The Mechanism of Glucocorticoid Effects in Fibroblasts

Munck, 1977, 311 Castor, 1964, Collagen formation in monolayer cultures of human fibroblasts: The effects of hydrocortisone, Lab Invest, 13, 560 Castor, 1962, Adrenocorticoid suppression of mucopolysaccharide formation in human connective tissue cell cultures, J Lab Clin Med, 60, 788 Baker, 1955, The physiology of connective tissue, Annu Rev Physiol, 17, 61, 10.1146/annurev.ph.17.030155.000425 Asboe-Hansen, 1958, Hormonal effects on connective tissue, Physiol Rev, 38, 446, 10.1152/physrev.1958.38.3.446 Whitaker, 1948, Inhibition of hair growth by the percutaneous application of certain adrenal cortical preparations, Science, 108, 207, 10.1126/science.108.2800.207-a Baker, 1948, Growth inhibition in the skin following direct application of adrenal cortical preparations, Anat Rec, 102, 333, 10.1002/ar.1091020307 Castor, 1950, The local action of adrenocortical steroids on epidermis and connective tissue of the skin, Endocrinology, 47, 234, 10.1210/endo-47-4-234 Cox, 1962, Alkaline phosphatase content and the effects of prednisolone on mammalian cells in culture, J Gen Physiol, 45, 439, 10.1085/jgp.45.3.439 Grossfeld, 1954, Action of hydrocortisone on cells in tissue culture, Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 86, 63, 10.3181/00379727-86-21011 Holden, 1957, Inhibitory effects of cortisone acetate and hydrocortisone on growth of fibroblasts, Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 91, 364, 10.3181/00379727-95-23223 Wellings, 1961, Morphologic and functional effects of hydrocortisone in tissue culture, Lab Invest, 10, 539 Ruhmann, 1965, Effect of steroids on growth of mouse fibroblasts in vitro, Endocrinology, 76, 916, 10.1210/endo-76-5-916 Berliner, 1966, Comparison of growth of fibroblasts under the influence of 11β-hydroxy and 11-keto corticostcroids, Endocrinology, 78, 373, 10.1210/endo-78-2-373 Pratt, 1966, The effect of glucocorticoids on protein and nucleic acid synthesis in mouse fibroblasts growing in vitro, J Biol Chem, 241, 5244, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)96424-0 Scifert, 1966, Selective and reversible inhibition of proliferation and influence on metabolic functions in L cells by low cortisol concentrations, Acta Endocrinol (Kbh), 53, 189, 10.1530/acta.0.0530189 Leung, 1975, Long-term incubation of rat thymus cells: Cytolytic actions of glucocorticoids in vitro, Endocrinology, 97, 744, 10.1210/endo-97-3-744 El Masry, 1977, Synthesis and biological action of two glucocorticoid alkylating agents, J Med Chem, 20, 1134, 10.1021/jm00219a005 Rasche, 1968, Glucocorticoidwirkung auf Wachstum und Stoffwechsel permanenter Fibroblastenkulturen in Abhängigkeit von Konzentration und Expositionsdauer, Z Zellforsch, 84, 506, 10.1007/BF00320866 Wigler, 1975, 2, 849 Fodge, 1975, Differential effects of glucocorticoids on DNA synthesis in normal and virus-transformed chick embryo cells, Nature, 257, 804, 10.1038/257804a0 Murota, 1976, Effects of cortisol and tetrahydrocortisol in the cloned fibroblast derived from rat carrageenin granuloma, Biochem Pharmacol, 25, 1107, 10.1016/0006-2952(76)90505-0 Castor, 1964, Modulation of the intrinsic viscosity of hyaluronic acid formed by human “fibroblasts” in vitro: The effects of hydrocortisone and colchicine, Biochim Biophys Acta, 83, 165 Castor, 1965, The effects of chronic glucocorticoid excess on human connective tissue cells in vitro, J Lab Clin Med, 65, 490 Thrash, 1973, Stimulation of division of density inhibited fibroblaste by glucocorticoids, Nature, 242, 399, 10.1038/242399a0 Cunningham, 1974, 1, 105 Armelin, 1973, Pituitary extracts and steroid hormones in the control of 3T3 cell growth, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 70, 2702, 10.1073/pnas.70.9.2702 Gospodarowicz, 1974, Localization of a fibroblast growth factor and its effect alone and with hydrocortisone on 3T3 cell growth, Nature, 249, 123, 10.1038/249123a0 Gospodarowicz, 1974, Stimulation of division of sparse and confluent 3T3 cell populations by a fibroblast growth factor, dexamethasone, and insulin, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 71, 4584, 10.1073/pnas.71.11.4584 Holley, 1974, Control of the initiation of DNA synthesis in 3T3 cells: serum