Health
citation_title=Table talk: A program for families about winning, losing, and staying out of trouble with gambling; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_id=CR44; citation_publisher=Minnesota Institute of Public Health
citation_title=Pathological gambling: A critical review; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_id=CR45; citation_publisher=National Academy Press
citation_title=Drawing the line: A resource for the prevention of problem gambling; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_id=CR46; citation_publisher=Province of Nova Scotia
citation_journal_title=Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry; citation_title=The neurobiology of pathological gambling; citation_author=M. N. Potenza; citation_volume=6; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=217-226; citation_id=CR47
citation_journal_title=Substance Use and Misuse; citation_title=Gambling and risk-taking behavior among university students; citation_author=J. Powell, K. Hardoon, J. L. Derevensky, R. Gupta; citation_volume=34; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=1167-1184; citation_id=CR48
citation_title=Gambling and health: Communication skills; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_id=CR49; citation_publisher=State of Queensland
citation_title=Gambling: Minimising health risks; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_id=CR50; citation_publisher=State of Queensland
citation_journal_title=Substance Use and Misuse; citation_title=Harm reduction: Conceptions and practice. A policy discussion paper; citation_author=D. Riley, E. Sawka, P. Conley, D. Hewitt, W. Mitic, C. Poulin; citation_volume=34; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=9-24; citation_id=CR51
citation_journal_title=Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease; citation_title=Neuropsychological assessment of attention problems in pathological gamblers; citation_author=L. Rugle, L. Melamed; citation_volume=181; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=107-112; citation_id=CR52
citation_title=Gambling: Reducing the risks; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_id=CR53; citation_publisher=Saskatchewan Health
citation_journal_title=Journal of Gambling Studies; citation_title=Awareness of gambling-related problems, policies and educational programs among high school and college administrators; citation_author=H. J. Shaffer, D. P. Forman, K. M. Scanlan, F. Smith; citation_volume=16; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=93-101; citation_id=CR54
citation_journal_title=Journal of Gambling Studies; citation_title=Estimating prevalence of adolescent gambling disorders: A quantitative synthesis and guide toward standard gambling nomenclature; citation_author=H. J. Shaffer, M. N. Hall; citation_volume=12; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=193-214; citation_id=CR55
Single, E. (2000, May). Harm reduction as the basis for drug policy: What does it matter and how does it matter? Paper presented at Addictions Millenium 2000 Conference, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
citation_journal_title=Journal of Gambling Studies; citation_title=Prevalence of gambling among Minnesota public school students in 1992 and 1995; citation_author=R. Stinchfield, N. Cassuto, K. Winters, W. Latimer; citation_volume=13; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=25-48; citation_id=CR57
citation_journal_title=Journal of Offender Rehabilitation; citation_title=Harm induction vs harm reduction: Comparing American and British approaches to drug use; citation_author=K. Van Wormer; citation_volume=29; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=35-48; citation_id=CR58
citation_journal_title=American Journal of Psychiatry; citation_title=Dispositional predictors of problem gambling in male adolescents; citation_author=F. Vitaro, L. Arseneault, R. E. Tremblay; citation_volume=154; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=1769-1770; citation_id=CR59
citation_journal_title=Addiction; citation_title=Impulsivity predicts problem gambling in low SES adolescent males; citation_author=F. Vitaro, L. Arseneault, R. E. Tremblay; citation_volume=94; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=565-575; citation_id=CR60
citation_journal_title=Journal of Gambling Studies; citation_title=Gambling, delinquency, and drug use during adolescence: Mutual influences and common risk factors; citation_author=F. Vitaro, M. Brendgen, R. Ladouceur, R. E. Tremblay; citation_volume=17; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=171-190; citation_id=CR61
citation_journal_title=Psychology of Addictive Behaviors; citation_title=Gambling, substance use, and impulsivity during adolescence; citation_author=F. Vitaro, F. Ferland, C. Jacques, R. Ladouceur; citation_volume=12; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=185-194; citation_id=CR62
citation_journal_title=Journal of Early Adolescence; citation_title=Predictive and concurrent correlates of gambling in early adolescent boys; citation_author=F. Vitaro, R. Ladouceur, A. Bujold; citation_volume=16; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=211-228; citation_id=CR63
citation_title=Gambling and problem gambling among adolescents in Washington State: Report to the Washington State Lottery; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_id=CR64; citation_author=R. Volberg; citation_publisher=Gemini Research
citation_title=Gambling and problem gambling in New York: A ten year replication survey, 1986–1996: Report to the New York Council on Problem Gambling; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_id=CR65; citation_author=R. Volberg; citation_publisher=Gemini Research
citation_journal_title=Journal of Gambling Studies; citation_title=Toward a development of an adolescent gambling problem severity scale; citation_author=K. C. Winters, R. D. Stinchfield, J. Fulkerson; citation_volume=9; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=63-84; citation_id=CR66
citation_journal_title=Journal of Gambling Studies; citation_title=Monitoring adolescent gambling in Minnesota; citation_author=K. C. Winters, R. D. Stinchfield, L. G. Kim; citation_volume=11; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=165-183; citation_id=CR67
citation_journal_title=Journal of Adolescence; citation_title=The acquisition, development and maintenance of lottery and scratchcard gambling in adolescence; citation_author=R. T. Wood, M. D. Griffiths; citation_volume=21; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=265-273; citation_id=CR68
citation_title=Adolescent gambling and problem gambling in Alberta; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_id=CR69; citation_author=H. Wynne; citation_author=G. Smith; citation_author=D. F. Jacobs; citation_publisher=Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission