The “Particle Proximity Effect” in Three Dimensions: a Case Study on Vulcan XC 72R
Tóm tắt
The “particle proximity effect” is a hypothesis claiming that Pt nanoparticles have higher ORR activity when they get closer to one another. In order to put this hypothesis under scrutiny, the “tool-box” approach was investigated in each process step by electron microscopy, ICP, and surface science methods. It is shown that particle size stability is brought about by a NaCl shell which can effectively be removed by washing with water. I.e., the “tool-box” synthesis with an additional washing step produces clean, closely spaced, and well-separated particles with interparticle distances necessary for the effect to occur. Despite this powerful synthesis route, a conclusive proof of the “proximity effect” could not be obtained. This is due to difficulties with catalyst film formation at higher platinum loadings on Vulcan XC 72R, suggesting that film deposition and drying methods have to be optimized for each catalyst loading separately and that a holistic approach is not very realistic.
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