factors, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 71, 2908, 10.1073/pnas.71.7.2908 Gospodarowicz, 1975, Purification of a fibroblast growth factor from bovine pituitary, J Biol Chem, 250, 2515, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)41631-1 Gospodarowicz, 1974, Effect of fibroblast growth factor, insulin, dexamethasone and serum on the morphology of BALB/c 3T3 cells, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 71, 4648, 10.1073/pnas.71.12.4648 Jimenez de Asua, 1975, Initiation of cell proliferation in cultured mouse fibroblasts by prostaglandin F2n, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 72, 2724, 10.1073/pnas.72.7.2724 Jimez de Asua, 1977, Specific glucocorticoid inhibition of growth promoting effects of prostaglandin F2α, on 3T3 cells, Nature, 265, 450, 10.1038/265450a0 Gospodarowicz, 1975, Mitogenic effect of fibroblast growth factor on early passage cultures of human and murine fibroblasts, J Cell Biol, 66, 451, 10.1083/jcb.66.2.451 Kamely, 1976, Induction of DNA synthesis and cell division in human diploid skin fibroblasts by fibroblast growth factor, Exp Cell Res, 97, 120, 10.1016/0014-4827(76)90661-3 Ruhmann, 1967, Influence of steroids on fibroblasts. II. The fibroblast as an assay system for topical and antiinflammatory potency of corticosteroids, J Invest Dermatol, 49, 123, 10.1038/jid.1967.113 Kemper, 1969, Nucleic acid synthesis in intact nuclei isolated from mouse fibroblasts. Characteristics of the system and effects of glucocorticoids, Mol Pharmacol, 5, 507 Gray, 1971, Effect of glucocorticoids on hexose uptake by mouse fibroblasts in vitro, Biochemistry, 10, 277, 10.1021/bi00778a013 Maio, 1962, Carbohydrate and amino acid transport by mammalian cells grown in tissue culture, Exp Cell Res, 27, 31, 10.1016/0014-4827(62)90041-1 Eagle, 1958, The utilization of carbohydrates by human cell cultures, J Biol Chem, 233, 551, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)64702-7 Munck, 1968, Metabolic site and time course of cortisol action on glucose uptake, lactic acid output, and glucose-6-phosphate levels in rat thymus cells in vitro, J Biol Chem, 243, 1039, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)93619-7 Hallahan, 1973, Time course of early events in the action of glucocorticoids on rat thymus cells in vitro. Synthesis and turnover of a hypothetical cortisol-indueed protein inhibitor of glucose metabolism and of a presumed ribonucleic acid, J Biol Chem, 248, 2922, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)44096-9 Munek, 1971, Glucocorticoid inhibition of glucose uptake by peripheral tissues: old and new evidence, molecular mechanisms, and physiological significance, Perspect Biol Med, 14, 265, 10.1353/pbm.1971.0002 Kuchler, 1965, The transport and accumulation ofα-amino-isobutyric acid into L-strain mouse fibroblasts, Biochim Biophys Acta, 102, 226, 10.1016/0926-6585(65)90215-3 Overell, 1960, The effect of hormones and their analogues upon the uptake of glucose by mouse skin in vitro, J Pharm Pharmacol, 12, 150, 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1960.tb12646.x Ariyoshi, 1970, Relationships between the influence of cortisol on tissue amino acid accumulation and amino acid incorporation into protein, and the cortisol inhibition of substrate metabolism, Endocrinology, 86, 996, 10.1210/endo-86-5-996 Ariyoshi, 1973, The influence of cortisol on 2-deoxyglucose penetration and phosphorylation by the mouse ear strip preparation, Acta Endocrinol (Kbh), 74, 723, 10.1530/acta.0.0740723 Wong, 1976, Identification of a glucpcorticoid-sensitive histone protein from mouse fibroblast nuclei, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 71, 265, 10.1016/0006-291X(76)90277-1 Rosen, 1970, Inhibition of glucose uptake in lymphosarcoma P1798 by cortisol and its relationship to the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid, J Biol Chem, 245, 2074, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)63208-9 Mackman, 1971, Evidence for induction by cortisol in vitro of a protein inhibitor of transport and phosphorylation processes in rat thymocytes, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 68, 1269, 10.1073/pnas.68.6.1269 Mosher, 1971, Evidence for irreversible, actinomycin D-sensitiye, and temperature-sensitive steps following binding of cortisol to glucocorticoid receptors and preceding effects on glucose metabolism in rat thymus cells, J Biol Chem, 246, 654, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)62464-0 Gelehrter, 1976, Enzyme induction, N Engl J Med, 294, 522, 10.1056/NEJM197603042941004 Barnes, 1971, Factors affecting the production of glutamine in cultured mouse cells, J Cell Physiol, 77, 135, 10.1002/jcp.1040770203 Barnes, 1974, Regulation of glutamine synthetase in L cells by cortisol and L-glutamine, In Vitro, 9, 230, 10.1007/BF02616068 Cox, 1961, Induction of alkaline phosphatase by substrates in established cultures of cells from individual human donors, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 47, 839, 10.1073/pnas.47.6.839 Waters, 1969, Prednisolone induction of alkaline phosphatase in human skin fibroblasts, Biochim Biophys Acta, 177, 650, 10.1016/0304-4165(69)90333-X Waters, 1970, Regulation of alkaline phosphatase in human skin fibroblasts, Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 133, 926, 10.3181/00379727-133-34596 Cox, 1971, Hormonal induction of alkaline phosphatase activity by an increase in catalytic efficiency of the enzyme, J Mol Biol, 58, 197, 10.1016/0022-2836(71)90241-5 Griffin, 1966, Studies on the mechanism of hormone induction of alkaline phosphatase in human cell cultures. II. Rate of enzyme synthesis and properties of base level and induced enzymes, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 56, 946, 10.1073/pnas.56.3.946 Bazzell, 1976, Cortisol modification of HeLa 65 alkaline phosphatase, Eur J Biochem, 61, 493, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10044.x Morhenn, 1973, Effects of adrenal glucocorticoids on polyoma virus replication, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 70, 1088, 10.1073/pnas.70.4.1088 Paran, 1973, Adrenal corticosteroids enhance production of type-C virus induced by 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine from cultured mouse fibroblasts, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 70, 2391, 10.1073/pnas.70.8.2391 Wu, 1974, Mechanism of stimulation of murine type-C RNA tumor virus production by glucocorticoids: post-transcriptional effect, J Virol, 14, 802, 10.1128/JVI.14.4.802-812.1974 Schneider, 1971, Expression of differentiated functions in hepatoma cell hybrids. I. Tyrosine aminotransferase in hepatoma-fibroblast hybrids, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 68, 127, 10.1073/pnas.68.1.127 Benedict, 1972, Expression of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction in somatic-cell hybrids, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 69, 2179, 10.1073/pnas.69.8.2179 Levisohn, 1973, Contact inhibition and gene expression in HTC/L cell hybrid lines, J Cell Physiol, 81, 225, 10.1002/jcp.1040810210 Lippman, 1974, Steroid receptors and the mechanism of the specificity of glucocorticoid responsiveness of somatic cell hybrids between hepatoma tissue culture cells and mouse fibroblasts, J Biol Chem, 249, 2483, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)42756-7 Gross, 1968, The active transport of cortisol by mouse fibroblasts growing in vitro, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 32, 66, 10.1016/0006-291X(68)90427-0 Gross, 1970, The outward transport of cortisol by mammalian cells in vitro, J Cell Biol, 44, 103, 10.1083/jcb.44.1.103 Hackney, 1970, Specific glucocorticoid-binding macromolecules from mouse fibroblasts growing m vitro. A possible receptor for growth inhibition, Mol Pharmacol, 6, 500 Pratt, 1972, Specific binding of glucocorticoids in vitro in the soluble fraction of mouse fibroblasts, Biochemistry, 11, 1401, 10.1021/bi00758a012 Pratt, 1975, The kinetics of glucocorticoid binding to the soluble specific binding protein of mouse fibroblasts, J Biol Chem, 250, 4584, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)41342-2 Samuels, 1970, Relation of steroid structure to enzyme induction in hepatoma tissue culture cells, J Mol Biol, 52, 57, 10.1016/0022-2836(70)90177-4 Rousseau, 1972, Glucocorticoid receptors: relations between steroid binding and biological effects, J Mol Biol, 67, 99, 10.1016/0022-2836(72)90389-0 Rubin, 1966, On the nature of allpsteric transitions: implications of nonexclusive ligand binding, J Mol Biol, 21, 265, 10.1016/0022-2836(66)90097-0 Krieger, 1976, Effect of salt on reversibility of glucocorticoid receptor binding, J Steroid Biochem, 7, 395, 10.1016/0022-4731(76)90101-1 Schulte, 1976, Evidence for a phospholipid requirement in the specific binding of glucocorticoids to receptors of fibroblasts and thymic lymphocytes, J Biol Chem, 251, 2279, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)33584-6 Ishii, 1973, In vitro degradation and stabilization of the glucocorticoid binding component from mouse fibroblasts, J Steroid Biochem, 4, 593, 10.1016/0022-4731(73)90034-4 Nielsen, 1977, Glucocorticoid receptor inactivation under cell-free conditions, J Biol Chem, 252, 7568, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)41004-0 Hackney, 1971, Characterization and partial purification of the specific glucocorticoid-binding component from mouse fibroblasts, Biochemistry, 10, 3002, 10.1021/bi00792a003 Middlebrook, 1977, Physiochemical properties of glucocorticoid receptors from mouse fibroblasts, Endocrinology, 100, 271, 10.1210/endo-100-2-271 Koblinsky, 1972, Glucocorticoidbinding proteins of rat liver cytosol. II. Physical characterization and properties of the binding proteins, J Biol Chem, 247, 7897, 10.1016/S0021-9258(20)81785-2 Kalimi, 1975, The “activated” hepatic glucocorticoid-receptor complex. Its generation and properties, J Biol Chem, 250, 1080, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)41893-0 Middlebrook, 1975, Subcellular distribution of glucocorticoid receptors in mouse fibroblasts, Biochemistry, 14, 180, 10.1021/bi00672a030 Notides, 1975, Kinetic analysis of the estrogen receptor transformation, J Biol Chem, 250, 3945, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)41489-0 Lippman, 1973, Differences between cytoplasmic glucocorticoid-binding proteins shown by heterogeneity of nuclear acceptor sites, Nature, 246, 352, 10.1038/246352a0 Munck, 1968, Specific and nonspecific physicochemical interactions of glucocorticoids and related steroids with rat thymus cells in vitro, J Biol Chem, 243, 5556, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)91904-6 Bell, 1973, Steroid-binding properties and stabilization of cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors from rat thymus cells, Biochem J, 136, 97, 10.1042/bj1360097 Munck, 1972, Glucocorticoid-receptor complexes and the earliest steps in the action of glucocorticoids on thymus cells, J Steroid Biochem, 3, 567, 10.1016/0022-4731(72)90103-3 Ishii, 1972, Steady-state level of the specific binding component of mouse fibroblasts, Biochemistry, 11, 3896, 10.1021/bi00771a010 Nielsen, 1977, Evidence that dephosphorylation inactivates glucocorticoid receptors, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 74, 1398, 10.1073/pnas.74.4.1398 Sloman, 1976, The dependence of specific nuclear binding of glucocorticoids by rat thymus cells on cellular ATP levels, Biochim Biophys Acta, 428, 403, 10.1016/0304-4165(76)90048-9 Chader, 1973, Some factors affecting the uptake, binding and retention of [aH]cortisol by the chick embryo retina as related to enzyme induction, J Neurochem, 21, 1525, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1973.tb06036.x Sibley, 1974, Mechanisms of steroid resistance, Cell, 2, 221, 10.1016/0092-8674(74)90014-2 Lippman, 1973, Glucocorticoid-binding proteins in human acute lymphoblastic leukemic blast cells, J Clin Invest, 52, 1715, 10.1172/JCI107353 Berliner, 1965, Studies of the mechanisms by which cells become resistant to corticosteroids, Cancer Res, 25, 1085 Rees, 1975, The involvement of receptor sulphydryl groups in the binding of steroids to the cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptor from rat thymus, Biochim Biophys Acta, 411, 121, 10.1016/0304-4165(75)90291-3 Nielsen, 1977, Inactivation of glucocorticoid receptors in cell-free preparations of rat liver, Cancer Res, 37, 3420 Sando, 1977, Reactivation of thymocyte glucocorticoid receptors in a cell-free system, J Biol Chem, 252, 7579, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)41005-2 Granberg, 1977, The role of sulfhydryl groups in the binding of glucpcorticoids by cytoplasmic receptors of lung and other mammalian tissues, Endocrinology, 100, 1160, 10.1210/endo-100-4-1160